Introduction about Biomolecules - I or Macromolecules introduction

Biomolecules are biological molecules produced by the cells of the living organism. They are critical for life as it helps organisms to carry out basic biological processes such as reproduction, growth and sustainence.

1. BIOMOLECULES BY Dr.K.Shoba M.Sc.,M.Phil.,Ph.D Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, D.K.M College for Women (Autonomous), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.

2. INTRODUCTION All living organism is a collection of organic molecules. All living organisms are made of one or more cells. The compounds present in cells are composed of Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, Phosphorus, and sulphur. Nearly all the carbon compounds found in cells are grouped under four classess 1.Carbohydrates, 2.Aminoacids and Proteins, 3.Lipids, 4.Nucleic acids. These are collectively knows as Biomolecules .

3. DEFINITION Bio molecules are molecules that occur naturally in living organisms. Bio molecules include macromolecular like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and Nucleic acids. It also includes small molecules like primary and secondary metabolites and natural products. IMPORTANT BIOMOLECULES 1.Carbohydrates, 2.Aminoacids and Proteins, 3.Lipids 4.Nucleic acids.

4. INTRODUCTION : 1. carbohydrates are among the most widely distributed compound in both plants and animals. 2. plant build carbohydrates from carbon dioxide by photosynthesis. 3. Elements of carbohydrates are :Carbon, hydrogen Oxygen. DEFINITION 1. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketone and their derivatives or as substance that yield one of these compounds on hydrolysis.

5. 2.Example: Glucose, Maltose. CLASSIFICATION

6. MONOSAACHARRIDES : 1. Greek :Mono-single, saccharan -sugar) 2 . simple sugar. 3.General formula : CnH2nOn. 4.They can't further hydrolysed. 5. Example : Glucose, fructose Galactose .

7. DISSACHAR IDES: 1. Dissacharides are the sugars which on hydrolysis gives two molecules of monosacharides these monosacharides may be same or different. 2.General formula: CnH2On-1. 3. General molecular formula : C12H22O11 4 Examples: Maltose lactose, sucrose.

8. POLYSACCHARIDES: 1. (Greek :Poly-many, saccharan-sugar). 2. carbohydrates that yield a large number of monosacharide molecules i. e more than 10 are known as polysaccharides. 3. The general formula : (C6H10O5) n. 4. Example : Starch, Cellulose.

9. starch: Amylose, Amylopectin.

10. AMINO ACIDS : DEFINITION : Amino acids are a group of organic compounds containing two functional groups amino and carboxyl. The amino group (-NH2) is basic, while the carboxylic group (-COOH) is acidic in nature. Examples : Glycogen, Lysine,

11. POINTS : 1. The amino acids are the simplest units of a protein molecules and they form the building blocks of protein structure. 2. The amino acid present in our body is L-a-amino acid . 3. General structure :

12. Nearly 20 standard amino acid are identified .

13. PROTEINS INTRODUCTION : 1. The name protein was first suggested in 1838 by a Swedish chemist called Berzelius. 2. The term protein is derived from a Greek word called Proteios means Primary or holding first place. 3. Proteins are macromolecules composed of amino acids.

14. DEFINITION : Proteins are defined as complex nitrogenous substances found in the protoplasm of all animal and Plant cells. Proteins are biopolymers containing large number of amino acids joined to each other by peptide bond.

15. PROTEINS CLASSIFICATION : Proteins can be classified in several ways based on their shape, size, solubility, function, and composition. Proteins can be classified in four main groups based on : based on shape and size. based on composition and solubility. based on Biological functions. based on Nutritional classification.

16. PEPTIDE FORMATION When the two ends of amino acids combined to from peptide leaving water molecules. Two ends are : 1. amino group. 2. carboxylic group.

17. If a peptide bond is made up of 2 Amino acids called Depeptide. If a peptide bond is made up of 3 Amino acids called Tripeptide. If a peptide bond is made up of less than 10 amino acids, it is called as Polypeptide. These peptide bonds are rather strong and serve as the cementing material between the individual amino acids.

18. STRUCTURE OF PROTEIN : Proteins are the polymers of L - a - amino acids. protein structure can be classified into 4 levels of organisations. 1. Primary structure. 2. Secondary structure. 3 . Tertiary structure. 4 . Quaternary structure.

19. PRIMARY STRUCTURE : 1. Primary structure of a protein refers to the number and sequence of amino acids in the Polypeptide chains. 2. The primary structure of an protein is largely responsible for its function. 3. In primary structure the proteins are linear and unbranched.

20. SECONDARY STRUCTURE : 1. The conformation of Polypeptide chain by twisting or folding is referred to as secondary structure. 2. Two types of secondary structure : 1. a - helix. 2. B - sheet .

21. TERTIARY STRUCTURE : 1. The tree dimensional arrangement of proteins structure is referred to as Tertiary structure. 2. This type of arrangement ensures stability of the molecule. 3. Proteins in this conformation is biologically active and called native protein.

22. QUARTERNARY STRUCTURE : 1. When a protein consits of 2 or more peptide chains held together by non - covalent interaction (like hydrogen bonds) inter chain hydrophobic interaction, it is referred to as Tertiary structure.

23. INTRODUCTION : 1. Lipids - The word lipid derived from a greek word Lipos - fat. 2. Lipids are a heterogeneous group of compounds. which are sparingly soluble in water , but soluble in non - polar solvents(fat sovents ) such as acetone, ether, chloroform, and benzene. 3. They are commercially important in the form of soaps, detergents, greases, and the various oils of the paint industry.

24. ELEMENTS COMPOSED LIPIDS ARE: 1. Carbon, 2 Hydrogen, 3.Oxygen, 4.Nitrogen, 5. Phosphorus . SOURCES : Animal sources - Milk, egg, meat, liver, fish oils. Plant sources - seeds, Nuts, oils. DEFINITION : Lipids are organic substances insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents (alcohol, ether etc,) actually or potentially related to fatty acids and utilised by the living cells.

25. CLASSIFICATION : Bloor has proposed the classification of lipids based on their chemical composition used in the year 1943. four major classification are: 1. Simple lipids or Homolipids. 2. Complex or compound or Heterolipids. 3. Derived lipids. 4. Miscellaneous lipids.

26. The lipids are present in the form of : 1. Fatty acids 2. Cholesterol 3 . Steroids . FATTY ACIDS : They are carboxylic acids with hydrocarbon side chain. They are the Simplest form of lipids. .eg, triglycerides Fatty acids are two types : 1. Saturated fatty acids. 2. Unsaturated fatty acids. . ... . ... .. ... .. . ... ... ... ... … . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .

27. SATURATED FATTY ACIDS : 1. These are the fatty acids containing only single bonds. 2. General molecular formula : CnH2n+1COOH. 3. Saturated fatty acids makes the fat solid. 4.Example: Stearic acid. ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... .

28. UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS : 1. These fatty acids containing one or more double bonds. 2. General molecular formula : CnH2n+1COOH. 3. Saturated fatty acids makes the fat liquid. 4.Example - Linoleic acids.

29. STEROIDS : 1. Steroids are the derivatives of cholesterol. 2. steroids are the hormones synthesised by adrenal cortex, testes, ovaries during pregnancy by placenta. 3. steroids are formed from chemical compound known as Sterol.

30. . 5. Nucleic acids

31. INTRODUCTION : 1. Nucleic acid were first reported by Miescher in 1871. 2. They have high molecular weight. 3. Nucleic acids are colourless complex compound which are made up of 3 units. *Nitrogenous bases(Purine or pyrimidine). * Sugar * Phosphoric acid. 4.They are 2 types of nucleic acids : *Ribo nucleic acid (RNA).

32. DEFINITION : Nucleic acids are large molecules where genetic information is stored. There are two types of nucleic acids : Deoxyribonucleic acids known as DNA and Ribonucleic acids known as RNA. The nucleic acid are made of Nucleotides. DNA is organized into chromosomes and found within the nucleius of our cells. Examples : DNA, RNA.

33. DNA : 1. DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acids. 2. DNA is polymer of Deoxyribonucleotide . 3. Double stranded DNA was proposed by J. D Watson , F. H. C Crick in 1953. 4. DNA is found in chromosome. 5. It contains Deoxyribo sugar. 6.Nitrogenous bases - Adenine pairs with Thymine, Guanine pairs with Cytosine. 7. purine and pyrimidine bases are equal. 8. DNA is a genetic material in all organism.

34. RNA : 1. RNA - Ribonucleic acids. 2. RNA is a polymer of ribonucleotides. 3. RNA is present in the cytoplasm. 4. It contains Ribo sugar. 5.The nitrogenous bases - Adenine pairs with Uracil , Guanine pairs with Cytosine. 6. RNA is single stranded. 7. Purine and pyrimidine bases are not equal.

35. RNA is of 3 types : 1. mRNA 2. tRNA. 3. rRNA.

36. BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE : 1. CARBOHYDRATES : 1. Glucose - The major storage form of energy ( Glycogen). 2. Present as glycoproteins and glycolipids in the cell. 3. Deficiency of carbohydrates leads to ketosis, excessive breakdown of proteins, fatigue, and decrease energy level. 4. problems like - nausea, dizziness, constipation, lethargy, dehydration, bad breath, loss of appetite. 5. Form a cell wall in various bacteria. 2. Proteins : 1. Denaturation property of proteins help in clinical laboratory , the protein free substances of blood such as glucose

37. uric acids and drugs analysed by precipitating the proteins of blood by the addition of certain acids. 2. Hormones - insulin, growth hormones. 3. Enzymes - amylase, catalase , urease . 4. Defence protein - antibodies. 5. The extreme lack of proteins - Kwashiorkor, osmotic balance, swelling of gut, edema or retention of water. 3.LIPIDS : 1. They are hydrophobic, water repellent, resist by water. 2. Triglycerides primarily function as fuel reserve of animals. 3. Paraffin wax - adhesive, cosmetics, sealants, lubricants, insecticide, uv protection, and food like chewing gums. 4. wax function as water repellents on the surface of some

38. leaves, on feathers, on cuticles of certain insects. 5. deficiency of lipids - Dry and scaly skin, feeling constant cold, dry hair, hormonal problems, hair loss, deficiency of fat soluble vitamins. 4. NUCLEIC ACIDS : 1. DNA they are repository of the genetic information responsible for transmission of inherited characteristics from parents to offsprings. 2. RNA - protein synthesis, correct assembly of amino acid. 3. Errors in Nucleic acids metabolism leads to 1.leschnyhan syndrome,2.Hereditary xanthinuria,3. orotic aciduria, 4.Hypouricemia,5. Von girekers disease, 6.Reye’s syndrome.