Integrated Disease Management of soybean

Integrated disease management for foot and rot of soybean

1. INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT FOR FOOT &ROOT OF SOYBEAN

2. INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT • Background: Integrated disease management (IDM) is a concept derived from the successful integrated pest management (IPM) systems developed by entomologists for insect and mite control . Inclusion of the term ‘IPM’ in plant pathology was only after the formal involvement of plant pathologists with entomologists, nematologists and weed scientists in IPM programs under huffaker project, in the USA . Plant pathologists embraced integrated disease management by applying fundamental information on loss potential and pathogen biology, ecology and epidemiology, and applying the basic concepts of plant disease management. The integrated disease management (IDM) involves the need based use of pesticide only when the disease incidence reach economic threshold levels and this will promote the build up of many bio-control agent in the crop ecosystems. Thus idm , a greener alternative to the conventional use of chemicals, is an attempt to promote natural, economic and sociological farming methods through the most effective combination of farming techniques and judicious and limited use of fungicide . In other words, idm programme implies all the available disease management approaches including cultural, biological and chemical control with the main objective to keep the disease incidence below economic threshold level.

3. PRINCIPLES OF IDM A good integrated disease management consists following six main principles : • Exclusion: This principle is defined as any measure that prevents the introduction of a disease-causing agent (pathogen) into a region, farm, or planting. Major practices includes quarantine, inspection and certification, seed treatment and eradication of insect vectors . • Avoidance : This principle includes tactics that prevent contact between the host and pathogen, presuming that pathogen has crossed the barriers placed by exclusion or it is already present in the area and can attack the host . These tactics includes choice of geographic area, selection of field, choice of time of planting, disease escaping varieties and section of seed and planting material.

4. PRINCIPLES OF IDM • Eradication: This principle aims at eliminating a pathogen after it is introduced into an area but before it has become well established or widely spread . Total eradication being not possible, the aim is to reduce the inoculum density to a level where it cannot cause significant damage. This is attempted through biological means, crop rotation, eradication of diseased plants or plant organs, and physical and chemical treatments . • Protection: This principle depends on establishing a barrier between the pathogen and the host plant or the susceptible part of the host plant. It is usually thought of as a chemical barrier, e.g., A fungicide, bactericide or nematicide , but it can also be a physical, spatial, or temporal barrier . The specific strategies employed assume that pathogens are present and that infection will occur without the intervention of protective measures.

5. PRINCIPLES OF IDM • Resistance: This principle includes selecting plants that possess ability to remain healthy even if the plant is infected . • Therapy: This principle includes disease control methods that are applied after the plant is infected. Chemotherapy , heat or thermotherapy and tree surgery can be done.

6. Physical control methods Biological control methods Cultural control methods IDM compon en ts Chemical control methods Host resistance

7. FOOT & ROOT ROT OF SOYBEAN Foot and root rot in soybeans are diseases caused by various pathogens that affect the roots and lower parts of the soybean plants. Causal Agents : Phytophthora sojae : This oomycete is a common pathogen causing soybean root rot. It thrives in wet conditions and can lead to damping-off, root rot, and stem rot . Fusarium species: Different Fusarium species can cause root rot in soybeans. Fusarium species are soilborne fungi that can infect the roots and lower stem, causing wilting and plant death. Source: en.wikipedia.org

8. SYMPTOMS OF FOOT & ROOT ROT OF SOYBEAN Wilting: Infected plants often exhibit wilting symptoms, with leaves appearing droopy and showing signs of dehydration. Yellowing of Leaves: Yellowing of leaves, known as chlorosis , is a common symptom. This can occur as a result of nutrient deficiency due to impaired root function. Stunted Growth: Plants affected by foot and root rot may experience stunted growth compared to healthy plants . The symptoms of foot and root rot in soybeans can vary depending on the specific causal agent, environmental conditions, and the stage of plant development. Here are common symptoms associated with foot and root rot in soybeans: February 18, 2021  , By Bruce Barker

9. Root Rot: The roots of infected plants may exhibit rotting symptoms. The roots may appear discolored (brown or dark) and may be soft and mushy instead of firm and healthy. Damping-off: In the early stages of infection, especially in seedlings, damping-off can occur. This is characterized by the sudden wilting and death of young seedlings at or near the soil line. Lesions on Lower Stem: Some pathogens causing foot and root rot may also lead to lesions on the lower stem of soybean plants. These lesions can be discolored and may extend upwards from the soil line. Dieback of Plant Tissues: As the disease progresses, there may be dieback of plant tissues, affecting both roots and lower portions of the stem. SYMPTOMS OF FOOT & ROOT ROT OF SOYBEAN Source: wikipedia

10. Increased Susceptibility to Lodging: Infected plants may become more susceptible to lodging due to weakened root systems and compromised structural integrity . Presence of Fungal Structures : Under certain conditions, such as high humidity, fungal structures like spore masses or mycelium may be visible on affected plant tissues . Overall Plant Decline: In severe cases, foot and root rot can lead to the overall decline of the plant, ultimately resulting in yield loss. SYMPTOMS OF FOOT & ROOT ROT OF SOYBEAN