Insulin Hormone.pdf

Insulin is protein hormone with 51 amino acids. It is very important hormone in the human body that regulates blood sugar level. Excess and deficiency of insulin leads to many long lasting abnormalities. Diabetes is one of biggest problem of this era. According to latest survey Pakistan rank first in the Diabetes Mellitus. Insulin also play many other functions other than regulating blood sugar. It affects on the whole physiology of the body.

1. UNIVERSITY OF CHAKWAL, PAKISTAN
1

2. Topic: Abnormalities Related To Insulin
Excess And Deficiency
Presented By: Saleha Asawar
Reg No: 20M-UOC/ZOL-38
Session: 2020-2024
BS Zoology
Subject: Endocrinology
Instructor Name: Dr. Syeda Nadia Ahmad
Department of Zoology
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3. 3

4. INTRODUCTION
•Insulin is the protein hormone that regulates blood sugar level.
•Secreted by the beta cells of Islets of Langerhans in Pancreas.
•Secreted when blood glucose level is high.
•Secretion stops when blood glucose level is low from normal.
•First reported in pancreatic extract in 1921. (Ostergaard etal, 2020).
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5. HISTORY
•IdentifiedbyCanadianscientistsFrederickbantingandCharles
bestandbyRomanianphysiologistNicolasC.Paulescu.
•Afterbantingandbestisolatedinsulin,theybeganworktoobtaina
purifiedextract,whichtheyaccomplishedwiththehelpofScottish
physiologistJ.J.R.Macleod.
•CanadianchemistJamesB.Collip.bantingandMacLeodsharedthe
1923Nobelprizeforphysiologyormedicinefortheirwork.
(Kristen de Groot 2021)
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6. STRUCTURE
•Small protein containing 51 amino acids.
•Despite of 51 amino acids, insulin also have17 proteogenic amino
acids, A and B chains and 3 disulphide bridges.
•Folded with 3 alpha helices and short beta sheet segment.
•Insulin associates into dimers.
•Hexamers with stabilization of ZN
2+
and phenol ligands. (Forbes
BE, 2023). 6

7. https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/scientific-
designing-human-insulin-structure-colorful-2104821821
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8. FACTORS AFFECTING THE RELEASE OF
INSULIN
Glucose
Melatonin
Growth
hormone
Glucagon
like
Peptide1
Leptin
Free fatty
acids
Amino
acids
Estrogen
GH
(Fu Zhuo etal, 2014) 8

9. FUNCTIONS OF INSULIN
Tissue Effect Of Insulin
Liver Catabolic pathway
Inhibits glycogenolysis
Inhibits conversion of fatty acids and amino acids into keto acids
Inhibit the conversion of amino acids to glucose.
Anabolic pathways
Promote glucose storage as glycogen
Increase triglyceride and VLD formation
Muscle Protein Synthesis
Increase amino acid transport
Increase ribosomal protein synthesis
Glycogen Synthesis 9

10. Adipose
Tissue
Triglyceride Storage
•Lipoproteinlipaseinducedbyinsulintohydrolyze
triglycerideincirculatinglipoproteinfordeliveryof
fattyacidstoadipocytes.
•Glucosetransportincellprovideglycerolphosphate
topermitesterificationoffattyacids.
•Intracellularlipaseisinhibitedbyinsulin
Brain •Decreasedappetite
•Increaseenergyexpenditure.
10

11. (Agrawal etal, 2021).
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12. CAUSES OF INSULIN DEFICENCY
Insulin
Resistance
Destruction of
beta cells
Genetic
mutations
(Biomaterials and Biotechnology 2019)
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13. DISORDERS RELATED TO INSULIN
DEFICENCY
•DIABETES MELLITUS
•Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by
hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin
action, or both. the chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated
with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organs,
especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels.
13

14. CLASSIFICATION OF DIABETES
Type 1 Diabetes (beta cell destruction
usually leading to insulin deficiency)
Immune mediated
Idiopathic
Type 2 Diabetes may range from predominantly insulin
resistance with relative insulin deficiency
to a predominantly secretory defect with
insulin resistance)
Other Specific Types Genetic defects of beta cell function
Chromosome 12 HNF-1 alpha (MODY3)
Chromosome 7 glucokinase (MODY2)
Chromosome 20 HNF4-alpha (MODY1)
Mitochondrial DNA
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15. Genetic Defects In insulin Action•Type A insulin Resistance,
Leprechaunism, Rabson Mendenhall
Syndrome, Lipoatrophic Diabetes and
Others.
Endocrinopathies •Acromegaly, Cushing Syndrome,
Glucagonoma, Hyperthyroidism,
Somatostatinoma, Aldosteronoma
Uncommon Form of immune
mediated Diabetes
Gestational Diabetes
•Stiff man syndrome, anti insulin
receptor antibodies,
(American Association of Diabetes,2009)15

16. SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES MELLITUS
https://www.pharmacyplanet.com/blog/post/type-2-diabetes-symptoms-
diagnosis-and-management
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17. RANKS OF COUNTRIES IN DIABETES MELLITUS
EMILY JOSHU HEALTH REPORTER FOR DAILYMAIL.COM 2023.
17

18. OVERSECRETION OF INSULIN
•HYPERINSULINEMIA:
•Hyperinsulinemia(hi-pur-in-suh-lih-nee-me-uh)meanstheamountof
insulininthebloodishigherthanwhat'sconsideredhealthy.
•Onitsown,hyperinsulinemiaisn'tdiabetes.buthyperinsulinemia
oftenisassociatedwithtype2diabetes.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/expert-
answers/hyperinsulinemia/faq-20058488#:~:text
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19. CAUSES OF HYPERINSULINEMIA
Insulin Resistance
Tumor on beta
cells
Bypass Surgery
Race, Sex ,age
Hyperinsulinemia
in newborn
(Elizabeth Woolley, 2023)
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20. RISK FACTORS OF HYPERINSULIEMIA
▪Obesity
▪Sedentary lifestyle
▪Smoking
▪Age 45+
▪A parent or sibling with
diabetes
▪Heart Diseases
▪High Blood Pressure
▪High Cholesterol
▪History of Stroke
▪Sleep apnea
Symptoms of
Hyperinsulinemia
▪Increased cravings for
sugar and carbohydrates
▪Fatigue
▪Difficulty losing weight
▪Frequent hunger or extreme
hunger
(Elizabeth Woolley, 2023)
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21. NEW RESERCHES RELTED TO INSULIN
•Topicalinsulinimproveswoundhealingbyregulatingoxidativeand
inflammatoryresponses.
•Insulintreatmentdecreasesthelevelsofreactiveoxygenspecies,
whichcaninducedeleteriouseffectsonlipids,proteins,andDNAin
burnwoundsinrats.
•Topicalinsulininducesearlyrecruitmentofneutrophilsandexerts
anti–inflammatoryeffectinwoundsbyincreasingthenumberofm2
macrophagesandil-10levelstoeliminatedeadtissues.
(Wang J., X J., 2020)
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22. •Invitro,insulinfacilitateschemotaxisandphagocytosisofmacrophages,
aswellassecretionofinflammatorymediatorsbyregulatingmcp-1
expressionatwoundsites.
•Inadditiontoregulatingre-epithelializationandinflammatoryresponsesat
woundtissues,insulinalsoexertsangiogeniceffectonwounds.topical
insulinincreasesthenumberofnewlyformedbloodvesselsinhealing
tissue.
•Subcutaneousinjectionofinsulinstimulatesmicrovascularendothelialcell
migrationandendothelialtubeformation.thesebiologicaleffectsare
associatedwithP13K-AKt-srebp1signaling.
(Wang J., X J., 2020)
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23. DEOSSIFICATION DUE TO INSULIN
DEFICIENCY
•Insulinisthatitpromotesbonedevelopment.boneformationmaybe
regulatedbyinsulinsignallingthroughosteoblastdevelopmentand
boneresorptionbyosteoclasts.
•Invitrostudy,ithasbeenreportedthatinsulinisananabolicagent
capableofincreasingtherateofosteoblastproliferation,
•Collagensynthesis,andalkalinephosphataseproduction
•Anditfacilitatesglucoseuptakeandsubsequentlyinhibitsthe
activitiesofosteoclast.
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24. EFFECT OF INSULIN ON BRAIN
•Insulinactioniscriticallyimportantinthedevelopingnervous
system,directingdifferentiation,proliferation,andneuritegrowth.
•Insulinactsviaitsreceptortostimulatebraingrowth,asnotedby
increasedexpressionandactivityindevelopingbraintissues.
•Insulinalsoactsasaneuroprotector,preventingdamageinducedby
ischemia,β-amyloidtoxicity,oxidativestress,andapoptosis.thus,
braininsulinactionmayplayaroleinpreventingthedevelopmentof
dementia.(Agrawaletal,2021).
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25. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Fig
-
1
-
Roles
-
of
-
brain
-
insulin
-
deficiency
-
and
-
brain
-
insulin
-
resistance
-
in
-
Tau_fig1_221827935
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26. INSULIN UPTAKE METHODS IN MODREN
WORLD
•vial and syringe
•insulin pen
•continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion
•sensor-augmented pump therapy
•inhaled insulin
•oral insulin
•colonic insulin delivery
(Investig, 2016)
•Intra peritoneal
•Ocular Route
•Rectal route
•Intra tracheal
•nasal insulin
•buccal insulin
•transdermal
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27. INSULIN TESTS
•C-peptideisasubstancethatiscreatedwhenthehormoneinsulin
isproducedandreleasedintothebody.theinsulinc-peptidetest
measurestheamountofthisproductintheblood.
•Thenormalphysiologicalc-peptideplasmaconcentrationina
fastedstateis0.9to1.8ng/ml.
•Ahighlevelcouldindicateinsulinresistance,insulinoma,or
kidneydisease.
•Alowc-peptideisusuallypresentinpatientswithtype1,or
sometimes,type2diabetes.(Venugopaletal,2023)
27

28. https://labpedia.net/c-peptide-insulin-proinsulin-and-interpretations/
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29. REFERENCES
•Forbes,B.E.(2023).TheThree-dimensionalStructureOfInsulinAndIts
Receptor.VitaminsAndHormones,123,151-185.
•SenthilK.Venugopal;MylesL.Mowery;IshwarlalJialal.(2023).Biochemistry
OfCPeptide.
•RahulAgrawal,CandaceM.Reno,SunnySharma,camilleChristensen,yiqing
Huang,AndSimonJ.Fishe(2021).InsulinActionInTheBrainRegulatesBoth
CentralAndPeripheralFunctions
•Ostergaard,M.,Mishra,N.K.,&Jensen,K.J.(2020).TheABCOfInsulin:The
OrganicChemistryOfASmallProtein.Chemistry–aEuropeanJournal,26(38),
8341-8357.
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30. •ZhuoFu,ElizabethR.Gilbert,&DongminLiu(2014).”RegulationOfInsulin
SynthesisAndSecretionAndPancreaticBeta-cellDysfunctionInDiabetes.
•Mann,Elizabeth,Sunni,Muna,AndBellin,MelenaD.(2020).SecretionOf
InsulinIn Response To Diet And Hormones.
Pancreapedia:ExocrinePancreasKnowledgeBase,doi:10.3998/Panc.2020.16
•AmericanDiabetesAssociation(2009).DiagnosisAndClassificationOfDiabetes
Mellitus.
JiaoWang
1
AndJixiongXU(2020)EffectsOfTopicalInsulinOnWoundHealing:
AReviewOfAnimalAndHumanEvidences13:719–727.
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