Intro_to_Sustainsssssssssaaassssssssssssssability.ppt
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About This Presentation
scent
Slide Content
Introduction to Introduction to
SustainabilitySustainability
SustainabilitySustainability
http://www.brocku.ca/tren/courses/tr
en3p18
These notes available via the These notes available via the
online course outline at:online course outline at:
en3p18
These notes available via the These notes available via the
online course outline at:online course outline at:
TREN 1F90
Introduction to Sustainability
Definitions
–environment
–policy
–scale
–jurisdiction
Defining Sustainable Development
About Interdisciplinarity
Introduction to Sustainability
Definitions
–environment
–policy
–scale
–jurisdiction
Defining Sustainable Development
About Interdisciplinarity
Definitions, tools Definitions, tools
and frameworksand frameworks
and frameworksand frameworks
en·vi·ron·menten·vi·ron·ment
in-'vI-r&(n)-m&nt, -'vI(-&)r(n)-
[n] 1 : the circumstances, objects, or conditions by [n] 1 : the circumstances, objects, or conditions by
which one is surroundedwhich one is surrounded
2 a : the complex of physical, chemical, and biotic 2 a : the complex of physical, chemical, and biotic
factors (as climate, soil, and living things) that act factors (as climate, soil, and living things) that act
upon an organism or an ecological community and upon an organism or an ecological community and
ultimately determine its form and survival b : the ultimately determine its form and survival b : the
aggregate of social and cultural conditions that aggregate of social and cultural conditions that
influence the life of an individual or community.influence the life of an individual or community.
- Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, 2004
in-'vI-r&(n)-m&nt, -'vI(-&)r(n)-
[n] 1 : the circumstances, objects, or conditions by [n] 1 : the circumstances, objects, or conditions by
which one is surroundedwhich one is surrounded
2 a : the complex of physical, chemical, and biotic 2 a : the complex of physical, chemical, and biotic
factors (as climate, soil, and living things) that act factors (as climate, soil, and living things) that act
upon an organism or an ecological community and upon an organism or an ecological community and
ultimately determine its form and survival b : the ultimately determine its form and survival b : the
aggregate of social and cultural conditions that aggregate of social and cultural conditions that
influence the life of an individual or community.influence the life of an individual or community.
- Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, 2004
environmentenvironment
[n] [n] the totality of the totality of
surrounding conditions.surrounding conditions.
[n] [n] the totality of the totality of
surrounding conditions.surrounding conditions.
environmentalenvironmental
effectseffects
……are felt, and modified, in 3 main ways - are felt, and modified, in 3 main ways -
through the flows of:through the flows of:
MATERIALSMATERIALS
ENERGYENERGY
INFORMATIONINFORMATION
-> -> fundamental ‘spheres of influence’ for fundamental ‘spheres of influence’ for
sustainabilitysustainability
effectseffects
……are felt, and modified, in 3 main ways - are felt, and modified, in 3 main ways -
through the flows of:through the flows of:
MATERIALSMATERIALS
ENERGYENERGY
INFORMATIONINFORMATION
-> -> fundamental ‘spheres of influence’ for fundamental ‘spheres of influence’ for
sustainabilitysustainability
policypolicy
……a course or general plan of action to be a course or general plan of action to be
adopted by a government, party, person, adopted by a government, party, person,
etc.etc.
- Concise Oxford Dictionary
……a course or general plan of action to be a course or general plan of action to be
adopted by a government, party, person, adopted by a government, party, person,
etc.etc.
- Concise Oxford Dictionary
policypolicy
……a selected, planned line of conduct a selected, planned line of conduct
in the light of which individual in the light of which individual
decisions are made and coordination decisions are made and coordination
achievedachieved
- Webster’s Encyclopedic Dictionary
……a selected, planned line of conduct a selected, planned line of conduct
in the light of which individual in the light of which individual
decisions are made and coordination decisions are made and coordination
achievedachieved
- Webster’s Encyclopedic Dictionary
conceptual tools for conceptual tools for
understanding sustainabilityunderstanding sustainability
understanding sustainabilityunderstanding sustainability
scalescale
- - an ordered series of an ordered series of
graduated quantities, values, graduated quantities, values,
degrees, etc.degrees, etc.
- - relative magnituderelative magnitude
- Webster’s Encyclopedic Dictionary
- - an ordered series of an ordered series of
graduated quantities, values, graduated quantities, values,
degrees, etc.degrees, etc.
- - relative magnituderelative magnitude
- Webster’s Encyclopedic Dictionary
scalescale
may be:may be:
- - physical / geographicalphysical / geographical
–ranking based upon size, dimension, ranking based upon size, dimension,
geographical subunit, etc.geographical subunit, etc.
- - ecologicalecological
–individual, deme, community, populationindividual, deme, community, population
- - jurisdictionaljurisdictional
–local, municipal, regional, federal, globallocal, municipal, regional, federal, global
may be:may be:
- - physical / geographicalphysical / geographical
–ranking based upon size, dimension, ranking based upon size, dimension,
geographical subunit, etc.geographical subunit, etc.
- - ecologicalecological
–individual, deme, community, populationindividual, deme, community, population
- - jurisdictionaljurisdictional
–local, municipal, regional, federal, globallocal, municipal, regional, federal, global
scalescale
earthearth
continentcontinent
countrycountry
provinceprovince
regionregion
municipalitymunicipality
neighbourhoodneighbourhood
householdhousehold
individualindividual
United NationsUnited Nations
..
..
governmentsgovernments
..
..
ngos / community groupsngos / community groups
..
individualsindividuals
GLOBAL / MACROGLOBAL / MACRO
LOCAL / MICROLOCAL / MICRO
spatialspatial jurisdictional /jurisdictional /
decision makingdecision making
earthearth
continentcontinent
countrycountry
provinceprovince
regionregion
municipalitymunicipality
neighbourhoodneighbourhood
householdhousehold
individualindividual
United NationsUnited Nations
..
..
governmentsgovernments
..
..
ngos / community groupsngos / community groups
..
individualsindividuals
GLOBAL / MACROGLOBAL / MACRO
LOCAL / MICROLOCAL / MICRO
spatialspatial jurisdictional /jurisdictional /
decision makingdecision making
jurisdictionjurisdiction
- - the legal power to administer and the legal power to administer and
enforce the lawenforce the law
- the exercising of this power- the exercising of this power
- the region within which this power is - the region within which this power is
valid or in which a person has valid or in which a person has
authorityauthority
- authority- authority
- Webster’s Encyclopedic Dictionary
- - the legal power to administer and the legal power to administer and
enforce the lawenforce the law
- the exercising of this power- the exercising of this power
- the region within which this power is - the region within which this power is
valid or in which a person has valid or in which a person has
authorityauthority
- authority- authority
- Webster’s Encyclopedic Dictionary
Defining Defining
SustainableSustainable
DevelopmentDevelopment
SustainableSustainable
DevelopmentDevelopment
Sustainable development:Sustainable development:
meeting the needs of the meeting the needs of the
present without compromising present without compromising
the ability of future generations the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs.to meet their own needs.
–World Commission on Environment and World Commission on Environment and
Development (1987): Development (1987): Our Common FutureOur Common Future
meeting the needs of the meeting the needs of the
present without compromising present without compromising
the ability of future generations the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs.to meet their own needs.
–World Commission on Environment and World Commission on Environment and
Development (1987): Development (1987): Our Common FutureOur Common Future
Elements of sustainabilityElements of sustainability
Environment
Economy Society
- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987
Environment
Economy Society
- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987
the sustainable the sustainable
development triangledevelopment triangle
development triangledevelopment triangle
Elements of sustainabilityElements of sustainability
Environment
Economy Society
- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987
Environment
Economy Society
- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987
Elements of sustainabilityElements of sustainability
Environment
- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987
•biodiversitybiodiversity
•materialsmaterials
•energyenergy
•biophysical interactionsbiophysical interactions
Environment
- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987
•biodiversitybiodiversity
•materialsmaterials
•energyenergy
•biophysical interactionsbiophysical interactions
Elements of sustainabilityElements of sustainability
Economy
- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987
•money and capitalmoney and capital
•employmentemployment
•technological growthtechnological growth
•investmentinvestment
•market forcesmarket forces
Economy
- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987
•money and capitalmoney and capital
•employmentemployment
•technological growthtechnological growth
•investmentinvestment
•market forcesmarket forces
Elements of sustainabilityElements of sustainability
Society
- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987
•human diversity (cultural, linguistic, ethnic)human diversity (cultural, linguistic, ethnic)
•equity (dependence / independence)equity (dependence / independence)
•quality of lifequality of life
•institutional structures and organizationinstitutional structures and organization
•political structurespolitical structures
Society
- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987
•human diversity (cultural, linguistic, ethnic)human diversity (cultural, linguistic, ethnic)
•equity (dependence / independence)equity (dependence / independence)
•quality of lifequality of life
•institutional structures and organizationinstitutional structures and organization
•political structurespolitical structures
The ‘The ‘3 Es3 Es’ Model ’ Model
Ecology
Economy Equity
Ecology
Economy Equity
The Healthy Community Model The Healthy Community Model
SOCIETYSOCIETY
ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
ECONOMYECONOMY
HEALTHHEALTH
SOCIETYSOCIETY
ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
ECONOMYECONOMY
HEALTHHEALTH
Sustainability: PROBLEMSSustainability: PROBLEMS
Depletion of finite resourcesDepletion of finite resources
–fuels, soil, minerals, speciesfuels, soil, minerals, species
Over-use of renewable resourcesOver-use of renewable resources
–forests, fish & wildlife, fertility, public fundsforests, fish & wildlife, fertility, public funds
PollutionPollution
–air, water, soilair, water, soil
InequityInequity
–economic, political, social, gendereconomic, political, social, gender
Species lossSpecies loss
–endangered species and spacesendangered species and spaces
- WCED, 1987- WCED, 1987
Depletion of finite resourcesDepletion of finite resources
–fuels, soil, minerals, speciesfuels, soil, minerals, species
Over-use of renewable resourcesOver-use of renewable resources
–forests, fish & wildlife, fertility, public fundsforests, fish & wildlife, fertility, public funds
PollutionPollution
–air, water, soilair, water, soil
InequityInequity
–economic, political, social, gendereconomic, political, social, gender
Species lossSpecies loss
–endangered species and spacesendangered species and spaces
- WCED, 1987- WCED, 1987
Sustainability: SOLUTIONSSustainability: SOLUTIONS
Cyclical material useCyclical material use
–emulate natural cycles; 3 R’semulate natural cycles; 3 R’s
Safe reliable energySafe reliable energy
–conservation, renewable energy, substitution, conservation, renewable energy, substitution,
interim measuresinterim measures
Life-based interestsLife-based interests
–health, creativity, communication, health, creativity, communication,
coordination, appreciation, learning, coordination, appreciation, learning,
intellectual and spiritual developmentintellectual and spiritual development
Cyclical material useCyclical material use
–emulate natural cycles; 3 R’semulate natural cycles; 3 R’s
Safe reliable energySafe reliable energy
–conservation, renewable energy, substitution, conservation, renewable energy, substitution,
interim measuresinterim measures
Life-based interestsLife-based interests
–health, creativity, communication, health, creativity, communication,
coordination, appreciation, learning, coordination, appreciation, learning,
intellectual and spiritual developmentintellectual and spiritual development
Two key sustainable development concepts:Two key sustainable development concepts:
EQUITYEQUITY
LIMITS TO GROWTHLIMITS TO GROWTH
-WCED 1987-WCED 1987
EQUITYEQUITY
LIMITS TO GROWTHLIMITS TO GROWTH
-WCED 1987-WCED 1987
Two key sustainable development concepts:Two key sustainable development concepts:
the concept of the concept of needsneeds, particularly the essential , particularly the essential
needs of the world’s poorneeds of the world’s poor
EQUITYEQUITY
-WCED 1987-WCED 1987
the concept of the concept of needsneeds, particularly the essential , particularly the essential
needs of the world’s poorneeds of the world’s poor
EQUITYEQUITY
-WCED 1987-WCED 1987
Two key sustainable development concepts:Two key sustainable development concepts:
EQUITYEQUITY
• the quality of being fair or impartial;the quality of being fair or impartial;
fairness; impartiality fairness; impartiality
• something that is fair and just.something that is fair and just.
-dictionary.com-dictionary.com
EQUITYEQUITY
• the quality of being fair or impartial;the quality of being fair or impartial;
fairness; impartiality fairness; impartiality
• something that is fair and just.something that is fair and just.
-dictionary.com-dictionary.com
Contrast with:Contrast with:
EQUALITYEQUALITY
• the state or quality of being equal;the state or quality of being equal;
correspondence in quantity, degree, correspondence in quantity, degree,
value, rank, or ability. value, rank, or ability.
• uniform character, as of motion or uniform character, as of motion or
surface. surface.
-dictionary.com-dictionary.com
EQUALITYEQUALITY
• the state or quality of being equal;the state or quality of being equal;
correspondence in quantity, degree, correspondence in quantity, degree,
value, rank, or ability. value, rank, or ability.
• uniform character, as of motion or uniform character, as of motion or
surface. surface.
-dictionary.com-dictionary.com
Two key sustainable development concepts:Two key sustainable development concepts:
the idea of the idea of limitationslimitations (ecological, technological, (ecological, technological,
and social) which affect the environment’s and social) which affect the environment’s
ability to meet present and future needsability to meet present and future needs
LIMITS TO GROWTH LIMITS TO GROWTH
-WCED 1987-WCED 1987
the idea of the idea of limitationslimitations (ecological, technological, (ecological, technological,
and social) which affect the environment’s and social) which affect the environment’s
ability to meet present and future needsability to meet present and future needs
LIMITS TO GROWTH LIMITS TO GROWTH
-WCED 1987-WCED 1987
Two key sustainable development concepts:Two key sustainable development concepts:
LIMITS TO GROWTHLIMITS TO GROWTH
- - quantitative quantitative andand qualitative limits qualitative limits
- living within the regenerative and- living within the regenerative and
assimilative capacities of the assimilative capacities of the
planetplanet
-WCED 1987-WCED 1987
LIMITS TO GROWTHLIMITS TO GROWTH
- - quantitative quantitative andand qualitative limits qualitative limits
- living within the regenerative and- living within the regenerative and
assimilative capacities of the assimilative capacities of the
planetplanet
-WCED 1987-WCED 1987
Sustainable development...Sustainable development...
implies limitsimplies limits
Not predefined absolute limits, but Not predefined absolute limits, but
limitations imposed by:limitations imposed by:
–the ability of the biosphere to absorb the the ability of the biosphere to absorb the
effects of human activitieseffects of human activities
–adaptability of human social and political adaptability of human social and political
organizationorganization
–technologytechnology
implies limitsimplies limits
Not predefined absolute limits, but Not predefined absolute limits, but
limitations imposed by:limitations imposed by:
–the ability of the biosphere to absorb the the ability of the biosphere to absorb the
effects of human activitieseffects of human activities
–adaptability of human social and political adaptability of human social and political
organizationorganization
–technologytechnology
Sustainable development Sustainable development
and economic growthand economic growth
Economic growth must be made:Economic growth must be made:
–less material intensive (‘dematerialization of less material intensive (‘dematerialization of
the economy’)the economy’)
–less energy intensiveless energy intensive
–more equitable in its impactsmore equitable in its impacts
Economic growth may be reduced or Economic growth may be reduced or
curtailed to meet limitations imposed by curtailed to meet limitations imposed by
environment, technology, or societyenvironment, technology, or society
and economic growthand economic growth
Economic growth must be made:Economic growth must be made:
–less material intensive (‘dematerialization of less material intensive (‘dematerialization of
the economy’)the economy’)
–less energy intensiveless energy intensive
–more equitable in its impactsmore equitable in its impacts
Economic growth may be reduced or Economic growth may be reduced or
curtailed to meet limitations imposed by curtailed to meet limitations imposed by
environment, technology, or societyenvironment, technology, or society
Institutional gaps impeding Institutional gaps impeding
sustainable developmentsustainable development
2 major gaps:2 major gaps:
fragmented decision makingfragmented decision making
–narrow mandates, jurisdictional rigidity, narrow mandates, jurisdictional rigidity,
lack of communication and coordinationlack of communication and coordination
lack of accountabiitylack of accountabiity
–failure to make the bodies whose policy failure to make the bodies whose policy
actions degrade the environment actions degrade the environment
responsible for their actions responsible for their actions
sustainable developmentsustainable development
2 major gaps:2 major gaps:
fragmented decision makingfragmented decision making
–narrow mandates, jurisdictional rigidity, narrow mandates, jurisdictional rigidity,
lack of communication and coordinationlack of communication and coordination
lack of accountabiitylack of accountabiity
–failure to make the bodies whose policy failure to make the bodies whose policy
actions degrade the environment actions degrade the environment
responsible for their actions responsible for their actions
materials and materials and
energyenergy
energyenergy
Obsolescent “frontier” civilization:Obsolescent “frontier” civilization:
ENERGYENERGY
CONVENTIONALCONVENTIONAL
URBAN SYSTEMURBAN SYSTEM
MATERIALSMATERIALS
HEATHEAT
WASTE &WASTE &
TOXINSTOXINS
One-way flow of materials and energyOne-way flow of materials and energy
CONSUMERCONSUMER
SOCIETYSOCIETY
NON-RENEWABLENON-RENEWABLE
and RENEWABLEand RENEWABLE
HIGHHIGH
THROUGHPUTTHROUGHPUT
ENERGYENERGY
CONVENTIONALCONVENTIONAL
URBAN SYSTEMURBAN SYSTEM
MATERIALSMATERIALS
HEATHEAT
WASTE &WASTE &
TOXINSTOXINS
One-way flow of materials and energyOne-way flow of materials and energy
CONSUMERCONSUMER
SOCIETYSOCIETY
NON-RENEWABLENON-RENEWABLE
and RENEWABLEand RENEWABLE
HIGHHIGH
THROUGHPUTTHROUGHPUT
CONSERVERCONSERVER
SOCIETYSOCIETY
Sustainable civilization:Sustainable civilization:
•Cyclical flows of materials Cyclical flows of materials
•Appropriate energy usageAppropriate energy usage
Energy EfficiencyEnergy Efficiency
RENEWABLERENEWABLE
Waste MinimizationWaste Minimization
Toxics controlToxics control
LOWLOW
THROUGHPUTTHROUGHPUT
ENERGYENERGY
MATERIALSMATERIALS
Low-qualityLow-quality
Heat EnergyHeat Energy
Low-volumeLow-volume
Nontoxic Nontoxic
Waste Waste
MaterialsMaterials
SOCIETYSOCIETY
Sustainable civilization:Sustainable civilization:
•Cyclical flows of materials Cyclical flows of materials
•Appropriate energy usageAppropriate energy usage
Energy EfficiencyEnergy Efficiency
RENEWABLERENEWABLE
Waste MinimizationWaste Minimization
Toxics controlToxics control
LOWLOW
THROUGHPUTTHROUGHPUT
ENERGYENERGY
MATERIALSMATERIALS
Low-qualityLow-quality
Heat EnergyHeat Energy
Low-volumeLow-volume
Nontoxic Nontoxic
Waste Waste
MaterialsMaterials
informationinformation
and decision and decision
makingmaking
and decision and decision
makingmaking
Sustainable development...Sustainable development...
considers future and present needs considers future and present needs
when when making decisionsmaking decisions about: about:
–resource and energy useresource and energy use
–technological developmenttechnological development
–direction of investmentsdirection of investments
–social, political & institutional social, political & institutional
change...etc. etc. etc.change...etc. etc. etc.
considers future and present needs considers future and present needs
when when making decisionsmaking decisions about: about:
–resource and energy useresource and energy use
–technological developmenttechnological development
–direction of investmentsdirection of investments
–social, political & institutional social, political & institutional
change...etc. etc. etc.change...etc. etc. etc.
ECONOMYECONOMY
ENV’TENV’T
SOCIETYSOCIETY
TRADITIONAL
DECISION MAKING
ENV’TENV’T
SOCIETYSOCIETY
TRADITIONAL
DECISION MAKING
ECONOMYECONOMY
ENV’TENV’T
SOCIETYSOCIETY
TRADITIONAL
DECISION MAKING
• NON-PARTICIPATORYNON-PARTICIPATORY
•FRAGMENTEDFRAGMENTED
ENV’TENV’T
SOCIETYSOCIETY
TRADITIONAL
DECISION MAKING
• NON-PARTICIPATORYNON-PARTICIPATORY
•FRAGMENTEDFRAGMENTED
SOCIETYSOCIETY
ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
ECONOMYECONOMY
ECONOMYECONOMY
ENV’TENV’T
SOCIETYSOCIETY
TRADITIONAL
DECISION MAKING
ECOSYSTEM-BASED
DECISION MAKING
‘‘ECO-ECO-
SYSTEMSYSTEM
HEALTH’HEALTH’
ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
ECONOMYECONOMY
ECONOMYECONOMY
ENV’TENV’T
SOCIETYSOCIETY
TRADITIONAL
DECISION MAKING
ECOSYSTEM-BASED
DECISION MAKING
‘‘ECO-ECO-
SYSTEMSYSTEM
HEALTH’HEALTH’
SOCIETYSOCIETY
ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
ECONOMYECONOMY
ECOSYSTEM-BASED
DECISION MAKING
• PARTICIPATORYPARTICIPATORY
• INTEGRATEDINTEGRATED
‘‘ECO-ECO-
SYSTEMSYSTEM
HEALTH’HEALTH’
ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
ECONOMYECONOMY
ECOSYSTEM-BASED
DECISION MAKING
• PARTICIPATORYPARTICIPATORY
• INTEGRATEDINTEGRATED
‘‘ECO-ECO-
SYSTEMSYSTEM
HEALTH’HEALTH’
Fragmented decision-makingFragmented decision-making
ISSUE ISSUE
federal /federal /
nationalnational
municipalmunicipal
publicpublic
privateprivate
provincial /provincial /
statestate
regionalregional
otherother
interestsinterests
communitycommunity
groupsgroups
- after Barrett and Kidd, 1991- after Barrett and Kidd, 1991
ISSUE ISSUE
federal /federal /
nationalnational
municipalmunicipal
publicpublic
privateprivate
provincial /provincial /
statestate
regionalregional
otherother
interestsinterests
communitycommunity
groupsgroups
- after Barrett and Kidd, 1991- after Barrett and Kidd, 1991
Integrated decision-makingIntegrated decision-making
regionalregional
provincial/provincial/
statestate
municipalmunicipalmunicipal
privateprivateprivate
communitycommunitycommunity
groupsgroupsgroups
publicpublicpublic
other other
interestsinterests
federal/federalfederal/
nationalnationalnational
ISSUEISSUEISSUE
- after Barrett and Kidd, 1991- after Barrett and Kidd, 1991
regionalregional
provincial/provincial/
statestate
municipalmunicipalmunicipal
privateprivateprivate
communitycommunitycommunity
groupsgroupsgroups
publicpublicpublic
other other
interestsinterests
federal/federalfederal/
nationalnationalnational
ISSUEISSUEISSUE
- after Barrett and Kidd, 1991- after Barrett and Kidd, 1991
decision makingdecision making
• reactivereactive
• reactivereactive
decision makingdecision making
• reactivereactive
(‘end of pipe’)(‘end of pipe’)
• reactivereactive
(‘end of pipe’)(‘end of pipe’)
decision makingdecision making
• anticipatoryanticipatory
• reactivereactive
• anticipatoryanticipatory
• reactivereactive
decision makingdecision making
• anticipatoryanticipatory
(planning for (planning for
change)change)
• reactivereactive
• anticipatoryanticipatory
(planning for (planning for
change)change)
• reactivereactive
decision makingdecision making
• radicalradical
• anticipatoryanticipatory
• reactivereactive
• radicalradical
• anticipatoryanticipatory
• reactivereactive
decision makingdecision making
• radicalradical
(fundamental; (fundamental;
root causes)root causes)
• anticipatoryanticipatory
• reactivereactive
• radicalradical
(fundamental; (fundamental;
root causes)root causes)
• anticipatoryanticipatory
• reactivereactive
decision makingdecision making
• radicalradical
• anticipatoryanticipatory
• reactivereactive
• radicalradical
• anticipatoryanticipatory
• reactivereactive
• radicalradical
•
anticipatoryanticipatory
• reactivereactive
IndustryIndustry
• change in demandchange in demand
- - less consumptionless consumption
- alternative consumption- alternative consumption
• change in processchange in process
- - clean technologyclean technology
- elimination of toxics- elimination of toxics
• sewage treatment plantsewage treatment plant
- - ‘end of pipe’ solution‘end of pipe’ solution
• environmentenvironment
andand
economyeconomy
andand
societysociety
• environmentenvironment
andand
economyeconomy
• environmentenvironment
oror
economyeconomy
•
anticipatoryanticipatory
• reactivereactive
IndustryIndustry
• change in demandchange in demand
- - less consumptionless consumption
- alternative consumption- alternative consumption
• change in processchange in process
- - clean technologyclean technology
- elimination of toxics- elimination of toxics
• sewage treatment plantsewage treatment plant
- - ‘end of pipe’ solution‘end of pipe’ solution
• environmentenvironment
andand
economyeconomy
andand
societysociety
• environmentenvironment
andand
economyeconomy
• environmentenvironment
oror
economyeconomy
Northern Northern
TelecomTelecom
based in Canadabased in Canada
42 plants in various countries42 plants in various countries
manufacturer of electronic components manufacturer of electronic components
(telecommunications)(telecommunications)
1988: 1000+ tonnes of CFCs per year1988: 1000+ tonnes of CFCs per year
1992: 0 tonnes of CFCs used per year1992: 0 tonnes of CFCs used per year
Historical Historical
example:example:
TelecomTelecom
based in Canadabased in Canada
42 plants in various countries42 plants in various countries
manufacturer of electronic components manufacturer of electronic components
(telecommunications)(telecommunications)
1988: 1000+ tonnes of CFCs per year1988: 1000+ tonnes of CFCs per year
1992: 0 tonnes of CFCs used per year1992: 0 tonnes of CFCs used per year
Historical Historical
example:example:
Original ProcessOriginal Process
1) raw components and grease1) raw components and grease
2) manufacturing and assembly process2) manufacturing and assembly process
3) clean off grease with CFCs3) clean off grease with CFCs
4) finished product4) finished product
1) raw components and grease1) raw components and grease
2) manufacturing and assembly process2) manufacturing and assembly process
3) clean off grease with CFCs3) clean off grease with CFCs
4) finished product4) finished product
Revised processRevised process
1) raw components, 1) raw components, nono grease grease
2) manufacturing and assembly process2) manufacturing and assembly process
3) no need to clean off grease with CFCs3) no need to clean off grease with CFCs
4) finished product4) finished product
1) raw components, 1) raw components, nono grease grease
2) manufacturing and assembly process2) manufacturing and assembly process
3) no need to clean off grease with CFCs3) no need to clean off grease with CFCs
4) finished product4) finished product
Environment Environment ANDAND Economy Economy
$1 million to develop new process$1 million to develop new process
$4 million savings in first year (no $4 million savings in first year (no
CFCs)CFCs)
$50 million savings to year 2000$50 million savings to year 2000
international environmental prize -> international environmental prize ->
great publicitygreat publicity
contract with Mexico for industrial contract with Mexico for industrial
innovation (very lucrative)innovation (very lucrative)
$1 million to develop new process$1 million to develop new process
$4 million savings in first year (no $4 million savings in first year (no
CFCs)CFCs)
$50 million savings to year 2000$50 million savings to year 2000
international environmental prize -> international environmental prize ->
great publicitygreat publicity
contract with Mexico for industrial contract with Mexico for industrial
innovation (very lucrative)innovation (very lucrative)
• radicalradical
•
anticipatoryanticipatory
• reactivereactive
•
anticipatoryanticipatory
• reactivereactive
• radicalradical
•
anticipatoryanticipatory
• reactivereactive
IndustryIndustry
•
anticipatoryanticipatory
• reactivereactive
IndustryIndustry
• radicalradical
•
anticipatoryanticipatory
• reactivereactive
IndustryIndustry
• change inchange in
demand for demand for
product product
• change inchange in
industrialindustrial
process process
• sewagesewage
treatmenttreatment
plant forplant for
wastes wastes
•
anticipatoryanticipatory
• reactivereactive
IndustryIndustry
• change inchange in
demand for demand for
product product
• change inchange in
industrialindustrial
process process
• sewagesewage
treatmenttreatment
plant forplant for
wastes wastes
• radicalradical
•
anticipatoryanticipatory
• reactivereactive
IndustryIndustry
• change inchange in
• demand for demand for
product product
• change inchange in
• industrialindustrial
process process
• sewagesewage
• treatmenttreatment
• plant forplant for
wastes wastes
BiodiversityBiodiversity
• apply apply
landscape landscape
ecologyecology
principles principles
to humanto human
activity activity
• establish establish
national national
parks (12%)parks (12%)
to protectto protect
habitats habitats
• zoo / seed zoo / seed
bank for bank for
endangered endangered
species species
TransportationTransportation
•
anticipatoryanticipatory
• reactivereactive
IndustryIndustry
• change inchange in
• demand for demand for
product product
• change inchange in
• industrialindustrial
process process
• sewagesewage
• treatmenttreatment
• plant forplant for
wastes wastes
BiodiversityBiodiversity
• apply apply
landscape landscape
ecologyecology
principles principles
to humanto human
activity activity
• establish establish
national national
parks (12%)parks (12%)
to protectto protect
habitats habitats
• zoo / seed zoo / seed
bank for bank for
endangered endangered
species species
TransportationTransportation
• radicalradical
•
anticipatoryanticipatory
• reactivereactive
IndustryIndustry
• change inchange in
demand fordemand for
product product
• change inchange in
industrialindustrial
process process
• sewagesewage
treatmenttreatment
plant forplant for
wastes wastes
BiodiversityBiodiversity
• apply apply
landscape landscape
ecologyecology
principles principles
to humanto human
activity activity
• establish establish
national national
parks (12%)parks (12%)
to protectto protect
habitats habitats
• zoo / seed zoo / seed
bank for bank for
endangered endangered
species species
TransportationTransportation
• completecomplete
redesign of redesign of
our cities our cities
• alternativealternative
fuels for carsfuels for cars
• catalyticcatalytic
convertersconverters
•
anticipatoryanticipatory
• reactivereactive
IndustryIndustry
• change inchange in
demand fordemand for
product product
• change inchange in
industrialindustrial
process process
• sewagesewage
treatmenttreatment
plant forplant for
wastes wastes
BiodiversityBiodiversity
• apply apply
landscape landscape
ecologyecology
principles principles
to humanto human
activity activity
• establish establish
national national
parks (12%)parks (12%)
to protectto protect
habitats habitats
• zoo / seed zoo / seed
bank for bank for
endangered endangered
species species
TransportationTransportation
• completecomplete
redesign of redesign of
our cities our cities
• alternativealternative
fuels for carsfuels for cars
• catalyticcatalytic
convertersconverters
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
values, ideologies values, ideologies
and strategiesand strategies
values, ideologies values, ideologies
and strategiesand strategies
interactions amongstinteractions amongst
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues
individual, cultural, social, spiritual, moralindividual, cultural, social, spiritual, moral
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues
individual, cultural, social, spiritual, moralindividual, cultural, social, spiritual, moral
interactions amongstinteractions amongst
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues
ideologiesideologies
Definable sets of values constituteDefinable sets of values constitute
individual, cultural, social, spiritual, moralindividual, cultural, social, spiritual, moral
Short form summary of basic values that Short form summary of basic values that
eliminates the need to engage in deep eliminates the need to engage in deep
philosophical investigations every time action is philosophical investigations every time action is
requiredrequired
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues
ideologiesideologies
Definable sets of values constituteDefinable sets of values constitute
individual, cultural, social, spiritual, moralindividual, cultural, social, spiritual, moral
Short form summary of basic values that Short form summary of basic values that
eliminates the need to engage in deep eliminates the need to engage in deep
philosophical investigations every time action is philosophical investigations every time action is
requiredrequired
interactions amongstinteractions amongst
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues
ideologiesideologies
Definable sets of values constituteDefinable sets of values constitute
(e.g. Industrial Capitalism, Marxism, Christianity,(e.g. Industrial Capitalism, Marxism, Christianity,
Liberalism, Socialism, Conservatism, Judaism)Liberalism, Socialism, Conservatism, Judaism)
individual, cultural, social, spiritual, moralindividual, cultural, social, spiritual, moral
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues
ideologiesideologies
Definable sets of values constituteDefinable sets of values constitute
(e.g. Industrial Capitalism, Marxism, Christianity,(e.g. Industrial Capitalism, Marxism, Christianity,
Liberalism, Socialism, Conservatism, Judaism)Liberalism, Socialism, Conservatism, Judaism)
individual, cultural, social, spiritual, moralindividual, cultural, social, spiritual, moral
interactions amongstinteractions amongst
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues
ideologiesideologies
strategiesstrategies
Definable sets of values constituteDefinable sets of values constitute
(e.g. Industrial Capitalism, Marxism, Christianity,(e.g. Industrial Capitalism, Marxism, Christianity,
Liberalism, Socialism, Conservatism, Judaism)Liberalism, Socialism, Conservatism, Judaism)
……which give rise towhich give rise to
practical applications of ideologically consistent practical applications of ideologically consistent
ideas, actions, policies and programsideas, actions, policies and programs
individual, cultural, social, spiritual, moralindividual, cultural, social, spiritual, moral
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues
ideologiesideologies
strategiesstrategies
Definable sets of values constituteDefinable sets of values constitute
(e.g. Industrial Capitalism, Marxism, Christianity,(e.g. Industrial Capitalism, Marxism, Christianity,
Liberalism, Socialism, Conservatism, Judaism)Liberalism, Socialism, Conservatism, Judaism)
……which give rise towhich give rise to
practical applications of ideologically consistent practical applications of ideologically consistent
ideas, actions, policies and programsideas, actions, policies and programs
individual, cultural, social, spiritual, moralindividual, cultural, social, spiritual, moral
interactions amongstinteractions amongst
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
environmental valuesenvironmental values
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
• holistic perspectiveholistic perspective
• everything is connected to everything elseeverything is connected to everything else
• parts can only be understood in the context parts can only be understood in the context
of the wholeof the whole
• nature as a living organism or systemnature as a living organism or system
(after (after Macdonald, D. 1991. Macdonald, D. 1991. The Politics of PollutionThe Politics of Pollution. .
McClelland and Stewart, Toronto: p.33)McClelland and Stewart, Toronto: p.33)
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
• holistic perspectiveholistic perspective
• everything is connected to everything elseeverything is connected to everything else
• parts can only be understood in the context parts can only be understood in the context
of the wholeof the whole
• nature as a living organism or systemnature as a living organism or system
(after (after Macdonald, D. 1991. Macdonald, D. 1991. The Politics of PollutionThe Politics of Pollution. .
McClelland and Stewart, Toronto: p.33)McClelland and Stewart, Toronto: p.33)
environmental valuesenvironmental values
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
• humans living within naturehumans living within nature
-> inherent value of other organisms and-> inherent value of other organisms and
inanimate objectsinanimate objects
• limits to growthlimits to growth
(after (after Macdonald, D. 1991. Macdonald, D. 1991. The Politics of PollutionThe Politics of Pollution. .
McClelland and Stewart, Toronto: p.33)McClelland and Stewart, Toronto: p.33)
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
• humans living within naturehumans living within nature
-> inherent value of other organisms and-> inherent value of other organisms and
inanimate objectsinanimate objects
• limits to growthlimits to growth
(after (after Macdonald, D. 1991. Macdonald, D. 1991. The Politics of PollutionThe Politics of Pollution. .
McClelland and Stewart, Toronto: p.33)McClelland and Stewart, Toronto: p.33)
environmental valuesenvironmental values
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
• appropriate technologyappropriate technology
• matching the scope and scale of technologymatching the scope and scale of technology
to the task at handto the task at hand
• principles of durability and efficiencyprinciples of durability and efficiency
• recognition that new technology brings bothrecognition that new technology brings both
benefits benefits andand problems problems
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
• appropriate technologyappropriate technology
• matching the scope and scale of technologymatching the scope and scale of technology
to the task at handto the task at hand
• principles of durability and efficiencyprinciples of durability and efficiency
• recognition that new technology brings bothrecognition that new technology brings both
benefits benefits andand problems problems
environmental valuesenvironmental values
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
•appropriate scaleappropriate scale
• appropriate sizes for institutions, socialappropriate sizes for institutions, social
organizations, communitiesorganizations, communities
•accessible and accountable decision-makingaccessible and accountable decision-making
in public and private sectorsin public and private sectors
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
•appropriate scaleappropriate scale
• appropriate sizes for institutions, socialappropriate sizes for institutions, social
organizations, communitiesorganizations, communities
•accessible and accountable decision-makingaccessible and accountable decision-making
in public and private sectorsin public and private sectors
interactions amongstinteractions amongst
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
environmental ideologiesenvironmental ideologies
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
• technological optimismtechnological optimism
• sustainable development sustainable development (Brundtland Commission)(Brundtland Commission)
• social ecology social ecology (Murray Bookchin)(Murray Bookchin)
• deep ecology deep ecology (Arne Naess)(Arne Naess)
• ecofeminism ecofeminism (Françoise D’Eaubonne)(Françoise D’Eaubonne)
• various ‘green’ political partiesvarious ‘green’ political parties
many variants: e.g., alliances with socialism, many variants: e.g., alliances with socialism,
feminism, peace movement, etc.feminism, peace movement, etc.
examples ofexamples of
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
• technological optimismtechnological optimism
• sustainable development sustainable development (Brundtland Commission)(Brundtland Commission)
• social ecology social ecology (Murray Bookchin)(Murray Bookchin)
• deep ecology deep ecology (Arne Naess)(Arne Naess)
• ecofeminism ecofeminism (Françoise D’Eaubonne)(Françoise D’Eaubonne)
• various ‘green’ political partiesvarious ‘green’ political parties
many variants: e.g., alliances with socialism, many variants: e.g., alliances with socialism,
feminism, peace movement, etc.feminism, peace movement, etc.
examples ofexamples of
interactions amongstinteractions amongst
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
• reform environmentalism (traditional reform environmentalism (traditional
bureacracies and political action) bureacracies and political action)
• direct action and intervention direct action and intervention (e.g. Earth First!)(e.g. Earth First!)
• single-issue lobbying / intervention groupssingle-issue lobbying / intervention groups
(e.g., Save the Rouge Valley System)(e.g., Save the Rouge Valley System)
• permanent organizations permanent organizations (e.g., Greenpeace)(e.g., Greenpeace)
• alliances and coalitions alliances and coalitions
(e.g., Canadian Coalition on Acid Rain)(e.g., Canadian Coalition on Acid Rain)
• round tables, forums round tables, forums (e.g., National Round Table on(e.g., National Round Table on
the Environment and the Economy) the Environment and the Economy)
environmental environmental strategiesstrategies
and and strategistsstrategists
bureacracies and political action) bureacracies and political action)
• direct action and intervention direct action and intervention (e.g. Earth First!)(e.g. Earth First!)
• single-issue lobbying / intervention groupssingle-issue lobbying / intervention groups
(e.g., Save the Rouge Valley System)(e.g., Save the Rouge Valley System)
• permanent organizations permanent organizations (e.g., Greenpeace)(e.g., Greenpeace)
• alliances and coalitions alliances and coalitions
(e.g., Canadian Coalition on Acid Rain)(e.g., Canadian Coalition on Acid Rain)
• round tables, forums round tables, forums (e.g., National Round Table on(e.g., National Round Table on
the Environment and the Economy) the Environment and the Economy)
environmental environmental strategiesstrategies
and and strategistsstrategists
interactions amongstinteractions amongst
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
interactions amongstinteractions amongst
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
• feedback loop allows for reflection, feedback loop allows for reflection,
re-evaluation, adaptive managementre-evaluation, adaptive management
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
• feedback loop allows for reflection, feedback loop allows for reflection,
re-evaluation, adaptive managementre-evaluation, adaptive management
ideologyideology
interactions amongstinteractions amongst
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues strategiesstrategies
• if no feedback loop: inflexible, unresponsiveif no feedback loop: inflexible, unresponsive
interactions amongstinteractions amongst
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues strategiesstrategies
• if no feedback loop: inflexible, unresponsiveif no feedback loop: inflexible, unresponsive
ideologyideology
interactions amongstinteractions amongst
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues strategiesstrategies
dogmadogma
interactions amongstinteractions amongst
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues strategiesstrategies
dogmadogma
interactions amongstinteractions amongst
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
Sustainability: Sustainability:
How do we move from How do we move from
rhetoric to reality?rhetoric to reality?
How do we move from How do we move from
rhetoric to reality?rhetoric to reality?
principlesprinciples
principlesprinciples
policypolicy
policypolicy
principlesprinciples
policypolicy
practicepractice
policypolicy
practicepractice
To be useful, principles of To be useful, principles of
sustainability must:sustainability must:
be easily understoodbe easily understood
be applicable in many contextsbe applicable in many contexts
be transferrable across scalesbe transferrable across scales
translate well from fundamental values into translate well from fundamental values into
applied policy and practical actionapplied policy and practical action
identify possibilities for identify possibilities for radical radical
transformative changetransformative change AND AND
positive incremental changepositive incremental change
sustainability must:sustainability must:
be easily understoodbe easily understood
be applicable in many contextsbe applicable in many contexts
be transferrable across scalesbe transferrable across scales
translate well from fundamental values into translate well from fundamental values into
applied policy and practical actionapplied policy and practical action
identify possibilities for identify possibilities for radical radical
transformative changetransformative change AND AND
positive incremental changepositive incremental change
SomeSome
Principles of Sustainability Principles of Sustainability
in the literature:in the literature:
Our Common Future (WCED 1987)Our Common Future (WCED 1987)
Principles defining sustainable development Principles defining sustainable development (OSEM 1989)(OSEM 1989)
Defining a sustainable society Defining a sustainable society (Robinson (Robinson et et alal . 1990,1996) . 1990,1996)
Agenda 21 (1992)Agenda 21 (1992)
Six principles of sustainable development Six principles of sustainable development (ORTEE 1992)(ORTEE 1992)
Guideposts for a sustainable future Guideposts for a sustainable future (Nickerson 1993)(Nickerson 1993)
Framework for Sustainable Development Framework for Sustainable Development (CIDA 1994)(CIDA 1994)
The Natural Step The Natural Step (Robert (Robert et et alal . 1994) . 1994)
Sustainability Principles Sustainability Principles (ORTEE 1994), etc.(ORTEE 1994), etc.
Principles of Sustainability Principles of Sustainability
in the literature:in the literature:
Our Common Future (WCED 1987)Our Common Future (WCED 1987)
Principles defining sustainable development Principles defining sustainable development (OSEM 1989)(OSEM 1989)
Defining a sustainable society Defining a sustainable society (Robinson (Robinson et et alal . 1990,1996) . 1990,1996)
Agenda 21 (1992)Agenda 21 (1992)
Six principles of sustainable development Six principles of sustainable development (ORTEE 1992)(ORTEE 1992)
Guideposts for a sustainable future Guideposts for a sustainable future (Nickerson 1993)(Nickerson 1993)
Framework for Sustainable Development Framework for Sustainable Development (CIDA 1994)(CIDA 1994)
The Natural Step The Natural Step (Robert (Robert et et alal . 1994) . 1994)
Sustainability Principles Sustainability Principles (ORTEE 1994), etc.(ORTEE 1994), etc.
Recent compilation of Recent compilation of
Principles of SustainabilityPrinciples of Sustainability
http://iisd1.iisd.ca/sd/principle.asphttp://iisd1.iisd.ca/sd/principle.asp
-IISD (Winnipeg)-IISD (Winnipeg)
Principles of SustainabilityPrinciples of Sustainability
http://iisd1.iisd.ca/sd/principle.asphttp://iisd1.iisd.ca/sd/principle.asp
-IISD (Winnipeg)-IISD (Winnipeg)
Guideposts for SustainabilityGuideposts for Sustainability
(after Nickerson, 1993)(after Nickerson, 1993)
Activities are Activities are sustainable sustainable when they:when they:
1.1.Use materials in continuous cycles.Use materials in continuous cycles.
2.2.Use continuously reliable sources of Use continuously reliable sources of energy.energy.
3.3.Encourage desirable human traitsEncourage desirable human traits (equity; (equity;
creativity; communication; creativity; communication; coordination; coordination;
appreciation; intellectual appreciation; intellectual and and spiritual spiritual
development).development).
One example:One example:
(after Nickerson, 1993)(after Nickerson, 1993)
Activities are Activities are sustainable sustainable when they:when they:
1.1.Use materials in continuous cycles.Use materials in continuous cycles.
2.2.Use continuously reliable sources of Use continuously reliable sources of energy.energy.
3.3.Encourage desirable human traitsEncourage desirable human traits (equity; (equity;
creativity; communication; creativity; communication; coordination; coordination;
appreciation; intellectual appreciation; intellectual and and spiritual spiritual
development).development).
One example:One example:
Guideposts for SustainabilityGuideposts for Sustainability
Activities are Activities are not sustainable not sustainable when they:when they:
4.4.Require continual inputs of non-renewable Require continual inputs of non-renewable
resources.resources.
5.5.Use renewable resources faster than their Use renewable resources faster than their rate of rate of
renewal. renewal.
6. 6. Cause cumulative degradation of the Cause cumulative degradation of the
environment.environment.
7. 7. Require resources in quantities that could Require resources in quantities that could
never be available for people everywhere.never be available for people everywhere.
8. 8. Lead to the extinction of other life forms.Lead to the extinction of other life forms.
Activities are Activities are not sustainable not sustainable when they:when they:
4.4.Require continual inputs of non-renewable Require continual inputs of non-renewable
resources.resources.
5.5.Use renewable resources faster than their Use renewable resources faster than their rate of rate of
renewal. renewal.
6. 6. Cause cumulative degradation of the Cause cumulative degradation of the
environment.environment.
7. 7. Require resources in quantities that could Require resources in quantities that could
never be available for people everywhere.never be available for people everywhere.
8. 8. Lead to the extinction of other life forms.Lead to the extinction of other life forms.
About About
InterdisciplinarityInterdisciplinarity
InterdisciplinarityInterdisciplinarity
What do you answer if someone asks you,What do you answer if someone asks you,
– What is your major?
– What are your career goals?
– What is your ethnic origin?
– What is your major?
– What are your career goals?
– What is your ethnic origin?
careercareer
goalsgoals
academic academic
majormajor
ethnoculturalethnocultural
identityidentity
Normative Normative
categories categories
goalsgoals
academic academic
majormajor
ethnoculturalethnocultural
identityidentity
Normative Normative
categories categories
doctordoctor mechanicmechanic
paramedicparamedic Normative Normative
categories categories
paramedicparamedic Normative Normative
categories categories
literatureliterature biologybiology
Normative Normative
categories categories
““disciplines” disciplines”
Normative Normative
categories categories
““disciplines” disciplines”
disciplinarydisciplinary
MultiMultidisciplinarydisciplinary
InterInterdisciplinarydisciplinary
TransTransdisciplinarydisciplinary
- what are the differences?- what are the differences?
ReferenceReference: : Stefanovic, Ingrid. 1996. InterdisciplinarityStefanovic, Ingrid. 1996. Interdisciplinarity
and Wholeness: Lessons from Eco-Research.and Wholeness: Lessons from Eco-Research.
EnvironmentsEnvironments 23(3): 74-94. 23(3): 74-94.
MultiMultidisciplinarydisciplinary
InterInterdisciplinarydisciplinary
TransTransdisciplinarydisciplinary
- what are the differences?- what are the differences?
ReferenceReference: : Stefanovic, Ingrid. 1996. InterdisciplinarityStefanovic, Ingrid. 1996. Interdisciplinarity
and Wholeness: Lessons from Eco-Research.and Wholeness: Lessons from Eco-Research.
EnvironmentsEnvironments 23(3): 74-94. 23(3): 74-94.
Disciplinary:Disciplinary:
of or pertaining to a discrete branch of or pertaining to a discrete branch
of learningof learning
knowledge within generally accepted knowledge within generally accepted
boundariesboundaries
of or pertaining to a discrete branch of or pertaining to a discrete branch
of learningof learning
knowledge within generally accepted knowledge within generally accepted
boundariesboundaries
Disciplinary:Disciplinary:
often associated with discipline-specific often associated with discipline-specific
vocabularies, methods, and assumptionsvocabularies, methods, and assumptions
Examples of disciplines: Examples of disciplines:
sociology, philosophy, biology, sociology, philosophy, biology,
political science, chemistry, economics, political science, chemistry, economics,
geography, mathematics...geography, mathematics...
often associated with discipline-specific often associated with discipline-specific
vocabularies, methods, and assumptionsvocabularies, methods, and assumptions
Examples of disciplines: Examples of disciplines:
sociology, philosophy, biology, sociology, philosophy, biology,
political science, chemistry, economics, political science, chemistry, economics,
geography, mathematics...geography, mathematics...
MultiMultidisciplinary:disciplinary:
standard disciplinary approaches are applied to a common research question, problem or standard disciplinary approaches are applied to a common research question, problem or
issueissue
insights achieved through an approach which is essentially insights achieved through an approach which is essentially additiveadditive rather than rather than integrative integrative
standard disciplinary approaches are applied to a common research question, problem or standard disciplinary approaches are applied to a common research question, problem or
issueissue
insights achieved through an approach which is essentially insights achieved through an approach which is essentially additiveadditive rather than rather than integrative integrative
MultiMultidisciplinary:disciplinary:
a a spontaneous coalescence spontaneous coalescence of these disparate approaches is anticipatedof these disparate approaches is anticipated
arguably the approach which produces the most substantive research resultsarguably the approach which produces the most substantive research results
a a spontaneous coalescence spontaneous coalescence of these disparate approaches is anticipatedof these disparate approaches is anticipated
arguably the approach which produces the most substantive research resultsarguably the approach which produces the most substantive research results
ISSUE
ISSUEdisciplinediscipline
d
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e
d
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discipline
discipline
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i
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discipline
discipline
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disciplinediscipline
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discipline
discipline
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discipline
discipline
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disciplinediscipline
InterInterdisciplinary:disciplinary:
the the issue, problem, or concern issue, problem, or concern defines the disciplinary expertise which is brought to defines the disciplinary expertise which is brought to
bear bear
……arguably the most effective policy-oriented problem-solving approacharguably the most effective policy-oriented problem-solving approach
the the issue, problem, or concern issue, problem, or concern defines the disciplinary expertise which is brought to defines the disciplinary expertise which is brought to
bear bear
……arguably the most effective policy-oriented problem-solving approacharguably the most effective policy-oriented problem-solving approach
InterInterdisciplinary:disciplinary:
a level of integration which involves more than an additive analysis of the disciplinary perspectivesa level of integration which involves more than an additive analysis of the disciplinary perspectives
insights are achieved through an approach which is explicitly insights are achieved through an approach which is explicitly integrative -> integrative -> an an a priori a priori attempt attempt
is made at is made at synthesissynthesis across disciplinary boundaries across disciplinary boundaries
a level of integration which involves more than an additive analysis of the disciplinary perspectivesa level of integration which involves more than an additive analysis of the disciplinary perspectives
insights are achieved through an approach which is explicitly insights are achieved through an approach which is explicitly integrative -> integrative -> an an a priori a priori attempt attempt
is made at is made at synthesissynthesis across disciplinary boundaries across disciplinary boundaries
ISSUE
ISSUE
disciplinedisciplinedisciplinediscipline ISSUE
disciplinediscipline
disciplinediscipline
disciplinediscipline
disciplinediscipline
disciplinediscipline
disciplinediscipline
disciplinediscipline
disciplinediscipline
disciplinediscipline
disciplinediscipline
disciplinediscipline
disciplinediscipline
sectorsector sectorsector ISSUE
sectorsector
sectorsector
sectorsector
sectorsector
sectorsector
sectorsector
sectorsector
sectorsector
sectorsector
sectorsector
sectorsector
sectorsector
TransTransdisciplinary:disciplinary:
recognizes the interconnectedness of all aspects of reality and knowledge recognizes the interconnectedness of all aspects of reality and knowledge
Goal: distinctions amongst disciplines are eliminated completely Goal: distinctions amongst disciplines are eliminated completely
recognizes the interconnectedness of all aspects of reality and knowledge recognizes the interconnectedness of all aspects of reality and knowledge
Goal: distinctions amongst disciplines are eliminated completely Goal: distinctions amongst disciplines are eliminated completely
TransTransdisciplinary:disciplinary:
““an attempt to transcend the dynamics of a dialectical synthesis to grasp the total dynamics of reality as a an attempt to transcend the dynamics of a dialectical synthesis to grasp the total dynamics of reality as a
whole”whole”
Examples of transdisciplinary endeavour:Examples of transdisciplinary endeavour:
–general systems theorygeneral systems theory
–phenomenologyphenomenology
““an attempt to transcend the dynamics of a dialectical synthesis to grasp the total dynamics of reality as a an attempt to transcend the dynamics of a dialectical synthesis to grasp the total dynamics of reality as a
whole”whole”
Examples of transdisciplinary endeavour:Examples of transdisciplinary endeavour:
–general systems theorygeneral systems theory
–phenomenologyphenomenology
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disciplinedisciplinedisciplinediscipline ISSUE
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