introduction_2024 aerospace structures and materials

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1. ASM004 Manufacturing of
Aerospace Structures and Materials
Kunal Masania
Faculty of Aerospace Engineering
[email protected]
9/2/2024

2. Overview for today
•Introduction to the course –some basic concepts
•Course schedule
•Basic material characteristics
First: a few basic concepts
2

3. ▪
What is
Manufacturing?

4. Fabrication is reification of materials
•Reification: the act of changing
something abstract (existing as a
thought or idea) into something real
(Cambridge)
•“Material is already a product of
human hands which have removed it
from its natural location, either
killing a life process….or torn out of
the womb of the earth.”
(Hannah Ahrend – The human condition 1958)
4
Hannah Ahrendt (1906 – 1975)

5. •
Where is the field moving?

6. 6

7. 7
https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/mckinsey-digital/our-
insights/the-top-trends-in-tech

8. 8
visualcapitalist.com

9. Introduction
Life cycle of a product
(e.g. aircraft/spacecraft/
wind structure)
9

10. 10

11. 11
4Rs:
Recycle
Refurbish/reman.
Reuse
…
Butterfly diagram

12. Siemens Gamesa
12

13. Wooden space structures
13
“World's first wooden satellite could
herald era of greener space
exploration”
“Japan’s satellite will test wood’s resilience in
space —wooden Moon shelters are also
planned.”
07 June 2024
Tim Hornyak,
Nature
Takao Doi, an astronaut and engineer at Kyoto University, holds the world's
first wooden satellite.Credit: Kota Kawasaki/Yomiuri Shimbun via AP/Alamy

14. 14
https://aircraft.airbus.com/en/newsroom/new
s/2022-11-end-of-life-reusing-recycling-
rethinking

15. Introduction –learning objectives
The goal is to give students a basic knowledge and understanding
of manufacturing processes in relation to material properties and
feasible product designs.
•The student should have a good knowledge and understanding of the mainstream manufacturing processesof
(aerospace) structural materials (lightweight alloys, composites, hybrids). (AE3211-II)
•The student should be able to describe and motivate the processing procedures like the processing steps, required
tooling and equipment, of manufacturing processes.
•The student should be able to select adequate manufacturing processes for designs of lightweight structures and
components, and should be able to motivate his/her choices.
•The student should be able to analyse and synthesize interactions between materials, design and manufacturing
processes.
•The student should be able to identify and explain manufacturing related flaws and inaccuracies and advice on how
to prevent/limit those.
15

16. Schedule
Date Lecture HourLecture roomSubject Lecturer Remarks
Mo September 210.45-12.45AE-Hall K Introduction lecture Kunal Masania Week 1.1
We September 410.45-12.45AE-Hall J Part manufacture polymer composites 1 Kunal Masania
Mo September 910.45-12.45AE-Hall J Part manufacture polymer composites 2 Daniël Peeters Week 1.2
We September 1110.45-12.45AE-Hall J Joining methods Ran Tao
Mo September 1610.45-12.45AE-Hall J Design of experiments for manufacturing Sarah Schyck Week 1.3
We September 1810.45-12.45AE-Hall J Metals manufacturing Jos Sinke
Mo September 2310.45-12.45AE-Hall J Assembly Hein Koelman Week 1.4
We September 2510.45-12.45AE-Hall J Business aspects & Lean manufacture Tjaard Spikjes
Mo September 3010.45-12.45AE-Hall J NDT & Quality control Nan Yue Week 1.5
We October 2 10.45-12.45AE-Hall J Sustainability & Aircraft ManufacturingIrene Fernandez
Mo October 7 10.45-12.45AE-Hall J AI& Additive Manufacturing Saurav Sharma Week 1.6
We October 9 10.45-12.45AE-Hall J DAWN AEROSPACE (space) tbc
Mo October 1410.45-12.45AE-Hall J AIRBUS GmBH(aviation) Christian Weimar MaPR&T Lead Week 1.7
We October 1610.45-12.45AE-Hall J WIND Speaker (wind) tbc
Fr November 113.30-16.00Flux Hall AExam EXAM
16

17. 17
Time for Menti
Don’t close your menti

18. From disciplines…
18
COMPUTED
DESIGN
DIGITAL
FABRICATION
ENGINEERED
FUNCTIONAL
MATERIALS
PERFORMANCE
& RELIABILITY
SUSTAINABILITY
LIFE CYCLE
ENGINEERING

19. Towards Convergence of disciplines (Trinity)
19
COMPUTED
DESIGN
DIGITAL
FABRICATION
ENGINEERED
FUNCTIONAL
MATERIALS
STRUCTURAL
INTEGRITY
SUSTAINABILITY
LIFE CYCLE
ENGINEERING
& PERFORMANCE

20. 20

21. Introduction –Airbus 320 -metal
Design, alloys, manufacturing, “performance”?
21

22. Introduction - Boeing 787 - CFRP
22
Compare to A320 from previous slide

23. Introduction
Structures are made of (natural or artificial) materials. How?
Materials
Semi Finished
parts
Structural
element
Structure
Sheet
Profile
Fibers
Stringer
Beam
Sandwich
23

24. Introduction
Metal Polymer Fibres
Mining Oil, natural Natural, synthetic
Electrolysis, blast
furnace
Chemical process Spinning
Plate, sheet, rod, billetPowder, pellets, filmFibres, bundles, weaves
Extrusion, forming,
casting
Extrusion, blow
moulding, injection
moulding, etc.
Lay-up, winding,
pulltrusion
Structuralcomponent
Joining
Structure
24

25. Introduction
Related courses: AE3211-II Aerospace Production Systems
Some of information here is a recap/summary of AE3211-II
Note: not all MSc-students have a TUD-AE-BSc
Here more in-depth information
25

26. 26
Time for Menti
Don’t close your menti

27. Introduction
Knowledgevs. Understanding
Ex: Bending stiffness of an I-beam (e.g. wing spar)
•Knowledge: the stiffness/flexibility of a beam is depending on EI
E the Young’s modulus of the material and I the moment of inertia of the beam
•Knowledge: the moment of inertia I is depending on the geometry of
the beam: mainly area and distance of girders; thickness and height
of web plate are negligible
27

28. Introduction
Knowledge vs Understanding(cont.)
•Minimise web thickness?→Web plate
has to carry transverse load; buckles
when it is too thin
•Increase beam height as much as
possible? →Distance between girders is
limited by aerodynamics (BC)
28

29. Introduction
•Knowledge vs. Understanding(cont.)
•E-modulus for composites is highest in fibre direction (opt. for
UD?); but marginal in orthogonal directions
•Spar is part of wing box, carries also other loads (torsion e.g.).
•Bending stiffness of a wing box is not only dependent on spars
•Objective is to optimise (not maximise) bending stiffness
•Shape is material related; as well as manufacturing process
29

30. How is a composite or
metallic I beamproduced?
30

31. Introduction
For the manufacture of a wing rib there are several options
•Machining from a metal block, forming of metal sheet; lay-up of
composite; press forming of thermoplastic composite; etc.
31List some advantages & disadvantages for two options

32. 32
Time for Menti
Don’t close your menti

33. Some Basic Information
33

34. Basic material characteristics
Limited to main engineering materials in current application:
✓Metal alloys
✓Polymers (major constituent for composites)
✓Ceramic materials (not discussed here)
✓Composites (fibre reinforced composites & hybrids)
34

35. Multitude of Materials
Currently there
are over 400
wrought
aluminiumand
wrought
aluminium
alloys and over
200 aluminium
alloys in the
form of castings
and ingots
registered with
the Aluminium
Association

36. Al2024-T3 vs Al7075-T6

37. Fibres
•types & grades (carbon, glass, HT, HM, …)
•fibre length (short –continuous, …
Resins/matrices
•(epoxies, phenolics, BMIs, …)
•Thermoplastics (PP, PEI, PEEK, PEKK, …)
Preforms/architectures
-Orientations (UD, Cross Ply, NC, …)
-Layers (orthotropic, QI, ….)
Variation in Composites

38. Selection tools –e.g. Ashby plot
Tie rod example –multiple constraints
CES Edupack

39. Nettersheim et al. Comp Sci Tech (2024)

40. Basic material characteristics
Which of the following keywords fits (can be attributed) to one of the
major material groups (metal alloy, polymer, composite):
Low strength, high strength, low stiffness, high stiffness, ductile, brittle,
elastic, plastic, limited diversity, large diversity, isotropic, anisotropic,
recycling, melting, low viscosity, high viscosity, expensive, cheap….
•Can you add more keywords to the list?
•Which keywords are related to manufacturing?
40

41. Basic material characteristics
Metal alloy Polymer Composite
High strength, high
stiffness, ductile,
elastic, plastic, large
diversity, isotropic,
recycling, melting,
cheap
Low strength, low
stiffness, ductile (T),
elastic,plastic, large
diversity, isotropic, low
viscosity, high viscosity,
cheap
Highstrength, high
stiffness, brittle, elastic,
large diversity,
anisotropic, expensive
Note: keywords are relative; and situation dependent
-Most keywords are (in)directly related to manufacturing
-Other keywords e.g. related to physical or chemical behaviour:
Electrical, physical or magnetic properties; environmental, etc..
41

42. Basic material characteristics: Metal alloys
Metal alloys
•High strength & stiffness
•Manipulation by heat treatments
•Huge diversity
•Well known, lots of experience
•Half fabricates
•Isotropic
•Plastic behaviour
•Inexpensive
•Melting
•Good in recycling
•Etc., etc.
Force
Elongation
42

43. Basic material characteristics: Polymers
•Low strength & stiffness
•Huge diversity
•Well known, lots of experience
•Half fabricates
•Isotropic
•Plastic behaviour
•Inexpensive
•Melting
•Low/high viscosity
•Easy recycling
•Low density
•Etc., etc., …
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43

44. Basic material characteristics: Polymers (cont.)
Different variants:
•Thermoplastic (reversible)
•Thermoset (irreversible)
•Elastomers, Liquid crystal polymers,…
(not further discussed)
Different processing
behaviour
E1
E2
Tg Tm
44

45. 45Kruse Training

46. Basic material characteristics: Composites
•“Composed” from more than one constituent
Properties greater than the sum of constituents
•Fibre reinforced composites
•Huge diversity (polymers & fibres)
•Anisotropic
•No plastic behaviour (at RT)
–TP: plastic behaviour at high temperatures
•Expensive
•Low Density
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A 1WXtA EREA REQ BERA EREA REQ HNsQ rJqS WrqGuhe4S 1uXPA M zTF hZ nZ +M Ds2UZ Q 0jtF 9l1YKzGa mnfJHJI 2RxjY6M tiA I k k qBA 1g a Z A HDM 4a 3O HEqwy UETr5o2HNmJuxpuXM y O JuNd29U7xqX2eijk BD42O Dm5XBzQ btJuWm41jg g KhheKzT1ULZ x14J547k Rh2uhZ L1hHI 9oP4y 2p2wC9lv 4xjdRF JUlj48lLHHI I iwl0rnNk Jjz5uqXZ GtbYE3dsO xT1Nhk M Q A jijYG7A 1jW26uXV Ya tWpa x5P05qDUO ja 6Uhg D3NYS zJmtk cW5m3zG+tA RDsa qg y eYv jy M nM DWa M 2a DUsh00j82sM Di4g Z RlZ tGsr7NjNRE58LpGPdemA qdHla znD5GWewO I JbowRrF 9K367I I GA EBrbO uS LCxLtpI 7brBT4TBHGYo4Ymxuv eJsbQ w5hZ 12A WNxt1a 0BV uTeI S M rZ 4nS slD5pi+Q M DS XxUGGhosCQ 22dwI 4diz4by g nqy WxzRRBume2fJnbKxtdUQ NDO sBZ rI Yy 5wJv pmebfXPS YDS uj0bqeA xg g 6M xM LLtYGA 5bWuGg C+4WXupwinla GS Q RPa 1xeGO jY5oeS S XA EWDiXHXxKA iO TM s756oy V I k jErQ xg b1Q HUV JI Cx2Y9XrnV 25ie1WNYeZ R6TS 6Nmk y 5NLlGfJmzZ c9r5b67XtdZ k A REQ BERA EREA REQ BERA EREA REQ BERA EREA REQ BERA EREA REQ BERA EREA REQ BERA EREA REQ BERA EREA REQ BERA EREA REQ BERA EREA REQ BERA f/2Q ==
46

47. Basic material characteristics: Composites
Principles of composite materials (“continuous” fibers)
fibers (strong & stiff) embedded in resin (support & protect)
fibers: strong and stiff in one direction only!
anisotropic (direction dependent) behavior
Continuous fibers in resin Layers (laminate) 47

48. Basic material characteristics: Composites (cont.)
Fibres can be applied in different lengths: short (few mm); long
(few cm/dm) or “continuous” (more than a meter)
•What is the impact of fibre length in the performanceof a
composite part/product
•How does the fibre length influence the manufactureof a
composite part/product
48

49. Basic material characteristics
Rule of mixture example: Tensile modulus
(T300 carbon fibre)
Composites: Elastic property estimation0
50
100
150
200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Fibre volume fraction
Tensile modulus (GPa)
UD
Bi-axial
Quasi-isotropic
~factor 2
Al-alloys

50. Basic material characteristics
Composites are more than a material:
→You also “design the material”
→Alternative “materials” -sandwiches
50

51. Basic material characteristics
What are the advantages and disadvantages of “metal alloys” and
of “composites” w.r.t. performance and w.r.t. to manufacturing?
51

52. Basic material characteristics
Metal alloy Composite
+ Plastic behaviour, ductile
+Forgiveness for stress
concentrations
+ Cheap
+ Recycling
+ Well known
+ Reversibility
-Isotropic
-Density rather high (values?)
-Simple “material”
-Fatigue, corrosion
-Elastic behaviour only
-Sensitive for stress concentration
(detail design)
-Expensive
-Difficult to recycle (Cradle to Cradle)
-Partly known; complexity
+/-reversibilityfor TP; not for TS
+ Anisotropic,Tailoring
+ Low density, low specific
properties
+ “Designedstructure”
-Moisture absorption, UV radiation
52

53. Summary
•Life cycle of products
•Trinity concept: materials, manufacturing, design
•Few relevant materials groups; though each with large diversity
•Manufacturing processes are strongly related to material
composition and material behaviour
53

54. 54
Let’s wrap up the session with a quick menti
Don’t close your menti

55. •Fibre types
•Reinforcement types
•Matrix types
•Steps in polymer composite manufacturing
•Manufacturing technologies
55
Up Next: Polymer composite manufacturing

56. Questions?
Next lecture on Wednesday11
th
Sept–PCM 1
2-Sep-24