Integrated green technologies for msw (mam ver.)

SA is facing a great challenges for waste management due to the fast demographic and industrial growth, which left the country with accumulative amount of generated waste that needs to be managed in the most cost-effective, sustainable and green.

1. Integrated green technologies for MSW Prof . Dr. Mamdouh Abdel- Sabour Head of Environmental consultancy (IIESC) Some technical and strategic solutions for a green- environmental-friendly waste management in SA

2. Solid waste management problems SA is facing a great challenges for waste management due to the fast d emographic and industrial growth , which left the country with accumulative amount of generated waste that needs to be managed in the most cost-effective, sustainable and green . “ Today, SA accounts for 4.5 hector of ecological footprint per person , or roughly twice the world average ,” (Al Fadl 2010). Traditional MSW management became more expensive and less convenient .

3. Solid waste management problems 3. MSW management Strategy should emphases largely on sustainable life cycle development . 2. The conventional waste handling method: Causes people inconvenience of handling waste, Unpleasant odor, Harmful pests and diseases, Disagreeable from the surroundings Negative environmental impacts Potential worries Dust and Odor emmission Litter Noise Visual Impacts The objective is : T o reduce generated waste, I mprove its management, I ncrease recycling, Achieve energy recovery and Reduce landfilling (Zero landfill approach).

4. The crucial need to improve MSW collection systems Most of the generated MSW are disposed in landfill Wasting a recyclables resources, losses of its energy content, Increasing adverse impact on the environment Ground water pollution and Gaseous emissions which cause the global warming problem. High cost for the municipalities/Inefficient consequence RECOMMENDED APPROACHES TO WASTE MANAGEMENT Processing / Treatment should be : Technically sound Financially viable Environmental friendly Easy to operate & maintain by local community Long term sustainability

5. 1) Transfer Station It helps to reduce collection costs. Costs should be less than transportation to landfill directly Collection vehicles spend less time driving to/from disposal site and more time on route Transfer station become feasible when the travel distance to the landfill is 20-30 miles or more (one way). It Can provide processing point for recyclables or other materials Transfer station should meets one of the following criteria: Municipality with population < 50,000 or Locality with population < 85,000 Facility that transfer < 125 tons per day The primary reason for using a transfer station is to reduce the cost of transporting waste to disposal facilities .

6. Transfer station could be categorized as:

7. New green design Vertical waste transfer station Factors affecting the design of the transfer station site include: Waste stream demands Material types accepted Customer types Traffic flow within the transfer station The silos are made of durable material and are able to withstand heavy compacting force , also due to their round shape . The silos are equipped with a leachate drainage system.

8. Cost Savings: A report about Vertical operating Waste Transfer Station compared to direct transfer by Collection Trucks ( 500 ton/day-Transfer Station located 35km from collection points Direct haul to landfill vs. long haul via transfer station

9. 2) MSW characterization. Component of generated MSW

10. Mixed waste is very difficult to manage and process. Hazardous waste & medical waste in SA The private sector of widely varying sizes and capabilities can supplement the knowledge and capacity of the local authority to implement advanced recycling, recovery, and disposal technologies.

11. For new town and commercial area 3) Under ground vacuum MSW collection system Urban cities continue to expand to areas with difficult accessibility , posing a challenge for efficient waste collection.

12. Benefit of Recycling

13. Sorting plant (MRF)

14. MRF and Waste to energy

15. Thermal treatment Types Incineration (complete oxidation ) Mass Burn Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) Pyrolysis Gasification Plasma arc (advanced thermal conversion) What is the waste advanced thermal technologies ?

16. A Waste-to-Energy Incinerator with Pollution Controls One tonne of waste creates 3.5 MW of energy during incineration (eq. to 300 kg of fuel oil ) powers 70 homes

17. Air Pollution Control Remove certain waste components Good Combustion Practices Emission Control Devices Electrostatic Precipitator Bag-houses Acid Gas Scrubbers Wet scrubber Dry scrubber Chemicals added in slurry to neutralize acids Activated Carbon Selective Non-catalytic Reduction

18. Schematic Presentation of Bottom Ash Treatment Construction fill Road construction Landfill daily cover Cement block production Treatment of acid mine drainage Ash Reuse Options Bottom Ash – recovered from combustion chamber Heat Recovery Ash – collected in the heat recovery system (boiler, economizer, superheater ) Fly Ash – Particulate matter removed prior to sorbents Air Pollution Control Residues – usually combined with fly ash

19. Pyrolysis Thermal degradation of carbonaceous materials Lower temperature than gasification (750 – 1500 o F) Absence or limited oxygen Products are oils and gas, solid char Pyrolysis oil used for ( after post-treatment ): liquid fuels, chemicals, adhesives, and other products. Pyrolysis has proved capabilities to transform biomass and waste material of low-energy density into bio-oil of high-energy density and recover higher value chemicals . Paper cups used as coffee or cold drinks cups are accumulating as wastes on the earth surface at a rapid rate. Considering only America, 14.4 million disposable paper cups are used for drinking coffee each year. Placed end-to end, these cups would wrap around Earth 55 times and weigh around 900 million pounds.

20. Pyrolysis for Ethanol Example: Ethanol plant Construction on Fulcrum Bio-energy municipal solid waste to ethanol plant, Sierra Bio-Fuels, started in 2008. Located in the Tahoe-Reno Industrial Center, in the City of McCarran, Storey County, Nevada, the plant convert 90,000 tons of MSW into 10.5 million gallons of ethanol per year.

21. (http://www.thermoselect.com/index.cfm) Recovers a synthesis gas, utilizable glass-like minerals, metals rich in iron and sulfur from municipal solid waste, commercial waste, industrial waste and hazardous waste High temperature gasification of the organic waste constituents and direct fusion of the inorganic components. Water, salt and zinc concentrate are produced as usable raw materials during the process water treatment. No ashes, slag or filter dusts 100,000 tpd plant in Japan operating since 1999 Gasification and Pyrolysis

22. Gasification

23. Utilizes Thermal Energy developed by Plasma Torches at Temperatures ≤5,500 Degrees Celsius. All Organic Material is Gasified to form a Synthetic Gas (“Syngas”). Multiple Feedstock Advanced Thermal Gasification System

24. All Inorganic Materials is Vitrified into Inert “High Grade Aggregate Slag” Calorific Energy and Sensible Heat from the Syngas is Recovered and transformed into Electrical Energy Advanced Thermal Gasification System

25. Flexibility of Gasification

26. Landfill closing and Energy generation

27. Landfill closing and Energy generation The main component of landfill gas are methane and carbon dioxide. Both components contribute significantly to the greenhouse effect and are chiefly responsible for global temperature rise . Municipal solid waste management and wastewater contribute about 3% to current global greenhouse gas emissions, about half of which is methane from landfills. One forecast suggests that without mitigation, this could double by 2020 and quadruple by 2050 . Mitigation needs to be a mix of the ‘technical fix’ approach, such as landfill gas collection and utilization, and upstream measures, particularly reduction, reuse, recycling and composting

28. Vertical gas collection wells Horizontal gas collection systems Gas collection header lines Blower Condensate collection system Gas treatment system Gas collection system

29. Power Generation

30. Conclusions Landfill should be used as the final destination of the refuse that cannot be further recycled or recovered in any other way. Combustion remains predominant thermal technology for MSW conversion with realized improvements in emissions Gasification and Pyrolysis systems now in commercial scale operation but industry still emerging Advanced Thermal Gasification System is Clean Development Mechanism under Kyoto Protocol. Comprehensive environmental or life cycle assessments should be completed. Private sector companies should be encouraged and supported for investment in these green technology

31. Please visit us on our Booth B7 for more details