insulin dependant diabetes bb.pptx type 1

diabetes. discusses the epidemiology causes risk factors etc.

1. INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES Student N ame: Course: Faculty: Lecturer:

2. What is insulin dependent diabetes (IDDM) ? IDDM IS a lso known as type 1 diabetes Definition- It is an a utoimmune disease where body attacks its own pancreatic beta cells, leading to lack of insulin production ( Banday , Sameer & Nissar , 2020) . INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES

3. Cellular pathophysiology of type 1 Diabetes

4. The Prevalence Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a relatively rare condition, accounting for approximately 5-10% of all diabetes cases. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the global prevalence of type 1 diabetes is estimated to be around 1-2% of the general population. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that there are approximately 1.25 million people living with type 1 diabetes ( Gregory et al., 2022 ).

5. The Incidence The incidence rate of type 1 diabetes mellitus in older adults (defined as those aged 65 years or older) is lower compared to younger populations, but it is still a significant public health concern. According to the American Diabetes Association, the incidence rate of type 1 diabetes in older adults is estimated to be around 1-2% of the total diabetes cases in this age group ( Gregory et al., 2022 ) .

6. Common misdiagnoses and challenges: Type 2 diabetes Gestational diabetes LADA (latent autoimmune diabetes in adults) ( Banday , Sameer & Nissar , 2020). DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

7. Assessment OF TYPE 1 DM Objective Assessment of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Blood Glucose Levels Hemoglobin A1c Levels Autoantibody Testing Subjective Assessment of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia Unexplained Weight Loss Ketoacidosis Symptoms ( Banday , Sameer & Nissar , 2020).

8. DIAGNOSTIC EXAM Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test: This test measures the level of glucose in your blood after an overnight fast of at least 8 hours. A result of 126 mg/ dL or higher indicates diabetes. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT): This test measures how well your body responds to glucose consumed orally. A result of 200 mg/ dL or higher indicates diabetes ( Draznin et al., 2022). Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test: This test measures your average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months by measuring the percentage of glucose bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells. A result of 6.5% or higher indicates diabetes ( Draznin et al., 2022).

9. Genetics and genomics Strong familial component: First-degree relatives (parents, siblings, children) are at increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes. The risk increases with the number of affected family members. HLA gene association: Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes are responsible for the immune system's ability to recognize and attack foreign substances. Certain HLA genotypes (e.g., HLA-A*, HLA-B*, HLA-DR*) are associated with an increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes. Other susceptibility genes identified: Several genes have been identified as contributing to the development of type 1 diabetes, including: PTPN22, STAT4, IL2RA e.t.c

10. Treatment Approaches Insulin replacement therapy Blood glucose monitoring Dietary management Regular physical exercise Regular follow-ups ( Draznin et al., 2022).

11. Referral systems Primary care physician: The first point of contact for older adults who are experiencing symptoms of diabetes or other health issues. Endocrinologist: Specializes in the diagnosis and management of hormonal disorders, including diabetes. Nutritionist: They help older adults understand the importance of proper nutrition in managing diabetes and develop a healthy eating plan that meets their individual needs and addresses potential nutritional deficiencies. Mental health professional: They provide counselling and support to help cope with these challenges and maintain good mental health (Dayan et al., 2019).

12. Patient Education Can be categorized into: I mportance of patient and family education Daily management techniques ( Beik et al., 2020 ). Medication administration and adherence

13. Cultural and Spiritual Considerations Cultural: Dietary restrictions Traditional healing practices Family dynamics Spiritual : Mean making Hope and optimism and Connection to the community ( Korsah , Dyson & Anthony, 2022).

14. The complications include: 1. Short-term: hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis 2. Long-term: retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, cardiovascular disease

15. Conclusion T ype 1 diabetes mellitus poses significant challenges for geriatric patients, increasing the risk of short-term and long-term complications. Proper management, including tight blood sugar control, regular medical check-ups, and timely treatment of complications, is crucial to preventing or delaying the progression of these complications. Healthcare providers must be vigilant in monitoring and treating elderly patients with type 1 diabetes, taking into consideration their unique needs and vulnerabilities. By doing so, we can improve the quality of life and longevity of this growing population.

16. References Banday , M. Z., Sameer, A. S., & Nissar , S. (2020). Pathophysiology of diabetes: An overview. Avicenna journal of medicine , 10 (04), 174-188. Beik , P., Ciesielska , M., Kucza , M., Kurczewska , A., Kuźmińska , J., Maćkowiak , B., & Niechciał , E. (2020). Prevention of type 1 diabetes: Past experiences and future opportunities. Journal of Clinical Medicine , 9 (9), 2805. Dayan, C. M., Korah , M., Tatovic , D., Bundy, B. N., & Herold , K. C. (2019). Changing the landscape for type 1 diabetes: the first step to prevention. The Lancet , 394 (10205), 1286-1296. Draznin , B., Aroda , V. R., Bakris , G., Benson, G., Brown, F. M., Freeman, R., ... & American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. (2022). 16. Diabetes Care in the Hospital: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care , 45 . Gregory, G. A., Robinson, T. I., Linklater , S. E., Wang, F., Colagiuri , S., de Beaufort, C., ... & Ogle, G. D. (2022). Global incidence, prevalence, and mortality of type 1 diabetes in 2021 with projection to 2040: a modelling study. The lancet Diabetes & endocrinology , 10 (10), 741-760. Korsah , K. A., Dyson, S., & Anthony, D. (2022). Experiences and cultural beliefs of patients with diabetes: Lessons for nursing practice, education and policy. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences , 16 , 100392.