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1. MALNAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING INTERNSHIP ON SUBSTATION MAINTENANCE BY SWATHI CN 4MC20EE095 VARSHINI BI 4MC20EE098 ASHWINI N 4MC21EE401 LOKESH E 4MC21EE410 PANEESHA KS 4MC21EE411 RAJSHEKAR BR 4MC21EE414

2. Title and Content ABOUT THE ORGANISATION INTRODUCTION STUDY ON SUBSTATION EQUIPMENTS SUBSTATION MAINTENANCE CONCLUSION

3. ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited, also known as KPTCL, is the sole electricity transmission and distribution company in state of Karnataka. Its origin was in Karnataka Electricity Board . KPTCL was formed on 1 August 1999 under the Electricity Act, 1948 and is responsible for the transmission and distribution of electricity in the state of Karnataka . The company is divided into four zones: Bangalore, Mysore, Mangalore, and Gulbarga, and it is responsible for transmitting and distributing power to various districts in the state. KPTCL also operates and maintains high voltage transmission lines, substations, and other electrical infrastructure in the state. Overall, KPTCL plays a crucial role in ensuring that the people of Karnataka have access to reliable and affordable electricity, and it is committed to providing high-quality services to its customers. KPTCL LOGO

4. MISSION STATEMENT OF KPTCL The mission of KPTCL is to ensure reliable quality power to its customers at competitive prices. The KPTCL is committed to achieving this mission through: • Encouraging Best practices in transmission & distribution, • Ensuring high order maintenance of all it's technical facilities, • Emphasizing the best standards in customer service. To be the best electricity utility in the country, the KPTCL pledges to optimize its human and technical resources for the benefit of all its customers.

5. INTRODUCTION A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at different voltage levels. TYPES OF SUBSTATION 1 TRANSMISSION SUBSTATION : A transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines. The simplest case is where all transmission lines have the same voltage. 2. DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION : A distribution substation transfers power from the transmission system to the distribution system of an area. It is uneconomical to directly connect electricity consumers to the main transmission network, unless they use large amounts of power. 3. COLLECTOR SUBSTATION : In distribution station projects such as a wind form, a collector substation may be required. It resembles a distribution substation although power flow is in the opposite direction, from many wind turbine up into the transmission grid.

6. ABOUT 66/11KV SUBSTATION The station is responsible for controlling the exchange of energy, load shedding, fault analysis and pin pointing the cause and subsequent improvement in the field. There are two 66KV incoming lines and 11kv outgoing lines feed to the distribution substations located near consumers localities. Both incoming and outgoing lines are connected through the circuit breakers having isolators on their either end. KPTCL is now vested with responsibility of transmitting power all over the state and construct and maintenance of stations and lines of 66KV and above. The five newly formed independent distribution companies, which were registered on 30/04/2002 are: • Bangalore Electricity Supply Company. • Mangalore Electricity Supply Company. • Hubli Electricity Supply Company. • Gulbarga Electricity Supply Company. • Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Company 66/11KV SUBSTATION

7. SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM A single-line diagram (also known as an SLD or one-line diagram) is a simplified representation of an electrical system. Symbols and lines are used to represent the nodes and connections in the system, and electrical characteristics may be included as well. The diagram should be kept accurate and updated as equipment in the facility is added, removed, or changed .

8. STUDY ON THE SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT’S

9. BUSBAR An electrical bus bar is defined as a conductor or a group of conductor used for collecting electrical energy from the incoming feeders and distributes them to the outgoing feeders. It is a type of electrical junction in which all the incoming and outgoing electrical current meets. BUSBAR ISOLATORS The isolators in substations are mechanical switches which are deployed for isolation of circuits when there is an interruption of current. These are also known with the name of disconnected switches operation under no-load conditions and are not fortified with arc-quenching devices ISOLATORS

10. LIGHTENING ARRESTORS The lightning arresters can be considered as the first ever components of a substation. These are having a function of protecting equipment of substation from high voltages and are also limiting the amplitude and duration of the current’s flow . LIGHTENING ARRESTORS POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER Potential transformer are step-down transformers. A potential transformer is mainly used to measure high alternating voltage in a power system . POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

11. CURRENT TRANSFORMER A Current Transformer is used to measure the current of another circuit. A current transformer is a type of transformer that is used to reduce or multiply an alternating current. It produces a current in its secondary which is proportional to the current in its primary . TRANSFORMER The transformer is a main and largest equipment of substation. It is basically a static electrical device which steps down the primary voltage to secondary voltage by electromagnetic induction without change in frequency. Power Transformers are mainly used in the sub-stations for changing the voltage levels . CURRENT TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER

12. BUCCHOLZ RELAY A Buchholz relay is a safety device mounted on (some) oil filled power transformers and reactors, equipped with an external overhead oil reservoir called a “conservator”. Buchholz relays are used as a protective device, as they are sensitive to the effects of dielectric failure that can occur inside the equipment they protect . SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER Sulphur hexafluoride circuit breakers protect electrical power stations and distribution systems by interrupting electric currents, when tripped by a protective relay . Instead of oil, air, or a vacuum, a sulphur hexafluoride circuit breaker uses of SF6 gas to cool and quench the arc on opening a circuit . BUCCHOLZ RELAY SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER

13. EARTHING Earthing impedances may be connected in order to pass the maximum fault current. The earthing system also ensures that no thermal or mechanical damage occurs on the equipment within the substation, thereby resulting in safety to operation and maintenance personnel. SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition or simply SCADA is one of the solutions available for data acquisition, monitor and control systems covering large geographical areas. It refers to the combination of data acquisition and telemetry. SCADA EARTHING

14. CASE STUDY SUBSTATION MAINTENANCE In the face of increasing demand for electricity and the critical role of substations in power distribution, proactive maintenance strategies are essential to ensure uninterrupted service. This case study explores how a utility company implemented comprehensive maintenance practices at a 66/11 kV substation to enhance reliability and minimize downtime. METHEDOLOGY 1. Condition Monitoring : Regular inspections and condition assessments were conducted to identify potential issues before they escalate into failures. 2. Preventive Maintenance : A proactive maintenance schedule was established based on manufacturer recommendations, industry best practices, and historical data analysis. 3. Corrective Actions : Any abnormalities or defects discovered during inspections were promptly addressed through corrective actions . 4. Training and Skills Development : Continuous training programs were provided to maintenance personnel to enhance their technical expertise.

15. RESULTS Reduced Downtime : By proactively addressing potential issues, the substation experienced a significant reduction in downtime due to equipment failures or malfunctions. 2. Improved Reliability : The implementation of preventive maintenance measures contributed to enhanced reliability, ensuring uninterrupted power supply to consumers. 3. Cost Savings : While initial investment in maintenance activities was required, the long-term benefits included cost savings associated with reduced emergency repairs and extended equipment lifespan. 4. Enhanced Safety : Regular inspections and maintenance activities improved overall safety at the substation, minimizing the risk of accidents or incidents.

16. CONCLUSION In conclusion, effective maintenance of KPTCL substations, whether 66/11kV or otherwise, is vital for ensuring uninterrupted power transmission and the reliability of the electrical grid. Daily, weekly, and monthly maintenance routines are designed to identify and address potential issues before they escalate into costly failures. By implementing proactive maintenance strategies and investing in staff training and resources, KPTCL can minimize downtime, optimize equipment performance, and maintain the quality of power supply to customers across Karnataka .

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