Integrated pest and disease management (ipdm)

About integrated pest and disease management of various crops of Kerala

1. Integrated pest and disease management (IPDM) of crops of Kerala

2. Definition- IPM/IPDM The term IPM coined by- Barlett in 1956 The use of various control measures like physical, chemical, biological, legal, cultural, mechanical, and modern plant protection methods in an integrated manner to reduce the pest population below economic injury level without much disturbance to ecosystem.

3. What is the significance of IPM? Indiscriminate use of pesticides after the second world war Pesticide use- 70%- insecticides, 12-15% fungicides, 4-5% weedicides In I ndia alone ninety thousand tonnes of pesticides are being used annually

4. Harmful effects of excessive pesticides use Pesticide residue and bio magnification – the pesticide remains in the plant and plant products is circulated around the food chain causing harmful effects Environmental pollution- these pesticides enter atmosphere, water resources etc and alter the natural ecosystem and cause pollution Loss of biodiversity and natural enemies- pesticides effects non target organism resulting in loss in biodiversity. The loss in natural enemies may result in upsurge of minor pest into major pest. Pesticide resistance development- constant use of pesticides results in development of resistant strains

5. Economic Threshold Level (ETL): Level of pest population at which suitable control measures have to be taken to prevent the pest population from reaching Economic Injury level. Economic Injury Level (EIL): Level of pest population at which the damage caused by pest is no longer economically tolerated

6. Methods in integrated pest management Cultural methods- A doption of cultural practices which do not allow favourable conditions for life cycle, growth and breeding of pests deep ploughing, Weeding, soil solarisation, good planting material, early planting, crop rotation, mulching, trap cropping, mixed cropping, balanced application of nutrients according to plant requirement

7. Ecological engineering- Emphasised use of cultural practises to effect habitat manipulation to enhance biological control Ex. Growing crops to attract beneficial insects- marigold, sunflower etc Applying Trichoderma and pseudomonas fluorescens etc Early planting- mustards- escape aphids late planting- groundnut- escape grubs destruction of offtypes Thinning and topping water management- excess irrigation- reduces grubs and larvae in soil optimum irrigation- excess irrigation in gram dilutes malic acid and thus more pod borer infestation

8. Mechanical methods- controlling pest using mechanical devices like traps- Light traps, Sticky/ slippery traps, pheromone traps hand picking, use of nets, spike thrust method- iron hooks in coconut crown 3. Physical methods- Controlling insects by physical forces ex. Artificial heating (steam sterilisation) or cooling , male sterilisation using radiant energy- genetic control of insects (gamma radiations), irradiating with UV radiation , high frequency radio waves

9. Sticky tape Pheromone traps

10. 4. Biological method or Bio control- Pest control by living organisms Macrobial control- Parasites and predators- insects, mites, spiders, birds, reptiles Microbial control- using pathogen- Entomopathogens - fungi, bacteria, protozoa Parasite- which feeds on the host by living on it- Entomopathogenic fungi ex. Metarhizium anisopliae Predators- who hunts and kills other organism for food- vadalia beetle (Australia) to control cottony cushion scale (California) Parasatoid - when an insect in itself is a parasite it is called parasatoid - Trichogramma chilonis and Trichogramma japonicum to control tissue borers of sugarcane.

11. Use of microbial pathogens d’ Herelle named as father of microbial control Use of microrganisms like bacteria, virus, protozoa, nematodes and fungi which has capacity to effect pest. Ex. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bacteria) , M etarhizium anisopliae (Fungi) , Paecilomyces lilacinus (nematode) Viral formulation HaNPV - Helicoverpa amigera Nucleopolyhedrosis virus Baculovirus to control rhinoceros beetle

12. Trichocard

13. Fungal infection

14. Bacillus thuringiensis life cycle

15. Metarhizium anisopliae Beauveria bassiana

16. 5. Chemical control Control of insects by using chemicals, pesticides are substances used to control pest and they include insecticides, fungicides, nematicides , rodenticides, acaricides , weedicides or herbicides, molluscicides etc. Most prevalent Two main principles of chemical control: Use of selected pesticide Need based use of pesticides

17. 6. Legal methods Legislative measures taken to prevent introduction of new pest, disease etc. and prevent spread already established pest and disease from part to another. Pest surveillance: fundamental tool in IPM for taking management decisions. Forecasting pest attack essential for adoption of effective management practices 3.Quarantine - Exclusion of pest, enforced through certain legal measures is commonly known as quarantine. Both foreign and domestic quarantine laws Quarantine stations- Airports- Mumbai, Chennai, Calcutta, New D elhi and Amritsar Seaports- Mumbai, Chennai, Calcutta, K ochi, and Vishakapatanam Phytosanitary certificate- from department of exporting country

18. Varietal resistance against the insect pests is grouped into four categories Tolerance : pest attack do not affect the biomass or production of yield. Capacity to recover from pest attack Resistance : Ability to withstand disease due number of internal and external factors. Development of disease is very less Immunity : Inability of parasite to infect the host even under most favourable conditions Avoidance : escaping of susceptible host varieties purely due to environmental factors

19. Plant disease management: two approaches Aim- To control or prevent or reduce disease occurrence Prophylactic method- methods to prevent disease occurrence Ex. Spraying of Bordeaux mix before monsoon to prevent incidence of quick wilt in pepper Curative methods- methods to cure plant disease Ex. Application of tridemorph for management of stem bleeding in coconut

20. Integrated disease management (IDM) Use of compatible techniques and methods in an integrated manner to maintain pathogen below those causing economic injury. Includes all practices like physical, cultural, legal, biological and chemical methods

21. Cultural methods Selection of geographical area - Based on favourable temperature and humidity. Selection of field - soil borne diseases are controlled by proper selection of the field. Can avoid sowing particular crop in a field for several years Choice of time of sowing - susceptible stage of plant growth and favourable environment for pathogen should not match Selection of seed - avoid seed borne diseases Cultural practices improvement- Distance between plants, time frequency of irrigation, mixed cropping.

22. Physical methods Hot water treatment- introduced by Jensen. Seeds kept in warm water of 40 degree Celsius for varying length of time. control loose smut of wheat, late blight of potato Solar energy treatment- introduced by Luthra . Seeds soaked in water for 4-5 hours before drying them in scorching sun. loose smut in wheat Hot air treatment- to control virus in propagating parts of peach. Introduced by kunkal Soil treatment- fumigation of soil with volatile chemicals

23. Biological method Decomposition of organic matter leads to intense microbial activity. Certain microorganisms have the potential to kill pathogens Root knot nematodes control Adding of soil amendments- adding soil amendments like lime and gypsum etc. controlling many soil borne disease

24. Chemical method Chemical treatment: chemical spray, dusting and seed treatment Chemical control of insect vectors- Viral diseases transmitted by insect vectors

25. Weed management An approach where whole land use planning is done in advance to minimise the invasion of weeds in aggressive forms and give crop an competitive advantage over weeds. Prevention: prevention and introduction of weeds Eradication: complete removal of weeds, it’s seed and vegetative part by killing so that it does not reappear unless reintroduced.

26. Mechanical weed control Tillage- Weaken plants through injury of roots and stem pruning, reducing their competitiveness Hand weeding- physical removal of plants using implements like khurpi Digging- Remove perennial weeds (Underground propagating parts) Sickling and mowing- sickling using hands, Burning- Flame throwing or flame cultivation Flooding- flooding is successful against weed species sensitive to longer periods of submergence

27. Mechanical weeders Dry land weeders , power rotary weeder , tractor drawn weeding cum earthing up equipment, tractor operated, multirow rotary weeder , cono weeder .

28. Chemical control Herbicides : chemicals capable of killing or inhibiting the growth of plants 2,4 D- MCPA- Alachlor - Glyphosate-

29. Biological control Use of living organism like insect, pathogens, herbivorous fish, snails or competitive plants No eradication of weeds just reduction of weed population Lantana bug Crocidodesma lantana - Lantana camara Tilapia controls algae

30. Salvinia - aquatic weed of rice, paddy - controlled by Cyrtobagus salviniae - Weevil

31. Bio herbicides/ Mycoherbicides Bio herbicides are plant pathogens used to kill the targeted weeds. Fungal pathogens are commonly used, viral and bacterial pathogens need natural openings or vectors to initiate disease in plants No Product content 1 Devine A liquid suspension of fungal spores of phytophthora palmivora causes root rot 2 Collego Wettable powder containing fungal spores of Colletotrichum gleosporoides causes stem blight and leaf blight 3 Bipolaris A suspension of fungal spores of Bipolaris sorghicola 4 Biolophos A microbial