integrated pest and disease management PPT.X.pptx

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1. JAIPUR NATIONAL UNIVERSITY SUBJECT TITLE : PRINCIPLESS OF INTEGRATED PESTS AND DISEASES MANAGEMENT TOPIC : ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF INSECT – PESTS AND DISEASES SUBJECT CODE : BSCAGCO501T22 SUBMITTED BY : Abhishek Yadav (R50160) SUBMITTED TO : Dr. Vivekanand Sharma Sir SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

2. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF INSECT – PESTS AND DISEASES

3. Introduction: 🌾 Agriculture is vital for many economies. 🐛 Insects and diseases affect crop yield and quality. ⚖️ They have two roles : ✅ Beneficial: Help in pollination, pest control, and crop improvement. ❌ Harmful: Cause crop damage, storage loss, and economic problems.

4. Economic Importance of Insect-Pests 🐞 Insect-pests affect crops in two ways: 1️⃣ Beneficial – help humans & farming. 2️⃣ Harmful – cause crop losses. Beneficial Insects – Predators – feed on harmful insects (e.g., Ladybird beetle eats aphids ). Parasitoids – lay eggs inside pests; larvae destroy them (e.g., Trichogramma) . Pollinators – Honeybee (Apis spp .) essential for fruit/seed set. Scientific uses – Drosophila fruit fly used in genetics research.

5. Harmful Insects: Direct crop feeders – chew leaves, bore stems, suck sap. Examples:Rice stem borer, Aphids, Bollworms. Disease vectors – transmit viruses, bacteria, mycoplasma. Rice leaf hopper ( Tungro virus) Whiteflies (cotton leaf curl virus). Stored grain pests – destroy food reserves. Rice weevil, Khapra beetle, Rice moth. Livestock pests – Horseflies, mosquitoes. Economic impact – yield reduction, increased pesticide cost, lower market value of produce. YELLOW STEM BORER APHIDS SUCKING SAP ON A LEAF LOCUST SWARM IN FIELD

6. Classification of Insect-Pests Based on feeding habit: Based on feeding habit : Chewing pests – grasshoppers, caterpillars. Sucking pests – aphids, jassids. Boring pests – stem borers, shoot borers. Mining pests – leaf miners. Based on occurrence : Regular pests – occur every season ( aphids on mustard ). Occasional pests – appear under favorable conditions ( armyworm ). Epidemic pests – sudden outbreak over large area ( locusts ).

7. Economic Importance of Plant Diseases Plant diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes and phytoplasma. They affect : Yield – reduce production quantity. Quality – affect appearance, taste, storage life. Trade – quarantine restrictions affect exports.

8. Beneficial Aspects of Plant Diseases: Resistance breeding – pathogens help identify resistant crop varieties. Mutation induction – disease stress may create useful variations. Scientific research – study of plant-pathogen interaction aids biotechnology. Physiological tolerance – exposure sometimes strengthens plant defense systems.( Eg: tulip colour breaking virus)

9. Harmful Effects of Plant Diseases: Reduced yield and quality → direct financial losses. Famous diseases : Agrobacterium → Crown gall. Sclerotinia → White mold. Cercospora → Leaf spot. Colletotrichum → Anthracnose. Rhizoctonia → Root rot, damping-off. Phytophthora → Late blight of potato. CERCOSPORA LEAF SPOT ON SUGARBEETS POTATO LATE BLIGHT

10. Case Studies Rice Blast ( Magnaporthe oryzae) → destroys millions of tons annually. Potato Late Blight ( Phytophthora infestans ) → caused the Irish Famine. Locust Swarms → eat crops worth billions in Africa & Asia.N Panama Wilt of Banana → threatens global banana production. Wheat Rust in India → recurring threat to wheat security. LOCUST SWARMS

11. Global Loss Statistics FAO estimates 20–40% global crop losses annually due to pests and diseases. Insect-pests alone destroy food that could feed over 1 billion people. Plant diseases cause 10–16% loss in major crops like rice, wheat, maize . Developing countries bear higher losses due to lack of technology.

12. Integrated Pest & Disease Management (IPDM) Cultural methods : crop rotation, field sanitation, resistant varieties. Biological control : use of predators, parasitoids, antagonistic fungi. Mechanical & physical methods : traps, hand picking, tillage. Chemical methods : insecticides, fungicides, but with caution to avoid resistance. Modern methods : GM crops, pheromone traps, biopesticides, RNA interference. Goal: eco-friendly, sustainable pest and disease management.

13. Conclusion: Insect-pests and diseases have a dual role in agriculture. Beneficial aspects : pollination, biocontrol, breeding, biotechnology. Harmful aspects : yield reduction, economic burden, food insecurity. Integrated Pest & Disease Management (IPDM) is the key to sustainable agriculture. Need for balance between crop protection and ecosystem health.

14. References Class notes National Horticulture Board , Government of India. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://nhb.gov.in Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (n.d.). Plant protection and plant health. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org