Integrated Plant Nutrient Supply and Management Strategies for Sustaining Crop Production in Salt Affected Soils of India .ppt

agronomy

1. Integrated Plant Nutrient Supply
and Management Strategies for
Sustaining Crop Production in Salt
Affected Soils of India
Anand Swarup
Principal Scientist and Head
Division of Soil and Crop Management
Central Soil Salinity Research Institute
Karnal, India

2. Salt Affected Soils (Extent: 8.6 M ha)
Saline Soils
•High ECe > 4 dS m-1
•PH < 8.5
•SAR/ESP <15
•High water table
•Ionic imbalance
•Restricted water
uptake
•Low NUE
Sodic or Alkali Soil
•High pH > 8.5
•High ESP/SAR >15
•ECe < 4 dS m
-
1
•Low organic matter
•High CaCO
3
•Adverse soilphysical
properties
•Poor nutrient supply
system
•Nutritional disorders

3. Issues
Soil salinity/sodicity development resulting in
yield stagnation/decline
•Alterations in soil quality
•Overmining of nutrients
•Emerging nutrients deficiencies
•Water quality
•Variations in input levels/ imbalance nutrient
use
•Variations in nutrient and crop management
practices
•Regional imbalances in fertilizer consumption

4. STRATEGIES
Correct diagnosis of salinity / sodic hazard
of soil and under ground irrigation water
Effective soil reclamation
Choice of suitable cropping system and
need of soil amendments if any
Efficient, balanced and integrated
nutrient management
Efficient water management

5. Soilproperties Soil depth (cm)
0-15 15-30 30-45 45-6060-90 90-120
pH(1:2) 10.4 10.4 10.3 10.2 10.1 10.0
ESP 89 90 84 80 78 76
CaCO
3
(%) 3.4 3.5 3.8 4.5 9.8 10.6
OrganicCarbon(%)0.20 0.17 0.14 0.10 0.08 0.06
Watersoluble+exch.
Ca+Mg(me100g
-1
)
0.52 0.41 1.02 1.42 1.60 1.62
AvailableN(kgha
-1
) 45 41 36 32 32 30
AvailableP(kgha
-1
) 38 34 30 28 25 25
AvailableK(kgha
-1
) 478 475 460 450 455 452
DTPAextratableFe
(mgkg
-1
)
3.5 3.8 3.0 2.8 2.9 2.5
DTPAextratableMn
(mgkg
-1
)
2.6 2.8 2.0 1.2 1.0 1.0
DTPAextractableZn
(mgkg
-1
)
0.42 0.40 0.38 0.35 0.30 0.25
Physico –chemical properties of sodic soil
(zarifa viran series)

6. Treatment
Grain yield Mg ha
-1
Rice Wheat
1989 1990 1991 Pooled 1989-90 90-91 91-92 Pooled
Control 2.98 4.55 5.23 4.25 0.20 1.00 1.18 0.79
Gypsum25%GR 5.10 5.23 5.32 5.22 1.67 2.22 2.33 2.07
Gypsum50%GR 5.44 5.46 5.34 5.41 1.99 2.31 2.42 2.24
Farmyardmanure
(FYM)(20Mgha
-1
)
4.05 5.20 5.30 4.85 1.42 2.00 2.16 1.86
Gypsum25%GR+
(FYM)(20Mgha
-1
)
5.78 5.76 5.83 5.79 2.14 2.78 2.82 2.58
Gypsum50%GR+
(FYM)(20Mgha
-1
)
6.13 6.01 5.90 6.01 2.36 2.82 2.91 2.70
LSD(P=0.05) 0.33 0.41 0.40 0.36 0.35 0.36 0.34 0.35
Effect of soil amendments on the grain yield of rice
and wheat in a sodic soil

7. Treatment Grain yield
(Mg ha
-1
)
Ammonia losses (Kg ha
-1
)
I II III splits
N (kg ha
-1
)
N
0
3.61 1.43 0.00 0.00
N
60 4.61 6.01 6.42 5.57
N
120
4.83 8.31 7.48 6.75
N
180
5.13 9.90 9.30 9.09
LSD(p=0.05) 022 0.93 0.63 0.75
Method of urea application
Before puddling 4.72 6.16 5.68 5.24
After puddling4.38 6.66 5.93 5.42
LSD (p=0.05) 0.24 0.38 0.16 0.12
Pre-submergence period
0-week 4.44 6.91 6.10 5.62
1-week 4.65 5.88 5.40 5.06
LSD (p=0.05) 0.11 0.5 0.66 0.61
Effect of rate and method of urea -N application and presubmergence
period on grain yield of rice and ammonia volatilization

8. * Average of six crops. Pearl millet (bajra) crop during 1988 and 1990 was completely damaged due to heavy floods.
Treatmen
t Rice/
millet
Wheat
Grain yield (Mg ha
-1
)
Rice Wheat Millet
*
Wheat
Mean Mean
1974 -1985 1974 -75 1985 -86 1986-93 1986-94
Mean Mean
Av. P (kg ha
-1
)
After
After
1985-86
1993 -94
Wheat
Wheat
Control3.17 1.04 0.751.1017.9 9.6
N N5.33 4.53 1.713.488.7 4.0
NP NP 6.84 4.89 1.954.7867.1 60.0
NP N6.79 4.87 1.934.4945.2 14.6
N NP6.71 4.93 1.944.6645.9 15.6
NPK NPK6.96 4.83 2.114.9067.4 56.6
NPK N6.80 4.62 2.074.5844.7 15.0
N NPK 6.59 4.70 2.014.7146.5 14.8
LSD
(p=0.05)
0.52 0.41 0.380.54 8.9 5.9
Effect of 12 years of rice -wheat and 8 years of pearmillet -wheat cropping
sequence and fertiliser use on available P status and crop yield in a sodic soil

9. Effect of integrated nutrient management on yield of rice-
wheat system and soil properties under sodic water irrigation
Treatments 10 year mean grain
yield of crops (Mg
ha
-1
)
Soil properties after 10 yrs rice-wheat sequence
Rice Wheat Rice Wheat OC Soil
pH
Available nutrients (kg
ha
-1
)
SAR
1994 to
2003
1994-95 to
2003-04
(g kg
-
1
)
N P K
N
0 P
0 K
0 N
0 P
0 K
0 2.60 1.70 2.5 8.51 85 10.6215 18.8
N
120 P
0 K
0 N
120 P
0 K
0 4.00 2.94 2.6 8.53140 8.1 242 13.4
N
120 P
26 K
0 N
120 P
26 K
0 4.72 3.59 2.6 8.49139 18.8234 13.5
N
120 P
26 K
42 N
120 P
26 K
42 4.79 3.69 2.6 8.52141 22.6287 14.3
N
120 P
26 K
42 + Zn N
120 P
26 K
42 4.99 3.87 2.5 8.51140 21.0275 14.1
N
120 P
26 K
42+ FYM N
120 P
26 K
42 5.29 4.16 4.3 8.38163 22.5301 12.0
N
120 P
26 K
42 + Gyp N
120 P
26 K
42 5.23 4.10 3.7 8.18146 19.0299 11.6
N
120 P
26 K
42 + FYM +Gyp N
120 P
26 K
42 5.35 4.22 4.2 8.28164 23.8300 10.1
N
120 P
26 K
42 + SPM N
120 P
26 K
42 5.31 4.46 4.2 8.29159 24.1304 11.4
N
120 P
26 K
42 + SPM +Gyp N
120 P
26 K
42 5.41 4.52 4.0 8.28160 24.0301 10.0
LSD (P=0.05) 0.42 0.34 0.650.08 8.5 2.318.50.75

10. Effect of iron and zinc application on yield
concentration and uptake of Zn by rice
Treatment
a
Yield(tha
-1
)
Grain Straw
Znconcentration(mgkg
–1
)
Leaves
b
Grain Straw
Total Zn
uptake (g ha
-1
)
Grain +Straw
Fe
0
Zn
0 4.9 7.14 9.5 12.715.1 167.2
Fe
55
Zn
0 4.8 7.00 9.0 11.014.0 151.8
Fe
110
Zn
0 4.4 6.62 8.6 9.012.4 122.3
Fe
0
Zn
11 5.5 7.85 14.5 14.219.2 29.7
Fe
55
Zn
11 5.6 7.89 13.8 13.419.0 226.1
Fe
110
Zn
11 6.0 8.32 12.8 12.517.2 218.7
LSD at
p=0.05
Fe NS NS 0.6 0.7 0.6
-
Zn 0.21 0.42 1.1 1.2 1.2
-
FexZn 0.37 0.54 NS NS NS
-

11. Treatment
Yield
( Mg ha
-1
)
Mn uptake (g ha
-1
)
Grain Straw
Soil application (MnSO
4
.H
2
O, kg ha
-1
) before sowing
25 4.16 104 145
50 4.50 124 169
100 5.07 157 199
Top dressed at 21 days
25 4.05 97 144
50 4.59 122 169
100 5.10 151 206
Foliar spray
1% 4.97 152 232
Control 3.65 86 125
SE 0.06 4 4
Effect of method, time and rate of manganese sulphate
application on wheat yield and Mn uptake

12. Rotation
Grain yield (Mg ha
-1
)
1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 1988-89 Mean
Rice Wheat Rice Wheat Rice Wheat Rice Wheat Rice wheat
Fallow-
rice-Wheat
5.291.925.391.445.452.255.602.455.432.01
Green
manure -
rice –wheat
6.732.006.862.146.942.857.123.716.912.67
LSD
(p=0.05)
0.35NS 0.340.330.370.450.520.590.400.46
Grain yield of rice and wheat on a sodic soil

13. Water
regime
N (kg ha
-1
)
Basal Top dressed at
1
st
2
nd
irrig.
Grain yield
(Mg ha
-1
)
Total N
uptake
grain+
straw (Kg
ha
-1
)
Apparent
recovery
of each
increme-ntal N
T
1
Drained
4040403.2987.8 -
T
2
Undrained4040401.7940.9 -
T
3
” 4050501.9046.1 26.0
T
4
” 4060602.6766.5 64.0
T
5
” 4070703.7497.3 91.3
LSD
(p=0.05)
- - - 0.68
- -
Effect of water stagnation and top
dressed N on wheat yield

14. Effect of N and P on grain yield of wheat and NUE under
saline drainage water irrigation (EC 8.2 dS m
-1
)
Treatments Grain Yield (Mg ha
-1
)
3-yr average
NUE
kg grain kg
-1
N
NoPo 1.85 -----
N50P0 2.97 22.46
N50P13 3.60 34.93
N50P26 3.84 39.86
N100P0 3.94 20.86
N100P13 4.65 28.00
N100P26 4.96 31.13
N150P0 4.52 17.86
N150P13 5.33 23.23
N150P26 5.70 25.63
LSD at P=0.05 0.47 -----

16. Gypsum@ 50% GR or 25% gypsum + FYM @ 15 -20 Mg/ha
Sodic soils underlain with high RSC waters need repeat application of
gypsum
25% more nitrogen than recommended dose for normal soils i.e. 150
kg/ha through urea to both rice and wheat.
Split application of N (1/3 each at sowing/transplanting, 21 and 42 days
crop growth
Basal dose of urea before puddling to reduce ammonia volatilization
losses
Farmyard manure/green manures.
P fertilization @ 22 kg P/ha when Olsen’s P is less than 12 kg P/ha to
sustain productivity and maintain soil P fertility.
Application of 40 kg zinc sulphate per hectare to rice.
Maintenance of desired submerged /saturated conditions during rice
and well drained conditions during wheat.
Monitoring of soil properties other than N,P and Zn.
Recommendations for sustainable management of
soil fertility of salt affected sodic lands: