Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

My presentation on Integrated Pest Management. I had made a try from my side to create it knowledgeful and tried to include qualitative content after studying many articals, research papers and other online websites.

1. Integrated Pest Management Presented by- Vikas Kumar 2nd year student of B.Sc.(Agriculture) Gochar Mahavidyalya , Rampur Maniharan Saharanpur

2. Introduction Pest insect have adverse impact on agricultural production, natural environment and our lifestyle. Pest insect may cause problems by damaging crops and food production, parasitising livestock or a health hazard to humans. The spread of plant pests and disease has increased in recent years. Outbreak and upsurges can cause huge losses to c rops and pastures , threatening the livelihoods of farmers and the food and nutrition security in future time. The crop losses due to insect pests in India are around 15.7% which accounts for the annual losses of 36 billion USD$ ( Dhaliwal et al. 2015). Insects are becoming hungrier day by day due to climate change.

3. What is pest? “Pests are organisms that can damage or interfare with desirable plants in our fields, orchards and landscapes.” “A pests is any organisms that spreads disease, cause destruction or is otherwise a nuisance.” ex. Birds, rodents, ants, bugs, flies, hoppers etc.

4. Integrated P est Management Definition:- “Integrated Pest Management is an ecosystem approach to crop production and protection that includes different management strategies and practices to grow healthy crops and minimize the use of pesticides.” - fao.org “It is ecosystem based strategy that focuses on long term prevention of pests and their damage through a combinations of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices and use of resistant varieties.”

5. Principles of IPM Prevention and suppression :- Prevention is adoption of measures to reduce the chance of occurrence of pest. Suppression is reducing the impact of pests. Prevention and suppression includes use of adequate cultivation techniques e.g.– crop rotation, stale seedbed technique, sowing dates, conservation tillage, pruning and direct sowing. Monitoring :- Harmful organisms must be monitored by adequate methods and tools through observations, use of scientifically sound warning, forecasting, advices from qualified advisors. France, Denmark have adopted this technique. Source:- www.publichealthnotes.com

6. Decision Making :- Decision making is done based on the results of the monitoring on threshold based intervention, pest density or population level. We should also be aware that specific crops, pest life cycle, climatic condition etc. However, threshold is difficult to define in case of tolerant species. Non-Chemical Methods :- Non-Chemical methods are always preferred at first hand as they are more sustainable with less biological and environmental hazards. E.g. soil- solarization or biological control, ecological methods. Pesticide Selection :- IPM doesn’t totally avoid the use of the pesticides. When alternative methods are not properly used then the pesticides are used for pest control .

7. Reduced Pesticides Use :- Reduced pesticides use prefers to the reduction in the frequency and doses of the pesticides. It helps reducing the side effects of the pesticides . Anti-resistance strategies :- Unmanaged and haphazard use of the pesticides have created the problem of resistance and pests have developed the resistance and the use of pesticides have less effect on them. It includes use of different pesticides that has different mode of action, applied in different time. Evaluation :- Evaluation is the important aspect of the IPM program. It is done based on the record of the use of the pesticides, its effects and many more .

8. Components of IPM Cultural Practices :- Cultural methods of pest control consist of regular farm operations in such a way which either destroy the pests or prevent them from causing economic loss - P reparation of nurseries or main fields free form pest infestation by removing plant parts, soil treatment. Selection of clean and certified seeds and treating seeds with bio-pesticides before sowing. Selection of pest resistant/tolerant varieties. Source:- ppqs.gov.in

9. Adjustment of time of sowing or harvesting to escape the peak season of pest attack. Rotation of crops with non-host crops. Optimum use of fertilizers, FYM and bio-fertilizers should be preferred. Proper plants pacing which makes less susceptible to pests. Proper weed and water management. Because water and weeds are attractive factors for pests. Growing trap crop and intercropping or multiple cropping should be implement where as possible .

10. Cultural Practices

11. 2. Mechanical Practices :- It include following processes:- Removal and destruction of egg masses, larvae, pupae and diseased plants parts if possible. Installation of bamboo cage cum bird preachers in the field and conservation of natural enemies. Use of light traps and destruction of trapped insects. Installation of bird preachers in field for allowing birds to sit and feed insects their immature stages viz. eggs, larvae etc. Use of pheromones for mating and kill zone creation. Use of pheromones traps for monitoring and suppression of pest population and mass trapping.

12. Mechanical Practices

13. 3. Biological Practices :- Biological control of insects pests and disease, through biological measures, is the most important component of IPM. In broad sense , biological control is the use of living organisms to control unwanted living organisms (pests) in our cropping area. In other words use of predators, parasitoides and pathogens to maintain pest population at level below those causing loss either by introducing a new bio-agent into the environment of pest or by increasing effectiveness of those already present in the fields .

14. Parasitoides :- These are organisms which ley eggs in or on the bodies of their hosts and complete their life cycles on host bodies resulting hosts dies. Predators :- These are free living organisms which prey upon other organisms for their food viz. spiders, dragon flies, ladybird beetles, birds etc. Bio-pesticides :- These are micro-organisms which infests and cause disease in their host as a result as hosts are killied . e.g. Fungi ( Beauveria , metarhizium ) ; viruses (NPV, Granulosis viruses) ; bacteria (B. thuringiensis , B. popillae ) etc.

15. Parasitioids Predators Beauveria . Fungi NPV virus treated BT treated Biological Practices

16. 4. Chemical Practices :- When all other methods become fails then refers to use of chemical pesticides is the last method to keep the pest population below the economic loss. Relevance of IPM practices are more important in vegetables and fruit crops because of their unique of consumption by human being. So, only approved pesticides should be used against targeted recommended crops. While going for chemical control method , we must keep in our minds that what to spray, when to spray, where to spray, how much and how to do spray. We have to be more careful and be cautions in applying pest control practices in fields crops .

17. Chemical Practices

18. 5. Regulatory Practices :- In this process regulatory rules framed by Govt. are brought into force under which seeds are infested plant materials are not allowed to enter the country. These are known as quarantine methods and are of two types i.e. domestic and foreign quarantine. In other words regulatory control refers to the role played by government agencies in trying to stop the entry or spread of pests into an area or into the country via inspection, quarantine, destruction of infested material and other methods.

19. Regulatory Practices

20. Challenges in IPM Financial constraints in the initial stage of IPM. Lack of involvement of the expertise. Inadequate research on insects pests. Lack of supportive government and their policies. In the developing countries e.g. India; where traditional farming still practicing, farmers are unknown to the concept of IPM because IPM seems difficult to practice. Source:- www.publichealthnotes.com

21. Advantages of IPM Lower cost intervention :- Traditionally, the use of the pesticides to control the pest would become costly. Wherever, the application of different IPM techniques would less financial burden and more sustainable with long lasting effects. Benefits to environment :- Use of pesticides are linked with the degradation of the environment resulting problems. While IPM is an eco-friendly approach and maintain ecological cycles. Minimizes residues of pesticides :- It is obvious that in an IPM schedule the use of pesticides will be reduced, hence the pesticides residue will also get automatically minimized . Source:- www.publichealthnotes.com

22. 4. Anti-resistance :- It is proven that due to use of chemical pesticides, pests develops resistance to them, while IPM is model itself that it is anti-resistance to pest. 5. Useful and best intervention to the general public :- The use of IPM techniques, It is safe for use and affordable for the general public as well. It has no bad effects on the crops.

23. Disadvantages of IPM More involvement in the tactics of the method :- IPM needs to be planned. IPM demands more attention, dedication and requires expertise of various field. All those involved in the IPM needs to be educated and trained which often requires much time. Time and Energy consuming :- Application of IPM and expected results of intervention may take long time to be achieved. As IPM strategies differs from the region to region, a separate plan is required for each region. So, it takes to much time and energy consuming.

24. Worldwide impacts of IPM Crop yield increased from 6.72% to 40.14% in rice and 22.7% to 26.63% in cotton in IPM fields compared to non-IPM fields. Chemical pesticides sprays were reduced to the extent of 50-100% in rice and 29.96% to 50.6% in cotton. Use of bio-pesticides/ neem based pesticides increased from 123 MT during 1994-95 to 1262 MT during 2009-10 . Overall consumption of chemical pesticide in the country reduced from 75033 MT during 1990-91 to 41822 MT during 2009-10 . Source:- www.academic.oup.in

25. Status of IPM in India India has agrarian economy, where the 1012.4 million population dependent on agricultural commodities from 124.07 million ha. cropped area cultivated by 110.7 million producers ( Parasad 2001). During the eight-year period from 199-95 to 2001-02, the government of I ndia spent nearly Rs . 14926 million for bio-control of pests of different crops. The largest states of India; Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka rank highest in implementing IPM. Source:- ipmworld.umn.edu

26. A smaller states, Punjab has also done will implement IPM. A total of 16260 thousands bio-control agents have been mass produced in the laboratories and released (Up to December, 2002) against insect pests in rice, cotton, sugarcane, pulses, vegetables and oilseeds crops . Pests situation reports received from field stations and states were compiled and comprehensive weekly and monthly reports circulated to the concerned officers and Scientists of states department of Agriculture/State Agricultural Universities and ICAR institutes to help them take appropriate remedial measures.

27. Conclusion The increasing cost of plant protection make agriculture a risky and less profitable enterprise. At the same time the toxic materials generated from chemicals farming pollute the environment and harm consumers’ and farmers’ health. A more environmentally friendly and economical alternative for India would be adoption of Integrated Pest Management. Additionally, from the viewpoint of sustainability, attaining growth while maintaining the natural capital intact, IPM is superior compared to conventional farming(Chopra 1993). It should, therefore be appreciated and encouraged to a greater extent both by government and NGOs’. References:- Some topics are prepared after studying government and educational online websites, articals and research papers. Mistakes may be found in my presentation, so your kindly suggestions are invited.

28. Thank You