Integrated Plant Disease Management (IDM)

This Presentation includes various tactics of IDM like Cultural control, Physical control, Chemical control, Biological control of plant disease. Useful for UG, PG Botany and Agriculture students

1. Prepared by Amit Kumar Roy Assistant Professor Botany Integrated Plant Disease Management (IDM)

2. Integrated plant disease management ( IDM )is an approach that attempts to use all available methods of control of a disease or of all the disease and pests of a crop plant for best control but with the least coast and least damage the environment Integrated plant disease management is a decision-based process involving coordinated use of multiple tactics for optimizing the control of pathogen in an ecologically and economically. Integrated Plant Disease Management

3. The implications of IDM are: Simultaneous management of multiple pathogens Regular monitoring of pathogen effects, and their natural enemies and antagonists as well Use of economic or treatment thresholds when applying chemicals Integrated use of multiple, suppressive tactics. Integrated Plant Disease Management

4. Principles of Plant Disease Control Avoidance —prevents disease by selecting a time of the year or a site where there is no inoculum or where the environment is not favorable for infection. Exclusion —prevents the introduction of inoculum. Eradication —eliminates , destroy, or inactivate the inoculum. Protection —prevents infection by means of a toxicant or some other barrier to infection. Resistance —utilizes cultivars that are resistant to or tolerant of infection. Therapy —cure plants that are already infected Integrated Plant Disease Management

5. Integrated Plant Disease Management

6. Components of integrated disease management : The components of IDM include Quarantine & regulatory measures Cultural Control Physical and mechanical Control biological Control Chemical Control Host resistance Integrated Plant Disease Management

7. Quarantine & regulatory measures Plant quarantine is the legally forced restriction on the movement of diseased plant materials or of fungi , bacteria or viruses that cause disease in plants. Quarantine & regulatory measures is a tool of Exclusion, one of the Principles of Plant Disease Control Integrated Plant Disease Management Components of integrated disease management:

8. Cultural Control Cultural practices usually influence the development of disease in plants by affecting the environment . Such practices are intended to make the atmospheric, edaphic, or biological surroundings favorable to the crop plant, unfavorable to its parasites. Cultural practices that leads to disease control have little effect on the climate of a region but can exert significant influence on the microclimate of the crop plants in a field. Three stages of parasite’s life cycle namely, Survival between crops, production of inoculum for the primary cycle and inoculation can be control by following preventive measures. Integrated Plant Disease Management Components of integrated disease management:

9. Cultural Control Deep ploughing Deep ploughing of the field results in exposure of propagules to elevated temperatures and physical killing of the pathogen. This can be regarded as dry soil solarization . Summer ploughing was effective at reducing populations of cyst nematodes and increasing wheat yield . Integrated Plant Disease Management Components of integrated disease management:

10. Cultural Control II. Flooding of the field Flooding of the field somewhat resembles soil disinfestation . Long-term summer soil flooding, with or without paddy culture is found to be decreased populations of soil borne pathogens. Integrated Plant Disease Management Components of integrated disease management:

11. Cultural Control III. Crop Rotation Crop rotation is a very important practice, especially for soil borne disease control. For many soil borne diseases, at least a 3-year rotation using a non-host crop greatly reduces pathogen populations . Integrated Plant Disease Management Components of integrated disease management:

12. Cultural Control Other good culture practices In order to reduce dispersal of soil borne pathogens between fields, stakes and farm equipment should be decontaminated before moving from one field to the next . Avoid soil movement from one site to another to reduce the risk of moving pathogens . Weed control is important for the management of viral diseases. Weeds may be alternate / collateral hosts for many important vegetable viruses. some pathogens can only enter the host through wounds, situations that promote plant injury should be avoided . The pathogen inoculum can be reduced by removing plant material (infected and healthy) after harvest. Integrated Plant Disease Management Components of integrated disease management:

13. 3. Physical and mechanical Control Mechanical and physical controls kill a pathogens directly or make the environment unsuitable for it. The common methods are: Collect and destroy the disease infected plant parts. Hot water treatment: Some seed borne diseases like loose smut of wheat (52ºC for 11 min), leaf scald (50ºC for 2-3 h ), red rot (54ºC for 8 h) of sugarcane, black rot of crucifer ( 50 ºC for 20-30 min) etc. can be treated by hot water treatment by immersing infected seeds in hot water at recommended temperature and time. Integrated Plant Disease Management Components of integrated disease management:

14. 3. Physical and mechanical Control 4 . Hot air treatment is given to remove excess of moisture from plant organs and protect them from fungal and bacterial attack. Several virus infected dormant plants are treated by hot air treatment at a temperature ranging from 35-54ºC for 8 h. Refrigeration (low temperature treatment) is most common method used to prevent postharvest diseases of perishables fruits and vegetables . Soil sterilization at 50-60ºC for about 30 min kills the all soil borne pathogens . Integrated Plant Disease Management Components of integrated disease management:

15. 4. Biological Control The use of biocontrol agents in disease management is increasing, especially among organic growers. These products are considered safer for the environment. Examples of commercially available biocontrol agents include the fungi Trichoderma viride and Gliocladium virens , an actinomycete Streptomyces griseoviridis , and a bacterium Bacillus subtilis . Integrated Plant Disease Management Components of integrated disease management:

16. 4. Biological Control Bacteriophages have been found to be an effective biocontrol agent for managing bacterial spot on tomato . Paecilomyces lilacinus is a common saprobic , filamentous fungus has been detected in the rhizosphere of many crops. The fungus has shown promising results for use as a bio-control agent to control the growth of destructive root-knot nematodes. Integrated Plant Disease Management Components of integrated disease management:

17. 4. Biological Control Integrated Plant Disease Management Components of integrated disease management:

18. 4. Biological Control Integrated Plant Disease Management Components of integrated disease management:

19. 5. Chemical Control When all the above methods are not-effective and pathogens cause destructive loss of the crops then we should go for chemical measures. Fungicides and bactericides are an important component of many disease management programs. It is important to remember that chemical use should be integrated with all other appropriate tactics. Integrated Plant Disease Management Components of integrated disease management:

20. 5. Chemical Control Information regarding a fungicide's physical mode of action helps producers improves fungicide application timing. Physical mode of action of fungicides can be classified into four categories : protective after infection presymptom , and anti- sporulant (post symptom). Integrated Plant Disease Management Components of integrated disease management:

21. 5. Chemical Control Depending on the kind of pathogens they affect, the chemicals are called fungicides, bactericides, nematicides , viricides , pesticides and herbicide. Earlier the chemicals applied on plants or plant organs only protected them from being infected and did not stop or cure a disease after it had started. These chemical are protective in action (protectant fungicides and others) and majority of them effective only in the plant area to which they have been applied hence they are localized in action, and are not absorbed and translocate by the plant e.g., B ordeaux mixture , Burgundy mixture etc. Integrated Plant Disease Management Components of integrated disease management:

22. 5. Chemical Control The real breakthrough came in 1960s and onwords when many new chemicals like benzimidazoles were developed that showed therapeutic action and were absorbed and translocate through tissue inside the plant, such chemicals are called systemic fungicide or bacteriocide . Integrated Plant Disease Management Components of integrated disease management:

23. Integrated Plant Disease Management Advantages Some of the benefits of an integrated approach are as follows: Promotes sound structures and healthy plants Promotes the sustainable bio based disease management alternatives. Reduces the environmental risk associated with management by encouraging the adoption of more ecologically benign control tactics Reduces the potential for air and ground water contamination Reduces the need for pesticides and fungicides by using several management methods Reduces or eliminates issues related to pesticide residue Reduces or eliminates re-entry interval restrictions Decreases workers, tenants and public exposure to chemicals Alleviates concern of the public about pest & pesticide related practices. Maintains or increases the cost-effectiveness of disease management programs

24. Integrated Plant Disease Management