Intellectual-CommunicationDisorders.pptx

Intellectual-Communication Disorders

1. NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS

2. INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS

3. INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER/ INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY

4. GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY

5. UNSPECIFIED INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER

6. Characterized by a loss of cognitive functioning. It may co-occur with IDD. In such cases both disorders may be given. When there is stabilization of cognitive functioning following traumatic or nontraumatic brain injury with onset in the developmental period, and there is no cognitive decline, both can be used it diagnostic criteria are met for IDD MAJOR AND MILD NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS These neurodevelopmental disorders are specific to the communication and learning domains and do not show deficits in intellectual and adaptive behavior. They may co-occur with intellectual developmental disorder. Both diagnoses are made if full criteria are met for intellectual developmental disorder and a communication disorder or specific learning disorder. COMMUNICATION DISORDERS AND SPECIFIC LEARNING DISORDER Appropriate assessment of intellectual functioning in autism spectrum disorder is essential, with reassessment across the developmental period, because IQ scores in autism spectrum disorder may be unstable, particularly in early childhood. AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER

7. COMMUNICATION DISORDERS

8. SPEECH The expressive production of sounds and includes an individual’s articulation, fluency, voice, and resonance quality. LANGUAGE Includes the form, function, and use of a conventional system of symbols in a rule-governed manner for communication. COMMUNICATION Includes any verbal or nonverbal behavior (whether intentional or unintentional) that has the potential to influence the behavior, ideas, or attitudes of another individual.

9. LANGUAGE DISORDER

10. Language disorder needs to be distinguished from normal developmental variations, and this distinction may be difficult to make before age 4 years. Regional, social, or cultural/ ethnic variations of language (e.g., dialects) must be considered when an individual is being assessed for language impairment. NORMAL VARIATIONS IN LANGUAGE Hearing impairment needs to be excluded as the primary cause of language difficulties. Language deficits may be associated with a hearing impairment, other sensory deficit, or a speech motor deficit. When language deficits are in excess of those usually associated with these problems, a diagnosis of language disorder may be made. HEARING OR OTHER SENSORY IMPAIRMENT. Language impairment is often the presenting feature of intellectual developmental disorder. However, the definitive diagnosis of intellectual developmental disorder may not be made until the child is able to complete standardized assessments. Language disorder can occur with varying degrees of intellectual ability, and a discrepancy between verbal and nonverbal ability is not necessary for a diagnosis of language disorder. INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER (INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY).

11. Autism spectrum disorder frequently manifests with delayed language development. However, autism spectrum disorder is often accompanied by behaviors not present in language disorder, such as lack of social interest or unusual social interactions (e.g., pulling individuals by the hand without any attempt to look at them), odd play patterns (e.g., carrying toys around but never playing with them), unusual communication patterns (e.g., knowing the alphabet but not responding to own name), and rigid adherence to routines and repetitive behaviors (e.g., flapping, spinning, echolalia). AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER. Language disorder can be acquired in association with neurological disorders, including epilepsy (e.g., acquired aphasia or Landau- Kleffner syndrome). NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS Loss of speech and language in a child at any age warrants thorough assessment to determine if there is a specific neurological condition, such as Landau- Kleffner syndrome. Language loss may be a symptom of seizures, and a diagnostic assessment is necessary to exclude the presence of epilepsy (e.g., routine and sleep electroencephalogram). Declines in critical social and communication behaviors during the first 2 years of life are evident in most children presenting with autism spectrum disorder and should signal the need for autism spectrum disorder assessment. LANGUAGE REGRESSION

12. SPEECH SOUND DISORDER

13. Regional, social, or cultural/ethnic variations of speech should be considered before making the diagnosis. Bilingual children may demonstrate an overall lower intelligibility rating, make more overall consonant and vowel errors, and produce more uncommon error patterns than monolingual English-speaking children when assessed only in English. NORMAL VARIATIONS IN SPEECH Those who are deaf or hard of hearing may have speech sound production errors. When speech deficits are in excess of those usually associated with these problems, a diagnosis of speech sound disorder may be made. HEARING OR OTHER SENSORY IMPAIRMENT Speech impairment may be due to structural deficits (e.g., cleft palate). STRUCTUAL DEFICITS

14. Speech impairment may be attributable to a motor disorder, such as cerebral palsy. Neurological signs, as well as distinctive features of voice, differentiate dysarthria from speech sound disorder, although in young children (under 3 years) differentiation may be difficult, particularly when there is no or minimal general body motor involvement (as in, e.g., Worster Drought syndrome). DYSARTHIA Limited use of speech may be a sign of selective mutism, an anxiety disorder that is characterized by a lack of speech in one or more contexts or settings. Selective mutism may develop in children with a speech disorder because of embarrassment about their impairments, but many children with selective mutism exhibit normal speech in “safe” settings, such as at home or with close friends. SELECTIVE MUTISM

15. CHILDHOOD-ONSET FLUENCY DISORDER (STUTTERING) Leys Geddes “Chairman of the British Stammering Association”

16. Dysfluencies of speech may be associated with a hearing impairment or other sensory deficit or a speech-motor deficit. When the speech dysfluencies are in excess of those usually associated with these problems, a diagnosis of childhood-onset fluency disorder may be made. SENSORY DEFICITS The disorder must be distinguished from normal dysfluencies that occur frequently in young children, which include whole word or phrase repetitions (e.g., “I want, I want ice cream”), incomplete phrases, interjections, unfilled pauses, and parenthetical remarks. If these difficulties increase in frequency or complexity as the child grows older, a diagnosis of childhood-onset fluency disorder may be appropriate. NORMAL SPEECH DYSFLUENCIES Children who have dysfluencies when they read aloud may be diagnosed mistakenly as having a reading disorder. Oral reading fluency typically is measured by timed assessments. Slower reading rates may not accurately reflect the actual reading ability of children who stutter. SPECIFIC LEARNING DISORDER, WITH IMPAIREMENT IN READING

17. It is necessary to distinguish between dysfluencies resulting from attempts to learn a new language and dysfluencies that indicate a fluency disorder, which typically appear in both languages. BILLINGUALISM Stuttering may occur as a side effect of medication and may be detected by a temporal relationship with exposure to the medication. MEDICATION SIDE EFFECTS If onset of dysfluencies is during or after an “adult-onset dysfluency” rather than a neurodevelopmental disorder. Adult-onset dysfluencies are associated with specific neurological insults and a variety of medical conditions and mental disorders and may be specified with them, but they are not a DSM-5 diagnosis. ADULT-ONSET DYSFLUENCIES TOURETTE’S DISORDER Vocal tics and repetitive vocalizations of Tourette’s disorder should be distinguishable from the repetitive sounds of childhood onset fluency disorder by their nature and timing.

18. SOCIAL (PRAGMATIC) COMMUNICATION DISORDER

19. UNSPECIFIED COMMUNICATION DISORDER

20. The two disorders can be differentiated by the presence in autism spectrum disorder of restricted/ repetitive patterns of behavior,interests , or activities and their absence in social (pragmatic) communication disorder. AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER Primary deficits of ADHD may cause impairments in social communication and functional limitations of effective communication, social participation, or academic achievement ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERCTIVITY DISORDER The symptoms of social (pragmatic) communication disorder overlap with those of social anxiety disorder. The differentiating feature is the timing of the onset of symptoms. In social (pragmatic) communication disorder, the individual has never had effective social communication; in social anxiety disorder, the social communication skills developed appropriately but are not utilized because of anxiety, fear, or distress about social interactions. SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER Social communication skills may be deficient among individuals with global developmental delay or intellectual developmental disorder, but a separate diagnosis is not given unless the social communication deficits are clearly in excess of the intellectual limitations.

21. REFERENCES American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision DSM-5-TR . Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association. BrookesPublishing . (2010, February 4). Interventions for Speech Sound Disorders in Children [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/BLuZdiX7Wrg?si=GFE8h9_PVgdEz0Tm Brookes Publishing is an independent publishing company founded in 1978, Brookes has been the premier publisher of practical, research-based resources that support children’s healthy development and boost the learning and success of all people, with and without disabilities. We’ve been with you every step of the way, partnering with experts in the field to bring you cutting-edge research and real-world strategies that support diverse learners from birth to adulthood. As we celebrate more than four decades of Brookes history and look ahead to our future, we’re honoring our past with this timeline of highlights. Take a journey through key events, titles, and milestones in Brookes' history—starting with some of our most exciting recent developments. T he video they uploaded was a footage from the new interactive textbook for SLPs featuring 23 treatment interventions from around the world for speech sound disorders in children. speakingout2. (2012, April 10). The King’s Speech - a stammerer is interviewed on BBC Breakfast TV [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/futfjy3KbY?si=cVs1ANoxL0MFfnd8 Leys Geddes appears on BBC TV to discuss stammering and The King's Speech. Not many stammerers get the opportunity to talk live on TV. This was the first of two appearances that morning, which were followed by several radio interviews. Hopefully, it demonstrated to a massive audience that stammerers are perfectly normal people who simply have difficulty in controlling the fluency of their speech. It must be better to talk about it (even if you have a marked stammer) because hiding it does nothing to help overcome the misconceptions about stammering. Worse, hiding things can make people look apologetic and a bit shifty! Stammering (also known as stuttering) is a symptom of a condition in which the brain's neural circuits for speech have not wired normally. As recently as February, 2010, researchers announced that three genes have been identified as a source of stammering. If you are in the UK, and want help with your speech, please ring the British Stammering Association helpline on 0845 603 2001. It's run by a team of people who know only too well how hard life can be if you stammer. The BSA is the national charity - a non-profit - and is run by people who stammer, for all those whose lives are affected by stammering. In 2007 the association's then chair, Leys Geddes, strongly protested to the YouTube website about their classifying, as comedy, videos showing people struggling to speak, including three which he said appeared to be "malicious and stereotypical". YouTube replied that the videos did not violate its terms of use. Geddes has now posted his own video on YouTube, arguing for greater understanding for those who stammer. Speaking in support of the association's stance, Labour MP Kate Hoey said: "For many people, particularly youngsters, stammering is not a joke – we need to ensure that help and support is given as early as possible and, most of all, we need to educate the public to understand the impact it has on people for the whole of their lives". Speech and Language UK. (2022, October 13). Darcie’s Story - a video about developmental disorder (DLD) #2in30 [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/38ur_bxJJG4?si=joc5frlZap-tGLEQ Speech and Language UK is the operating name of I CAN Charity, a registered charity in England and Wales (210031) and Scotland (SC039947), which is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales (00099629). Registered address: 17-21 Wenlock Road, London, N1 7GT. Speech and Language UK Services Ltd (00890517) is the trading subsidiary of Speech and Language UK which is responsible for running our two schools, Dawn House and Meath.

22. Mild CONCEPTUAL DOMAIN Preschool children No obvious conceptual differences School-age children Difficulties in learning academic skills With support needed in one more areas to meet age-related expectation Adults Impairment in abstraction thinking, executive function, short term memory Appropriate SEVERITY LEVEL SOCIAL DOMAIN PRACTICAL DOMAIN Compared with typically developing age-mates Immature in social interactions Communication, conversation, and language are more concrete or immature Diffculties in regulating emotion

23. Moderate Appropriate Spoken language is typically a primary tool for social communication but is much less complex than that of peers. Capacity for relationships is evident in ties; have successful relationships However may not perceive or interpret social cues accurately Preschool children Language and preacademic skills develop slowly School-age children Progress in reading, writing, mathematics and understanding of time and money occurs slowly and is marked limited compared with that of peers Adults Academic skills is typically at an elementary level. Ongoing assistance on a daily basis is needed to complete conceptual tasks of day-to-day life.

24. Severe Appropriate Spoken language is typically a primary tool for social communication but is much less complex than that of peers. Capacity for relationships is evident in ties; have successful relationships However may not perceive or interpret social cues accurately Preschool children Language and preacademic skills develop slowly School-age children Progress in reading, writing, mathematics and understanding of time and money occurs slowly and is marked limited compared with that of peers Adults Academic skills is typically at an elementary level. Ongoing assistance on a daily basis is needed to complete conceptual tasks of day-to-day life.

25. Profound Appropriate Spoken language is typically a primary tool for social communication but is much less complex than that of peers. Capacity for relationships is evident in ties; have successful relationships However may not perceive or interpret social cues accurately Preschool children Language and preacademic skills develop slowly School-age children Progress in reading, writing, mathematics and understanding of time and money occurs slowly and is marked limited compared with that of peers Adults Academic skills is typically at an elementary level. Ongoing assistance on a daily basis is needed to complete conceptual tasks of day-to-day life.