Internet history(historical overview ) .pptx

The internet and its history

1. THE INTERNET Dr. Imran UL AMin

2. A Brief History and Overview of the Internet Introduction to Networks and the Internet Network: A group of connected communicating devices (e.g., computers, printers). internet (lowercase i ): Two or more networks that can communicate with each other. Internet (uppercase I): A collaboration of hundreds of thousands of interconnected networks used globally by individuals and organizations.

3. Origins and Early Developments 1960s Mainframe Computers: Research organizations had standalone mainframe computers from different manufacturers that couldn't communicate with each other. ARPA's Vision: The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the Department of Defense (DoD) aimed to connect computers to enable shared research and reduce costs. ARPANET (1969) Initial Concept (1967): ARPA proposed ARPANET, involving host computers connected to Interface Message Processors (IMPs). First Connection: By 1969, ARPANET connected four nodes (UCLA, UCSB, SRI, University of Utah) using IMPs and Network Control Protocol (NCP).

4. Development of TCP/IP (1973) Internetting Project: Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn outlined protocols for end-to-end packet delivery in their 1973 paper. TCP/IP Split: TCP was divided into Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) for higher-level functions and Internetworking Protocol (IP) for datagram routing.

5. The Internet Today Complex Structure: Composed of wide-area networks (WANs) and local-area networks (LANs) joined by connecting devices and switching stations. Service Providers: International ISPs: Connect nations. National ISPs: Backbone networks (e.g., SprintLink , PSINet ) connected by network access points (NAPs) and peering points. Regional ISPs: Smaller ISPs connected to national ISPs. Local ISPs: Provide direct service to end users, including companies, corporations, and nonprofits .

6. Protocols and Standards Protocol: A set of rules governing data communications, defining what, how, and when data is communicated. Syntax: Data structure/format. Semantics: Meaning of each section of bits. Timing: When and how fast data is sent. Types of Standards De Facto: Standards adopted through widespread use without formal approval. De Jure: Standards legislated by officially recognized bodies.

7. Standards Organizations ISO: International Organization for Standardization. ITU-T: International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication Standards Sector. ANSI: American National Standards Institute. IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. EIA: Electronic Industries Association. Regulatory Agencies FCC: Federal Communications Commission in the U.S., regulating communications technology. Internet Standards RFCs (Request for Comments): Documents that go through maturity levels and requirement categories before becoming formal Internet standards.