INTRODUCTION ABOUT CNC MACHINE with G Code and M Code.pptx

Introduction about CNC Machine

1. INTRODUCTION ABOUT CNC MACHINE PRESENTED BY MOHAMMAD HUSSAIN Assistant Professor, ME Dept.

2. CONTENTS Definition of CNC Machine Brief History and Evolution How CNC Machine Works Comparison CNC Machine with Traditional Machines Components of CNC Machines Overview of G-Code Overview of M-Code Types of CNC Machines Advantages , Disadvantages & Applications

3. DEFINITION OF CNC MACHINE CNC stands for C omputer N umerical C ontrol . CNC is a machine controlled by a Computer . CNC is a manufacturing method that automates the control, movement and precision of machine tools through the use of preprogrammed computer software , which is embedded inside the tools.

4. BRIEF HISTORY AND EVOLUTION 1950s-1960s: Early Developments The concept of numerical control (NC) originated in the late 1940s. In the 1950s, the first rudimentary NC machines were developed, primarily for military and aerospace applications. John T. Parsons is often credited as the "Father of the CNC Machine" for his work in developing numerical control for machining aircraft parts. 1970s: Emergence of CNC The term "Computer Numerical Control" (CNC) came into use in the 1970s. The integration of computers into machine control systems allowed for more sophisticated and precise machining operations. CNC machines became commercially available, initially for milling and drilling applications.

5. BRIEF HISTORY AND EVOLUTION 1990s: Integration of CAD/CAM The integration of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) software became more prevalent in CNC machining. This integration allowed for seamless design-to-production workflows, enhancing precision and reducing errors. 2000s: High-Speed Machining and Multi-Axis Systems High-speed machining became a focus, enabling faster and more efficient cutting processes. Multi-axis CNC machines became more common, allowing for complex and intricate machining operations.

6. BRIEF HISTORY AND EVOLUTION 2010s: Industry 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing CNC machines played a crucial role in the Industry 4.0 revolution, which emphasizes connectivity, automation, and data exchange in manufacturing. Smart CNC machines with advanced sensors and data analytics capabilities became more prevalent, contributing to predictive maintenance and improved efficiency. 2020s: Continued Innovation and Integration CNC machines continue to evolve with advancements in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and robotics. Hybrid manufacturing, combining CNC machining with technologies like 3D printing, gained popularity for producing complex parts.

7. HOW CNC MACHINE WORKS CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machines operate based on a programmed set of instructions to perform precise and automated machining tasks. 1. Designing the Part: The process begins with the creation of a 3D model of the part using Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software. This model defines the dimensions, geometry, and specifications of the final product. 2. CAM Programming: The CAD model is then converted into a set of instructions for the CNC machine using Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) software. CAM software generates toolpaths, which are the routes the cutting tool will take to shape the part. 3. CNC Controller: The CNC controller is the brain of the CNC machine. It interprets the programmed instructions (G-code and M-code) and controls the movement of the machine components.

8. HOW CNC MACHINE WORKS 4. Setup: The machinist sets up the workpiece on the CNC machine, securing it to the worktable or chuck. The cutting tools are also installed in the tool holder. 5. Homing and Calibration: The CNC machine undergoes a homing sequence to establish its reference position. Additionally, calibration processes ensure the accuracy and precision of the machine's movements. 6. Tool Changes (if applicable): For machining operations requiring multiple tools, the CNC machine may automatically or manually change tools during the process. 7. Machining Operation: The CNC machine follows the programmed toolpaths to remove material from the workpiece. The movements are controlled in three or more axes (X, Y, Z, and sometimes additional rotational axes in multi-axis machines).

9. HOW CNC MACHINE WORKS 8. Feedback and Adjustments: Feedback systems, such as encoders and sensors, continuously monitor the machine's position and performance. This information is sent to the CNC controller, allowing for real-time adjustments to ensure accuracy. 9. Coolant and Chip Management: During machining, coolant is often used to dissipate heat generated by cutting and to lubricate the cutting tool. Chip management systems remove chips and debris from the work area. 10. Quality Control: After the machining process is complete, the machined part may undergo inspection using metrology tools to ensure it meets the specified tolerances and quality standards. 11. Post-Processing: Depending on the application, additional processes such as surface finishing or heat treatment may be required. 12. Data Storage and Documentation: The CNC program and associated data are typically stored for future use. Documentation may include tooling information, machining parameters, and quality control data.

10. COMPARISON CNC MACHINES WITH TRADITIONAL MACHINES CNC MACHINE CNC machines can be used continuously for long intervals. CNC machines can be updated by using improved software to drive the machines. One person can supervise several CNC machines. TRADITIONAL MACHINE They are difficult to operate for long intervals. Chances for major improvement in the same traditional machines are very less. One person can not operate more than one machine at a time.

11. COMPONENTS OF CNC MACHINE Machine Control Unit: The brain of the CNC machine. It interprets the CNC code (G-code and M-code) and converts it into electrical signals. Controls the movement and actions of the machine components. Drive System: Consists of motors and drive units. Motors provide the mechanical power needed for the movement of different parts. Drive units amplify the control signals from the CNC controller to drive the motors.

12. COMPONENTS OF CNC MACHINE 3. Spindle: The rotating component that holds the cutting tool. The spindle speed and direction are controlled by the CNC controller. It determines the cutting speed and affects the surface finish of the machined part. 4. Tool Changer: An automatic or manual system that changes cutting tools as needed during machining. Reduces downtime by eliminating the need for manual tool changes. Improves the machine's flexibility for handling different machining operations. 5. Tool Magazine: Storage for various cutting tools. Holds multiple tools, allowing for a range of machining operations without manual intervention.

13. COMPONENTS OF CNC MACHINE 6. Worktable: The surface on which the workpiece is mounted. It can move in different directions based on the CNC program. Some CNC machines have a rotary table for multi-axis machining. 7. Guideways and Rails: Mechanical components that guide the movement of the machine's parts. Ensure precise and smooth motion of the tool, worktable, or other components. 8. Control Panel: Allows the operator to input commands, control the machine, and monitor its status. Includes buttons, switches, and a display for user interaction.

14. OVERVIEW OF G-CODE Definition: G-code is a programming language used to control the movements and operations of a CNC machine. It defines toolpaths and coordinates for the machine to follow during machining. Usage: Specifies the type of movement, such as rapid positioning, linear or circular interpolation, and tool changes. Determines the tool’s position in space and the path it takes to reach that position.

15. OVERVIEW OF G-CODE Common G-codes: G00 – Rapid Positioning G01 – Linear Interpolation (Controlled movement) G02/G03 – Circular interpolation (clockwise/counter clockwise) G20/G21 – Inch/metric units G90/G91 – Absolute/Incremental positioning G94/G95 – Feed per minute/feed per revolution

16. OVERVIEW OF M-CODE Definition: M-code is used to initiate miscellaneous machine functions, such as starting or stopping the spindle, turning coolant on or off, and tool changes . Usage: M-codes control auxiliary functions and operations beyond tool movement. Activates or deactivates specific machine features or accessories.

17. OVERVIEW OF M-CODE Common M-codes: M00 – Program stop M01 – Optional program stop M03 – Start the spindle clockwise (turn on) M05 – Stop the spindle (turn off) M06 – Tool change

18. TYPES OF CNC MACHINES CNC Milling Machine CNC Lathe Machine CNC Grinding Machine CNC VTC CNC HMC VMC

19. TYPES OF CNC MACHINES CNC Milling Machine: Used for cutting and shaping solid materials. The cutting tool rotates to remove material from the workpiece. Suitable for producing complex shapes and precision parts.

20. TYPES OF CNC MACHINES CNC Lathe Machine: Rotates the workpiece on its axis while a cutting tool moves linearly. Used for turning cylindrical parts such as shafts, bushings, and bolts. Can be equipped with live tooling for additional operations.

21. TYPES OF CNC MACHINES CNC Grinding Machine: Specialized for precision grinding operations. Used for surface grinding, cylindrical grinding, and tool and cutter grinding. Common in the production of precision component

22. TYPES OF CNC MACHINES CNC Vertical Turning Center (VTC): Vertical turning centers have a vertical spindle orientation. Workpiece is mounted on a horizontal tabl e that rotates vertically. Mainly used for Turning Operations, where the cutting tool removes material as the workpiece rotates.

23. TYPES OF CNC MACHINES CNC Vertical Machining Center (VMC): Vertical machining centers have a vertical spindle orientation. Workpiece is mounted on a horizontal tabl e that rotates vertically and horizontally. Capable of milling, drilling, reaming, tapping, boring etc. using various cutting tools.

24. TYPES OF CNC MACHINES CNC Horizontal Machining Center (HMC): Horizontal machining centers have a horizontal spindle orientation. Workpiece is mounted on a vertical tabl e that moves horizontally. Capable of milling, drilling, reaming, tapping, boring etc. using various cutting tools.

25. ADVANTAGES OF CNC MACHINES High Production Speed Reduced Human Error Reduced waste High accuracy in manufacturing Complex Designs

26. DISADVANTAGES OF CNC MACHINES High initial cost Maintenance cost is also high. Required skilled part programmer Programming Complexity

27. APPLICATIONS OF CNC MACHINES Used in manufacturing of Aeroplane and its components. Used in Automobile engine. Used in Complex designs. Used in Electronic industry.

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