Integrated Pest Management.pptx

IPM is an ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their damage through a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties. Pesticides are used only after monitoring indicates they are needed according to established guidelines, and treatments are made with the goal of removing only the target organism. Pest control materials are selected and applied in a manner that minimizes risks to human health, beneficial and nontarget organisms, and the environment.

1. INTEGRATED PES T MANAGE MENT (IPM) By Amrinder Singh Assistant Professor

2. W e wi l l l e arn in this Lectur e … What is IPM? Tools or Components of IPM Cultural Method/Agronomic Practices Mechanical Method Physical Method Biological Control Host Resistance Behavioural Method Genetic/Biotechnology Method Regulatory/Legal Method Chemical Method

3. What is IPM? Ecosystem - based strategy that focuses on long - term prevention of pests or their damage through a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties. "Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a sustainable approach to managing pests by combining biological, cultural, physical and chemical tools in a way that minimizes economic, health and environmental risks." Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO, 1967) defined IPM as "A pest management system, that in the context of associated environment and population dynamics of the pest species, utilizes all suitable techniques and methods in as compatible a manner as possible and maintains pest populations at levels below those causing economic injury.”

4. Tools or Components of IPM Pruning or Thinning Mixed Cropping The use of resistant varieties Fertilizer management Water Management etc… Mechanical traps Trapping, Suction device, Collecting machines iii. Cold treatment Sound Cultural method or use of agronomic practices Crop rotation Sanitation or destruction of crop residues and weeds Ploughing of cultivation of soil Variation in time of planting and harvesting Trap crop Mechanical method Hand collection of insects Hand Nets Mechanical Barriers Physical Method Use of temperature Humidity Energy – light trap, irradiation, light regulation Biological Control Method Conservation of Natural Enemies For release Parasite/Parasitoids Use of microbial pathogen Use of Predators

5. V. Host Plant Resistance Method (Varietal Resistance) Tolerance Ecological Resistance Antixenosis (Non-preference) Antibiosis Behavioral Method Pheromone Genetic/Biotechnology Method Transgenic Plant Release of genetically incompatible/sterile pests Regulatory/Legal Control Method Plant/Animal Quarantine Chemical Control Natural Insecticides – Azadirachtin, Pyrethrum Synthetic Insecticides – Organochlorines, Carbamates etc. Attractants Alchemical Wide Hybridization Somaclonal Variability 2. Eradication or Suppression Programme Repellents Insect Growth Inhibitors Chemo-sterilants

6. Cultural Method

7. Cultural Method Cultural control may be defined as control of a pest by slight variation, introduction suppression of farm practices which are normally adopted in the cultivation of a crop. Crop Rotation: - Crop rotation is one of the most frequently recommended method of insect control. If a similar crop is grown year after year on a large area insects of that crop predominate as they are getting continuous food. But if the second crop is grown next year, the insect dependent on the first crop may not be able to live on the second. Sanitation or destruction of crop residues and weeds – Crop residues and other traces remaining in fields after harvest provide food or shelter to many insect pests. The destruction of all stables after harvest of crops like paddy, maize, jowar etc. would prevent the multiplication of borers and other pests. The weeds growing around the cultivated field also serve as the host of many insects, like the spotted bollworm in cotton, leaf roller develop on many weeds growing in and around orchard.

8. 3. Ploughing of cultivation of soil – Deep ploughing of fields is a good method of controlling many insects particularly those which pass some portion of their life cycle in soil. This method is recommended for hairy caterpillars, cut worms, white grub, etc. Periodically breaking up of field bunds is useful to destroy grasshopper's eggs. Variation in time of planting and harvesting - By changing or carefully selecting the time when a crop is planted, we may avoid the egg laying period of pest or get young plant well established before the infestation start. Eg. Cucurbits vines sown early are better able to withstand the attack of red pumpkin beetle than those that are sown late. Trap crop - Sowing of trap crop is also another method to destroy and check the infestation of insect pest. Eg. Cotton – Okra crop reduce the infestation of red cotton bug. Tomato/Cucumber – Marigold crop to attract tomato fruit borer.

9. Pruning or Thinning – Proper pruning and thinning, conservation and regulation of soil moisture, good preparation of seed bed and the judicious use of fertilizer offer possibilities of stimulating plant growth in such a way to grow profitable le crop with minimum insect damage. Mixed cropping – Due to sowing of mixed crop, the distance among the same kind of plants is increased, therefore, insect does not reach easily to them and thus resulting poor infestation. If jowar and bajra are sown mixed the attack of jowar stem borer is not so severe. The use of resistant varieties –

10. Mechanical Method

11. Mechanical Method The reduction or suppression of insect population by means of especially designed machines or devices or by manipulation of physical factors of the environment are included under this group of control. Hand collection of insects – Hand picking of large sized immature or mature stage of insect is the most ancient and effective method in the collection of egg masses and larvae of such insect which lay eggs in clusters and feed gregariously. Eg. Sugarcane top borer, Hairy caterpillar, Pyrilla, Grubs of mustard saw fly etc. Hand nets – Hand nets are usefully employed against the flying insects. Eg. Grasshoppers, Jassids, Bugs, Pyrilla and moths etc.

12. 3. Mechanical barriers – Barriers are used for preventing movement of insects which migrate from one field to another. a) Tree Banding – Adhesive or sticky band around the tree trunks are used against those insects which infest trees by climbing the trunks. Eg. Mango mealy bug. Fencing – It is possible to prevent invasion of a crop by migrating insect through the use of walls around the field so that may not go to another fields. Trenching – The crawling herds of army worms may be stopped by constructing deep furrows around the fields against the marching ways. other barriers – Paper or muslin bags over fruit to protect from fruit flies, Anar butterflies etc., complete wrapping of tree trunk with paper against the flat headed borers. Tree Bending Fe ncing Tren c hing

13. 4. Mechanical traps - Many injurious traps have been made to catch insects. Adhesive traps – Many adhesive traps are used to kill insects and for the purpose the piece of bags or cloths are dipped in gum solution or in any other adhesive material having insecticides. Hopper dozers or other dozers – Some commonly used hoppers are hopper catcher, aphidozers, fly trap, moth trap etc. Other traps – Pheromone trap (Moths species specific) Sticky trap (thrips, whiteflies) Suction trap (whiteflies) Methyl eugenol trap (fruit fly) Water Pan trap (brown planthopper) Pitfall traps (ants, antlion grubs and other soil insects) Adhesive Trap Hopper Dozers

14. Physical Method

15. Physical Control Method Modification of physical factors in the environment to minimize (or) prevent pest problems. Use of physical forces like temperature, humidity or moisture, employ radiant energy etc. in managing the insect pests. Use of temperature – Artificial heating or cooling of stored products. It is a common method of insect control. Low temperature – Nearly all insects become inactive at 40 – 60°F (4-15°C). Few insects are not killed at these temperatures unless exposed to them for a considerable length of time. High temperature – It has experimentally been shown that no insects can survive longer when exposed to temperature of 140 – 150 °F (60-65°C). Sun drying the seeds to kill the eggs of stored product pests. Hot water treatment (50 - 55°C for 15 min) against rice white tip nematode. Flame throwers against locusts. Cold storage of fruits and vegetables to kill fruit flies (1 - 2°C for 12 - 20 days).

16. Humidity or Moisture – Some crops can be protected from insect pests either by flooding or by irrigation , at proper time. The drainage of marshy land and other standing water is the most effective method of destroying mosquitoes and house flies. Alternate drying and wetting rice fields against BPH (Brown Plant Hopper). Drying seeds (below 10% moisture level) affects insect development. Flooding the field for the control of Cutworms, Termites and White Grub. Light – The light has been used to attract the phototrophic insects into traps from which they cannot escape. In general insects appear to be strongly attracted at about 3650 A°, hence UV lamps have been used in some countries to trap the flying moth. Treating the grains for storage using IR light to kill all stages of insects. Providing light in storage go downs as the lighting reduces the fertility of Indian meal moth. Light trapping.

17. Light traps - Light traps are generally used against those insects which are phototrophic i.e., attracted towards light. For this purpose, strong light may be placed or hanged in the field above a container having kerosinised water . A large number of insects attracted to light will be killed in the kerosinised water. 4. Sound – The male mosquitoes are attracted by special types of sound and made sterile by electric flash gun in Canada .

18. Biological Method

19. Biological Method The study and utilization of parasitoids, predators and pathogens for the regulation of pest population densities. Biological control can also be defined as the utilization of natural enemies to reduce the damage caused by noxious organisms to tolerable levels. Conservation of Natural Enemies - Conservation and enhancement of natural enemies should be of first priority. If the natural enemies are properly conserved, the need of other control measures is greatly reduced. For release parasite/Parasitoids - For the effective control of the particular pests, the specific parasites or parasitoids are released. This method is the most effective and economical against pests those have only one or two discrete generation in a year.

20. a) Parasitoid - When an insect is itself a parasite, then it is called parasitoids. e.g. egg parasitoids of Trichogramma chilonis and T. japonicum are used to control Tissue borers of sugarcane and Rice . Primary parasite - Such parasite attacks on phytophagous insects. Hyperparasite - Such parasite attacks on primary parasite. Hyperparasite is also known as sec. parasite. Auto-parasite - In some species of insects it is found that male insect attacks on female insect of its own species which is called Autoparasite. 3. Use of microbial pathogen - The microorganisms like bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa, have the capacity to affect the pests. D' Herelle utilized one bacteria named Cocobacillus acridiorum (Modern name – Cloaca cloaca VAT acridiorum) for the control of locust. However, his work was not confirmed by later scientists though he is known as Father of Microbial Control. S. No. Predators Insect 1. Bacillus thuringiensis Lepidopterous larvae ( Pectinofora gossyipella , Sugarcane stem borer) 2. NPV (Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus) Spodoptera litura and Helicoverpa armigera

21. 4. Use of Predators Predators - Who hunts or kills other organisms for food, is called predator. The first insect scientifically employed for any biological control programme was the Vadalia beetle (Rodolia cardinalis) brought from Australia into California (USA) in 1888 to control the cottony cushion scale (Icerya purchasi) a serious pest of citrus. Due to increasing importance of biological control, many countries have now biological control stations that collaborate with each other to solve their pest control problem through natural enemies (biological control agents). The CIBC of India (Commonwealth Institute of Biological control) is the unit of CAB (Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau) with its headquarter at Trinidad (West Indies). S. No. Predators Insect 1. Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Citrus and grapevine mealy bug 2. Cytrohinus lipidepennis Brown plant hopper

22. Host Plant Resistance Method

23. Host Plant Resistance Method (Varietal Resistance) Host Plant Resistance - “Those characters that enable a plant to avoid, tolerate or recover from attacks of insects under conditions that would cause greater injury to other plants of the same species” (Painter, R. H., 1951). Mechanism of Resistance Non-Preference/Antixenosis – Host varieties exhibiting this type of resistance are unattractive or unsuitable for colonization , oviposition , or both by an insect pest. It involves various morphological and biochemical features of host plants, which prevent insects form approaching, landing, settling, feeding, or ovipositing. E.g., Trichomes in cotton - resistant to whitefly Open panicle of sorghum - Supports less Helicoverpa

24. Antibiosis – Antibiosis refers to an adverse effect of feeding on a resistant host plant on the development and/or reproduction of the insect pests. Antibiosis affects the physiology of insects, and it may influence different aspect of the life cycle. e.g., change in development period, fecundity, or reproduction rate. Manifested by larval death, abnormal larval growth, etc. Antibiosis may be due to – Presence of toxic substances Absence of sufficient amount of essential nutrients Nutrient imbalance/improper utilization of nutrients Chemical factors in Antibiosis – Example American bollworm ( Helicoverpa armigera ) Aphids, ( Myzus persicae ) Gossypol (Polyphenol) Sinigrin Physical factors in antibiosis Thick cuticle, glandular hairs, silica deposits, tight leaf sheath, etc.

25. Tolerance – Tolerance is the ability of plants to mitigate the negative fitness effects caused by insect pests. It is one of the general plant defence strategies against insect pests, the other being resistance, which is the ability of plants to prevent damage. E.g., An insect tolerant variety is attacked by insect pest to the same degree as a susceptible variety, but at the same level of infestation, a tolerant variety produces a larger yield than a susceptible variety. Use of tolerance in IPM Tolerant varieties have high ETL - Require less insecticide Apply less selection pressure on pests - Biotype development is less Ecological Resistance – It is also called apparent resistance and pseudo-resistance results from some temporary shifts in the environmental conditions that enable a susceptible host to suffer less damage or escape insect infestation.

26. Behavioral Method

27. Behavioral Method Pheromones Allelochemical Pheromones – 'Pheromones' are such chemical substances produced by an organism exogenously which influence the behaviour or physiology of other member of its own species. Pheromones are grouped as - Sex pheromones: such pheromones attract opposite sex. Trail pheromones: such activate others to follow. Aggregation pheromone: to get aggregation response. Alarm pheromone: to alarm Allelochemical – Allelochemicals is a general term that describes “non-nutritional chemicals” produced by an organism of one species, which affect growth, health, behaviour or population biology of another species. These chemicals are of two basic types: (1) Allomones and (2) kairomones

28. I. Allomones - Allomones affect insect activities in such a way as to result in an adaptive advantage to the plants. They may affect orientation of insects and force them to move away from plants, induce increased walking or flying. Inhibit biting, piercing or feeding, interrupt egg-laying or disturb the normal physiological processes of tissues be insects. II. Kairomones – Kairomones affect insect behaviour and physiology in such a way that leads to well as an adaptive advantage to the insect pests. Kairomones may attract the insect to the host plant and help stem in locating the host from among nonhost plants. They may slow down insect movement and promote pith colonization, evoke biting and piercing, enhance feeding, induce egg-laying or favourably regulate the normal life processes of the insects. Team TG Agri Education Activism for a Better Education

29. Biotechnology Method

30. Genetic/Biotechnology Method Use of molecular biology techniques for the management of insect pests. The following are some strategies. Wide Hybridization Somaclonal Variability Transgenic Plant Male Sterile Technique Wide hybridization - This technique involves transfer of genes from one species to other by conventional breeding. The genes for resistance are transferred from a different species. e.g. WBPH resistant gene has been transferred to Oryza sativa from Oryza officinalis . Somaclonal variability - The variation observed in tissue culture derived progeny. e.g. Somaclonal variants of sorghum resistant to Spodoptera litura has been evolved.

31. Transgenic Plants - Transgenic plants are plants which possess one or more additional genes. This is achieved by cloning additional genes into the plant genome by genetic engineering techniques. The added genes impart resistance to pests. Transgenic plants have been produced by addition of one or more following genes – Bt endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis Protease inhibitors Amylase inhibitors Lectins Enzymes 4. Male sterile Technique - Male Sterile technique of pest control is known as genetic control under autocidal technique. The concept of genetic control was conceived by E.F. Knipling . For making male insects sterile, y-radiation obtained from cobalt-60 and chemo-sterilants are used.

32. Regulatory or Legal Method

33. Regulatory/Legal Control Method Preventing the entry and establishment of foreign plant and animal pest in a country or area and eradication or suppression of the pests established in a limited area through compulsory legislation or enactment. Pests Accidentally Introduced into India Pink bollworm - Pectinophora gossypiella Cotton cushion scale - Icerya purchase Wooly aphid of apple - Aphelinus mali San Jose scale - Quadraspidiotus perniciosus The Dest ru ctive In s ec t s & Pests Act , 1914 ( D I P A ) – A n act to pr e vent the in t r oduc t ion in t o and the transport from one state to another in India of any fungus, insect or other pests.

34. Quarantine Quarantine - Isolation to prevent spreading of infection. Plant Quarantine - Legal restriction of movement of plant materials between countries and between states within the country to prevent or limit introduction and spread of pests and diseases in areas where they do not exist. Note – 1914 - ‘Destructive Insects and Pests Act’ of India (DIPA) 1968 - ‘The Insecticides Act’ DIFFERENT CLASSES OF QUARANTINE 1.Foreign Quarantine - (Legislation to prevent the introduction of new pests, diseases and weeds from foreign countries). Phytosanitary certificate - is issued by State Entomologist and Pathologists to the effect that the plant or seed material is free from any pest or disease.

35. 2. Domestic quarantine - (Within different parts of country). Legislation to take up effective measures to prevent spread of established pests. Example: Cotton stem weevil, Groundnut RHC, Coffee stem borer, Coconut black headed caterpillar (BHC), Sugarcane top borer. Legislation to prevent the adulteration and misbranding of insecticides and to determine the permissible residues in food stuff. Legislation to regulate the activities of men engaged in pest control See detailed video on Plant Quarantine click here…

36. Chemical Method

37. Chemical Method The chemicals which either kill the insects or repel them are used in chemical control. Inse c t i cides are included under this group of control and are those substances which are used for protecting plants from harmful insects.

38. Thank You