Intro to ANATOMY.ppt12346578900000000003

Introduction to anatomy

1. Introduction Introduction
History, Terminologies, History, Terminologies,
Movements, Levels of Movements, Levels of
Organization, Types of Organization, Types of
Bones and JointsBones and Joints
Dr. L.J. MedubiDr. L.J. Medubi

2. ANATOMYANATOMY

Study of structure.Study of structure.
ANA = apartANA = apart

TOMY = to cutTOMY = to cut

3. DefinitionsDefinitions

Anatomy- From Greek “to cut open”Anatomy- From Greek “to cut open”

Study of the structure of the body, either regionally Study of the structure of the body, either regionally
or systematicallyor systematically

Physiology – branch of biological science Physiology – branch of biological science
dealing with the function of organs and organ dealing with the function of organs and organ
systemssystems

4. Why Study Anatomy?Why Study Anatomy?
1.1.Communication within the health professions.Communication within the health professions.
2.2.In order to understand the pathology of the In order to understand the pathology of the
human body, one must understand the normal.human body, one must understand the normal.
3.3.Learn the interaction between body systems.Learn the interaction between body systems.
4.4.Define the significance between structure and Define the significance between structure and
function.function.
5.5.It’s Fun. (Personal opinion)It’s Fun. (Personal opinion)

5. Goals of the CourseGoals of the Course

To provide a common anatomical languageTo provide a common anatomical language

To relate the common language of anatomy to To relate the common language of anatomy to
the functional morphology of the human body.the functional morphology of the human body.

To provide a baseline of knowledge for the To provide a baseline of knowledge for the
study of physiology.study of physiology.

Illustrate the principle that structure and Illustrate the principle that structure and
function are related.function are related.

6. Why Study Anatomy?Why Study Anatomy?

Provides an education rather than training.Provides an education rather than training.
ie: you can train a monkey to do surgery but ie: you can train a monkey to do surgery but
the monkey cannot fix a problem when it arises.the monkey cannot fix a problem when it arises.

Terminology allows clear communication Terminology allows clear communication
between medical professionals.between medical professionals.

Things aren’t always what they appear to be…Things aren’t always what they appear to be…

7. Some definitionsSome definitions

MorphologyMorphology
-form that structures take on.-form that structures take on.
-Morphology affects function-Morphology affects function

StructureStructure
-a part of the body. Can either be microscopic (small) -a part of the body. Can either be microscopic (small)
or macroscopic (large).or macroscopic (large).

FunctionFunction
-refers to physical behavior. What a structure does.-refers to physical behavior. What a structure does.
-Function is related to structures=Functional -Function is related to structures=Functional
MorphologyMorphology

8. Normal vs. AbnormalNormal vs. Abnormal
-We must understand the normal situation to -We must understand the normal situation to
be able to compare it with and recognize the be able to compare it with and recognize the
abnormal.abnormal.
Topographic AnatomyTopographic Anatomy
-Structures on the surface of the skin can be -Structures on the surface of the skin can be
used to identify and locate deeper structures, used to identify and locate deeper structures,
organs, and tissues beneath the skin.organs, and tissues beneath the skin.

9. 
Structure defines and restricts function.Structure defines and restricts function.
- certain joints can only move in one direction. - certain joints can only move in one direction.
For example a hinge joint can only have motion For example a hinge joint can only have motion
perpendicular to the axis of the joint. The knee perpendicular to the axis of the joint. The knee
joint (hinge) cannot have motion in the lateral joint (hinge) cannot have motion in the lateral
direction because that goes against the axis.direction because that goes against the axis.

10. Divisions of AnatomyDivisions of Anatomy

GrossGross

HistologyHistology

EmbryologyEmbryology

11. History HippocratesHistory Hippocrates

Greek physician who Greek physician who
studied anatomy, and studied anatomy, and
speculated physiology speculated physiology

““Father of Anatomy”Father of Anatomy”

Much of his work remains Much of his work remains
todaytoday

Hippocratic oath taken by Hippocratic oath taken by
doctors at graduationdoctors at graduation

12. Hippocrates’ BeliefsHippocrates’ Beliefs

Sickness was not a divine Sickness was not a divine
punishmentpunishment

Medicine should be Medicine should be
ethical (Hippocratic ethical (Hippocratic
oath)oath)

Patient confidentialityPatient confidentiality

13. Modern AnatomyModern Anatomy

Use of new technology Use of new technology
provided further provided further
understanding of both understanding of both
structure and function of structure and function of
organs and organ organs and organ
systemssystems

CAT scans, X-rays, CAT scans, X-rays,
Genetic tests, MRIGenetic tests, MRI

14. Future of AnatomyFuture of Anatomy

Health related studies are Health related studies are
now centered around now centered around
molecular biologymolecular biology

Looking for genetic and Looking for genetic and
molecular indicators of molecular indicators of
disease disease

New assays conducted New assays conducted
more in vitro vs. in vivomore in vitro vs. in vivo

15. Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

16. AtomAtom

Most basic that anything Most basic that anything
can be broken down into can be broken down into
and still exhibit and still exhibit
characteristics of itselfcharacteristics of itself

Ie. Nitrogen, oxygen, Ie. Nitrogen, oxygen,
carboncarbon

17. MoleculeMolecule

Work collectively to form Work collectively to form
a cella cell

Ie. Protein, carbohydrate, Ie. Protein, carbohydrate,
lipidlipid

18. CellCell

Work together to form a Work together to form a
tissuetissue

Ie. RBC, WBC, cardiac Ie. RBC, WBC, cardiac
muscle cellmuscle cell

19. TissueTissue

Cells which work Cells which work
together to form an together to form an
organorgan

Ie. Cardiac muscle tissue, Ie. Cardiac muscle tissue,
elastic tissue surrounding elastic tissue surrounding
veins and arteriesveins and arteries

20. OrganOrgan

Collection of tissues that Collection of tissues that
work together to form an work together to form an
organ systemorgan system

ie. Heart, blood, vein, ie. Heart, blood, vein,
capillary, etc.capillary, etc.

21. Organ systemOrgan system

Organs which work Organs which work
together to perform a together to perform a
certain functioncertain function

Ie. Circulatory systemIe. Circulatory system

22. OrganismOrganism

Organism (in this case Organism (in this case
humans)humans)

Collection of organ Collection of organ
systems which function systems which function
togethertogether

23. Anatomical
Terminology

24. Anatomical Axes - axes
are like skewers which pass
through the body. They are
used to describe axes about
which rotation movements
take place - very similar to the
pin in a door hinge. The door
moves in a plane around an
axis - the plane is determined
by the orientation of the pin
in the hinge.

25. Superior
Inferior

26. Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position

This is a reference position that allows for the This is a reference position that allows for the
use of consistent directional terminology.use of consistent directional terminology.

All descriptions of location are made from All descriptions of location are made from
within anatomical position.within anatomical position.
Subject is facing forward with palms forward, Subject is facing forward with palms forward,
thumbs facing to the sides. thumbs facing to the sides.

27. Anatomical
Position
This is the position
from which all
directions and
descriptions are made.
The person is standing
erect, palms facing
anteriorly, feet
together and facing
forward.

28. Superior
Inferior
TRANSVERSE
PLANE

29. Body Midline
Medial
Lateral
EYES
EARS
Sagittal
Plane

31. The Extremities have a different set of terms
The upper arm is
PROXIMAL
The arm is DISTAL
TO THE
TRUNK or
MIDLINE OF
THE BODY

32. The eyes are SUPERIOR to
the mouth.
The mouth is INFERIOR
to the eyes.

33. The umbilicus is
ANTERIOR to the
gluteus maximus.
IN FRONT OF
The gluteus
maximus is
POSTERIOR to
the umbilicus.
IN BACK OF
BACK FRONT
Also called
VENTRAL
Also called
DORSAL
C
O
R
O
N
A
L
P
L
A
N
E

35. In four legged animals, the head is ANTERIOR to In four legged animals, the head is ANTERIOR to
the tail. In two legged animals, the head is the tail. In two legged animals, the head is
SUPERIOR to the tail.SUPERIOR to the tail.
In four legged animals, the region toward the head In four legged animals, the region toward the head
is is CRANIALCRANIAL. The region toward the tail is . The region toward the tail is
CAUDALCAUDAL..

36. TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGETEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
What is the relationship?What is the relationship?
knee to thighknee to thigh
Nipple to belly buttonNipple to belly button
Chin to eyesChin to eyes
Little toe to big toeLittle toe to big toe

37. SKIN
SUPERFICIAL – toward the surface
DEEP – away from the surface

38. ORIGIN – attachment of
muscle on a fixed point, closest
to midline
INSERTION – attachment of
muscle that is moveable,
farthest from midline.
THIGH BONE (FEMUR)
L
E
G
B
O
N
E
DIRECTIONAL TERMS FOR
MUSCLES

39. Medial vs. Median
A median structure is one which is in the median
(midline) plane of the body (such as the sternum, the
umbilicus and the symphysis pubis).
The term medial is a relative term and must be used
to compare two structures; one structure being
medial or closer to the median plane of the body
than the other structure.

40. Hands and Feet:
Palmar or Volar means the anterior
surface or palm of the hand.
Plantar means the inferior surface or sole
of the foot.

Dorsum of the hand and foot refers to the
superior surface of the foot and posterior
surface of the hand.

41. Ipsilateral and Contralateral refer to the same or
opposite sides of the body, respectively.
Ipsilateral refers to the same side of the body,
e.g., the right arm and right leg are ipsilateral structures.
Contralateral refers to opposite sides of the body;
e.g., the right arm and the left arm are contralateral structures.

42. Cardinal Body Planes
Cardinal Body Planes

43. Regional Terminology

44. Reference
Positions
Note the synonomous
pairs:
Dorsal : posterior
Ventral : anterior
Note the
difference
between
bipeds and
quadrupeds.

45. Human Body PlanHuman Body Plan

Vertebrates Have Some Common FeaturesVertebrates Have Some Common Features
1.1.Tube within a tube body planTube within a tube body plan
inner tube – mouth to anusinner tube – mouth to anus
- respiratory organs- respiratory organs
- digestive organs- digestive organs
outer tube – axial skeletonouter tube – axial skeleton
- axial musulature- axial musulature

46. 2.2.Bilateral SymmetryBilateral Symmetry
- left half of the body is a mirror image of the - left half of the body is a mirror image of the
right half.right half.
- structures in the median plane are unpaired, - structures in the median plane are unpaired,
but have identical left and right sides.but have identical left and right sides.

47. 3.3.Dorsal hollow nerve cordDorsal hollow nerve cord
- develops into the brain and spinal cord.- develops into the brain and spinal cord.
4.4.NotochordNotochord
- stiff rod just deep to the spinal cord.- stiff rod just deep to the spinal cord.
- present in the embryo, but is replaced by - present in the embryo, but is replaced by
the vertebrae later in development.the vertebrae later in development.

48. 5.5.SegmentationSegmentation
- repeating units of similar structures running - repeating units of similar structures running
along the length of the trunk.along the length of the trunk.
- examples include the ribs and intercostal - examples include the ribs and intercostal
muscles and the vertebral column.muscles and the vertebral column.

49. 6.6.Pharyngeal PouchesPharyngeal Pouches
- pharynx – outpouchings called pouches that - pharynx – outpouchings called pouches that
correspond to the clefts between the gills of a correspond to the clefts between the gills of a
fish.fish.
- present in the embryo only.- present in the embryo only.

50. Body Cavities and MembranesBody Cavities and Membranes

Dorsal Body CavityDorsal Body Cavity
- cranial cavity- cranial cavity
- vertebral cavity- vertebral cavity

Ventral Body CavityVentral Body Cavity
- contains the viscera- contains the viscera
- 2 divisions- 2 divisions
1. thoracic cavity1. thoracic cavity
a. Pleural cavitya. Pleural cavity
b. Mediastinumb. Mediastinum
c. Pericardiumc. Pericardium
2. abdominal cavity2. abdominal cavity
a. Abdomena. Abdomen
b. Pelvisb. Pelvis

Serous CavitiesSerous Cavities
- 2 layers- 2 layers
parietal layer - outer walls of the cavityparietal layer - outer walls of the cavity
visceral layer – inner layer covers the visceral layer – inner layer covers the
visceral organsvisceral organs
water between the membranes is a watery water between the membranes is a watery
fluidfluid

51. The abdomen is divided into four
quadrants which are further
subdivided into nine regions.
Each region is named for its
relationship with the umbilicus.
Clinically, each region is
associated with specific organs.

52. JOINTS & MOVEMENTSJOINTS & MOVEMENTS

53. 
By the end of the lecture, the By the end of the lecture, the
student should be able tostudent should be able to::

Name the 3 different types of joints.Name the 3 different types of joints.

Describe the structure of each type.Describe the structure of each type.

Name an example of each type.Name an example of each type.

Describe the movements which Describe the movements which
occur in each type.occur in each type.
ObjectivesObjectives
53

54. 54
WHAT IS A JOINT ?WHAT IS A JOINT ?

Every Every bonebone in the body in the body
forms aforms a jointjoint with at least with at least
one or more bone, (except one or more bone, (except
the hyoid bone in the neck). the hyoid bone in the neck).

Joints Joints have have two functions: two functions:

They hold the bones They hold the bones
together together securely.securely.

Also it give the rigid Also it give the rigid
skeleton skeleton mobility.mobility.
X-ray of the knee joint
INTRODUCTION
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
It is a meeting of two or more bones.

55. 55
CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION
Joints could be classified by two ways:Joints could be classified by two ways:

According to function According to function Or Or

According to structure.According to structure.

56. 56
I- FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATIONI- FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION
The The functional functional classification depends on classification depends on
the the amount of movementamount of movement allowed allowed
by the joint. by the joint.
On this basis, there are:On this basis, there are:
1.1.SynarthrosesSynarthroses or or immovable joints: immovable joints:
Skull sutures.Skull sutures.
1- Synarthroses or
immovable joints,
2- Amphiarthroses or
slightly movable joints.
3- Diarthroses or freely
movable joints.

57. 57
2.2. AmphiarthrosesAmphiarthroses or or slightly movable joints, e.g. slightly movable joints, e.g.
Symphysis pubis.Symphysis pubis.

58. 58
3.3.DiarthrosesDiarthroses
or or freely freely
movable movable
joints, joints,
(synovial (synovial
joint) joint)

59. 59

Freely movable jointsFreely movable joints predominate in the predominate in the
limbs,limbs, where mobility is important. where mobility is important.
Immovable & Immovable &
slightly movable slightly movable
jointsjoints are
restricted mainly
to the axial axial
skeleton,skeleton, where
firm attachments
and protection of
internal organs are
priorities.

60. 60
II- STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATIONII- STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION

This classification depends upon the tissue which connects the bonesThis classification depends upon the tissue which connects the bones..

There are There are three typesthree types of joints: of joints:

A. A. Fibrous,Fibrous,

B. Cartilage,B. Cartilage, or, or,

C. Synovial joint, where a joint cavityC. Synovial joint, where a joint cavity separates the bones. separates the bones.

They are called: They are called:
1.1.Fibrous joints: Skull suturesFibrous joints: Skull sutures

61. 61
2.2.Cartilaginous joints: Cartilaginous joints:
Intervertebral discs.Intervertebral discs.

62. 62
3.3.SynovialSynovial jointsjoints..

63. 63
AS A GENERAL RULE:AS A GENERAL RULE:
fibrous jointsfibrous joints are
immovableimmovable
synovial jointssynovial joints are
freely movablefreely movable
most cartilaginous cartilaginous
jointsjoints are slightly slightly
movablemovable
(amphiarthroses)(amphiarthroses)

64. 64
FIBROUS JOINTSFIBROUS JOINTS

InIn fibrous joints, fibrous joints,
the bones are the bones are
united by united by fibrous fibrous
tissue.tissue.

Examples:Examples:

A- Skull A- Skull sutures sutures

In this joint, the In this joint, the
irregular edges of irregular edges of
bones interlock bones interlock
and are bound and are bound
together tightly by together tightly by
fibers tissue, fibers tissue,
where no where no
movement are movement are
allowed. allowed.

65. 65

B- Inferior tibiofibular jointB- Inferior tibiofibular joint, where no or very , where no or very
minimal movement is allowed.minimal movement is allowed.

It is called It is called syndesmoses.syndesmoses.
FIBROUS JOINTS

66. 66
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTSCARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
InIn cartilaginous joints, cartilaginous joints, the 2 the 2
bone ends are connected by bone ends are connected by
cartilage.cartilage.
Examples: Examples:
1.1.PPubic symphysisubic symphysis of the of the
pelvispelvis (slightly movable (slightly movable
(amphiarthroses)(amphiarthroses)

67. 67
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
2.2.The The intervertebral discsintervertebral discs of the of the
vertebral column, where the vertebral column, where the
articulating bone surfaces are articulating bone surfaces are
connected by pads (discs) of connected by pads (discs) of
fibrocartilage, fibrocartilage, are alsoare also slightly slightly
movable (amphiarthroses) movable (amphiarthroses) . .

68. 68
TheThe hyaline-cartilagehyaline-cartilage Epiphysial Epiphysial
platesplates of growing long bones are of growing long bones are
immovable (synarthroses)immovable (synarthroses)
cartilaginous joints.cartilaginous joints.
REMEBER !

69. 69
SYNOVIAL JOINTSSYNOVIAL JOINTS

Synovial joints Synovial joints
are those in which are those in which
the articulating the articulating
bone ends are bone ends are
separated by a separated by a
joint cavityjoint cavity which which
contains a contains a
synovial fluid. synovial fluid.

They account for They account for
all joints of the all joints of the
limbs.limbs.

70. 70
FEATURES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTSFEATURES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
1.1.Articular cartilage. Articular cartilage.
The 2 ends of the bones are covered by articular The 2 ends of the bones are covered by articular
(hyaline) cartilage.(hyaline) cartilage.
1- Articular cartilage.
2- Fibrous capsule.
3- Synovial membrane
4- Joint cavity.
5- Extracapsular
ligaments.

71. 71
2.2.Fibrous Fibrous
capsule. capsule.
The joint The joint
surfaces are surfaces are
enclosed by a enclosed by a
fibrous fibrous
capsule. capsule.
3. The capsule 3. The capsule
is lined with is lined with
a a synovial synovial
membrane.membrane.

72. 72
4. Joint cavity 4. Joint cavity

Inside the Inside the
synovial synovial
membrane there membrane there
is a lubricating is a lubricating
((synovial synovial
fluid).fluid).

73. 73
5. 5.
ReinforcinReinforcin
g g
ligaments. ligaments.
The fibrous The fibrous
capsule is capsule is
usually usually
reinforced reinforced
with with
ligaments. ligaments.
(extracaps(extracaps
ular ular
ligaments)ligaments)
..

74. 74

Based on the Based on the
shape, the synovial shape, the synovial
joints can be joints can be
classified as:classified as:
a)a)Plane, Plane,
b)b)Hinge, Hinge,
c)c)Pivot, Pivot,
d)d)Condyloid, Condyloid,
e)e)Saddle, Saddle,
f)f)Ball and socket. Ball and socket.
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS BASED ON SHAPE

75. 75
PLANE JOINTSPLANE JOINTS

In aIn a plane joint, plane joint,
the articular the articular
surfaces are surfaces are flat,flat,
and only short and only short
slipping or gliding slipping or gliding
movements are movements are
allowed. allowed.

Example: The Example: The
intercarpal joints intercarpal joints
of the wrist.of the wrist.

76. 76
HINGE JOINTSHINGE JOINTS

In aIn a hinge joint hinge joint, the , the
cylindrical end of one cylindrical end of one
bone fits into a trough-bone fits into a trough-
shaped surface on another shaped surface on another
bone.bone.

Movement is allowed in Movement is allowed in
just just one plane,one plane, like a like a
hinge. hinge.

Hinge joints are Hinge joints are Uniaxial Uniaxial
;; they allow movement they allow movement
around one axis only. around one axis only.

Examples: Examples: elbow & elbow &
ankle,ankle, the interphalangeal the interphalangeal
joints of the fingers. joints of the fingers.
Axis of
Axis of
movement
movement

77. 77
PIVOTPIVOT JOINTJOINT

In In a pivot jointa pivot joint, ,
the rounded end of the rounded end of
one bone fits into a one bone fits into a
ring of bone (or ring of bone (or
ligaments). ligaments).

Pivot joints are Pivot joints are
Uniaxial Uniaxial joints, joints,
because bone can because bone can
turn only around its turn only around its
long axis, long axis,

Examples: Examples:
proximal or proximal or
superior superior
radioulnar joint & radioulnar joint &
Median Median
atlantoaxial joint.atlantoaxial joint.
Axis of Axis of
movementmovement

78. 78
CONDYLOID JOINTSCONDYLOID JOINTS

In In a condyloid joint,a condyloid joint, the the
egg-shaped articular surface egg-shaped articular surface
of one bone fits into an oval of one bone fits into an oval
concavity in another. concavity in another.

Both of these articular Both of these articular
surfaces are surfaces are oval.oval.

Movement occurs around Movement occurs around
two axestwo axes,, hence these joints hence these joints
are are biaxial,biaxial, as in as in knuckle knuckle
(metacarpophalangeal (metacarpophalangeal
joints).joints).

Condyloid joints allow the Condyloid joints allow the
moving bone to move: moving bone to move:
a)a)from side to side and from side to side and
b)b)back and forth, back and forth,

but the bone cannot rotate but the bone cannot rotate
around its long axis. around its long axis.
Axes of Axes of
movementmovement

79. 79
SADDLE JOINTSSADDLE JOINTS

In In saddle joints, saddle joints, each each
articular surface has articular surface has
both convex and both convex and
concave areas, like a concave areas, like a
saddle. saddle.

These These biaxialbiaxial joints joints
allow essentially the allow essentially the
same movements as same movements as
condyloid joints, but condyloid joints, but
there is slight rotation. there is slight rotation.

Example: Example:
carpometacarpal carpometacarpal
jointjoint of the thumb. of the thumb.
Axes of Axes of
movementmovement

80. 80
BALL-AND-SOCKET JOINTSBALL-AND-SOCKET JOINTS

In aIn a ball & socket ball & socket
jointjoint, the spherical , the spherical
head of one bone fits head of one bone fits
into a round socket in into a round socket in
another.another.

I t is a I t is a multiaxialmultiaxial
joints allow movement joints allow movement
in all axes, including in all axes, including
rotation, and are the rotation, and are the
most freely movable most freely movable
joints. joints.

Examples: Examples: shouldershoulder
and and hiphip..

81. 81
FLEXION, EXTENSION & FLEXION, EXTENSION &
HYPEREXTENSIONHYPEREXTENSION
MOVEMENTS

82. 82
ABDUCTION, ADDUCTION, ABDUCTION, ADDUCTION,
CIRCUMDUCTIONCIRCUMDUCTION
ROTATION

83. INVERSION AND INVERSION AND
EVERSIONEVERSION
83
DORSIFLEXION AND
PLANTAR FLEXION

84. 84
SUPINATION AND PRONATIONSUPINATION AND PRONATION

85. 85
OPPOSITIONOPPOSITION