Interaction function II. Receptors and effectors.

The sense organs; sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste.
Effectors: bones and muscles.

1. INTERACTION FUNCTION II Receptors and effectors Transmitting, analyzing and working out responses.

2. RECEPTORS

3. Internal receptors . External receptors . Photoreceptors . Chemorecpetors . Mechanoreceptors . Thermoreceptors . SENSORY RECEPTORS Responsible for perceiving information , which they convert into a nerve impulse. Stimuli received Location Types of receptors .

4. RECEPTORS They receive information from the environment (stimuli ). Receptors are usually neurons, but can also be other types of cells, modified. Stimuli can be varied: light, sound, heat and cold, pressure, chemical molecules (CO2, O2, sugar in blood), position.

5. SIGHT A really important sense, as much information is received thanks to it. Sight receptors are stimulated by light. These receptors are found in a really complex organ: the eye. It is made up of the ocular globe, accompanied by several muscles, that allow its mobility, and glands that lubricate and protect it. Eyes allows us to perceive: Colour Size Distance Shape

6. Parts: GLOBE : Cornea Iris Sclera ( esclerótica ) Choroid ( coroides ) [iris, pupil] Aquous humour (humor acuoso ) Vitreous humour (humor vítreo ) Lens Retina [cells: rods, and cones] ACCESORY ORGANS Eyelids ( párpados ) Eyelashes ( pestañas ) Eyebrow ( cejas ) Ocular muscles Lacrimal glands Description and functions in your book .

7. Lens Cornea Choroids Sclera Optic nerve Vitreus humour Aquous humour

8. THE EYE How the eye works. The globe would be the camera . The pupil opens and closes to regulate light, like a diaphragm . The lens (that changes it shape) would be the objective (focus the image). The retina would be the screen of the camera, where image is projected (remember the image formed in the retina is inverted). The brain overlap images from both eyes, causing ESTEREOSCOPIC VISION. Estereocopic means: we can perceive 3d, size, dimension and distance of objects.

9. Light entres into the globe through the cornea, and the lens focus the image on the retina, where we find photoreceptors cells . These cells are: CONES (conos) : Stimulated by different wavelenghts ( colours ). It constitute the daylight vision (visión diurna). RODS (bastones) : Stimulated by differents light intensities ( brightness ) and constitute what we call “ night vision ” (visión nocturna), it allows us to see at night .

10. THE HEARING Receptorns in this case are our ears . 3 parts : OUTER ear . MIDDLE ear . INNER ear .

11. THE EAR OUTER ear . Penetrates the bone and ends in the eardrum . Here we find ceruminous glands (glándulas ceruminosas). PINNA (pabellón auricular) AUDITORY CANNAL

12. THE EAR STIRRUP ANVIL HAMMER TÍMPANO VENTANA OVAL TROMPA DE EUSTAQUIO MIDDLE ear . Cavity in the temporal bone - From the eardrum to the membranes called oval window and round window . It contains 3 small bones : hammer , anvil and stirrup .

13. THE EAR INNER ear . Deepest section . Group of membranes that occupies several cavities in the bone : bony labyrinth : - COCLEA (caracol): sounds . - VESTIBULAR SYSTEM (aparato vestibular ): spatial awareness and balance.

14. THE EAR In the inner ear , a liquid stimulates the nervous cells (aquí aparecen como teclas de piano). Those cells produce a nervous impulse, that travels through the auditory nerve to the brain . Waves produce the vibrations on the eardrum . Sound reaches the outer ear (waves, vibrations). They get to the pinna. Sound is leaded to the auditory canal. The 3 little bones of the middle ear transmit and amplify vibrations , and transfer them to the ovan window . http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1SKONN4iso8

15. BALANCE It alows us to control our body position or perception of static balance. It also allows us to detect movement or perception of dynamic balance. Organ : VESTIBULAR SYSTEM : Semicircular canals Vestíbular system : Sacule utriccule . Aunque también contribuye a guardar el equilibrio la información obtenida por…¿? Body movement Body position

16. BALANCE sentido del equilibrio Valeska Rojas http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oSs5ubcFCDg

17. TOUCH Skin is an organ that has sensory receptors that perceive very diverse stimuli through touch . Layers : epidermis , dermis , hypodermis .

18. TOUCH 3 types of stimuli . MECHANICS THERMIC PAIN Corpuscles Corpuscles Free nerve endings Surface ( meissner )  Contact Deep ( Vater-Pacini ) Pressure Surface (Krause)  cold Deep ( Ruffini ) heat ¡¡DERMIS!! ¡EPIDERMIS! NO receptors in the hypodermis

19. SMELL It allows us to detect chemical substances in the air we inhale through mouth or nose. The sense of smell resides in the NASSAL PASSAGES . Parts : N ostrils Turbinates ( / ˈ tɜːbɪnɪt / ) Cornetes nasales . Red pituitary Yellow pituitary Olfatory cilia Olfatory bulbe Olfatory nerve Function : Entrance and chamber . Are covered with the pituitary memb . (repliegues óseos cubiertos de mucosa pituitaria). Calienta y filtra aire con cilios. Membrana en la parte superior. To detect chemical substances . To recieve information . To send information to the CNS.

20. TASTE It detect chemical substances from food, as they dissolve in our saliva. There are 5 basic tastes: sweet, salty, acidic, sour and umami . The taste organ is the tongue , where we find taste buds . These receptors are located across the tongue surface. Although some are more predominant in certain areas than others.

21. BONES MUSCLES EFFECTORS ACTIVE PASSIVE

22. SKELETAL SYSTEM Function Formed by Protects soft tissues . Mineral salts reserve. Allows movement . Provides structure . Produces blood cells . Without calcium salts . Some bones have this substances while we are growing . CARTILAGUES BONES Harder , as they have calcium salts . Bone tissue that can by SPONGY ( with cavities ) or COMPACT bone tissue . Types : SHORT , LONG , FLAT or IRREGULAR bones . They join through JOINTS .

23. Compact and spongy bone tissue

24. Axial skeleton Apendicular skeleton

25. Célula hematopoyética : Célula inmadura que se puede transformar en todos los tipos de células sanguíneas. Las células madre hematopoyéticas se encuentran en la sangre periférica y en la médula ósea. También se llama célula madre sanguínea.

26. MUSCULAR SYSTEM Function Types Mantain posture . Produce movement . Provides structure . Produces blood cells . STRIATED MUSCLE : Voluntary movements , joint to bones . SMOOTH MUSCLE : Involuntary movements . CARDIAC MUSCLE : Involuntary . CELLS SHAPE LONG or FUSIFORM : movement . FLAT : organs protection CIRCULAR : open and close ducts .

27. PERFORMING MOVEMENT: Muscle contraction . Agonists perform one unique movement . Antagonists perform movements in opposite directions .

28. Example

29. To perform a movement , muscles , joints and bones work together as levers . Fulcrum : Punto de apoyo Load : Carga Effort : Fuerza