Introduction Environmental Studies need.pdf

Explain details

1. WPE:407
EnvironmentalStudies
Chapter-1:Introduction

2. CurriculumDetails
-Creditofthecourseis3.
-Hour/Week4.
-TotalHour40.
-TotalWeek10.
PartA PartB
1.Introduction
2.AirPollution
3.NoisePollution
4.RegulatoryIssue
1.WaterPollution
2.SolidWasteInWetProcess

3. MARKSALLOCATION
1.CLASSATTENDANCE=8
2.CLASSTEST(5×4)=20
3.FINAL =72
TOTAL =100

4. 1.EnvironmentalSciencebyDr.Y.K.Singh.
2.EnvironmentalStudiesbyErachBharucha
ReferenceBook:

5. Introduction

6. Lecture–01
Topicstobecovered
•DefinitionofEnvironment.
•ConceptofEnvironment.
•ComponentsofEnvironment.
•Pollutionanditstypes.
•Pollutantanditstypes.
•ProblemsofLecture-01.

7. •Theterm'environment'means,simply,'nature’.Literary
environmentmeansthesurroundingexternalconditions
influencingdevelopmentorgrowthofpeople,animal,plants,
livingorworkingconditionsetc.
•AnEcosystem(alsocalledasenvironment)isanaturalunit
consistingofhumans,animals,allplantsandmicro-organisms
(Bioticfactors)inanareafunctioningtogetherwithallofthenon
livingphysical(Abioticfactors)oftheenvironment.
WHATISENVIRONMENT?

8. Conceptofenvironment
•Thecombinationofbioticandabioticfactorscomposesenvironment,which
surroundsusandotherorganisms.
•Abioticfactorsincludeswater,air,soil,light,temperature,etc.thataffects
humanbeingstheleast.
•Bioticfactorsconsistsallformsoflifelikehumans,animals,plants,micro-
organisms,etc.thatinfluencetheenvironmentmuchmoreincomparisonto
abioticfactors.
•Humanisanincorporatedpartoftheenvironmentandhaveveryintimate
relationshipwitheachother.
•Ithasbeenobservedthatwater,soil,climateandlanguageofhumandiffer
fromoneplacetootherwhichisresponsibleforthegenerationofvarious
typesofsocialandculturalactivitiesallovertheworld.
•Thepeopleathillshavedistinctlifestylesascomparedtopeopleinthelow
landarea.Similarly,peoplearoundtheworlddifferintheirfood,cloth,
traditions,festivals,etc.Alltheseareaffectedbythefactorsaroundthem.

9. Componentsofenvironment
Environment
Physical
component.
Atmosphere
Hydrosphere
Lithosphere
Biological
component.
Abiotic
Biotic
Producer
Consumer
Decomposer
Cultural
component.
Society
Economy
Politics

10. (1)PhysicalComponents:
•Physicalcomponentofenvironmentincludesair,water,soil,
light,temperature,climate,etc.
•Theseenvironmentalcomponentsaccountsfordeterminationof
livingconditionsforthehumanpopulation.
•Physicalcomponentoftheenvironmentisagainclassifiedinto
threepartsasfollows:
•Atmosphere(gas)
•Hydrosphere(liquid)
•Lithosphere(solid)
Thesethreepartsportraysthethreeimportantstatesofmatter
formingtheenvironment.
Componentsofenvironment

11. (2)BiologicalComponents:
•Biologicalcomponentincludesalllivingthingslikehumans,plants,
animalsandsmallmicro-organismslikebacteria,algaeandfungi.
Theseinterrelatewiththeabioticcomponentoftheenvironment.
•Interactionofthesetwocomponentsformsvariousecosystemslike
forestecosystem,pondecosystem,marineecosystem,desert
ecosystem,etc.
•Allecosystemshasthreedifferenttypesoflivingorganisms;i.e.
producers,consumersanddecomposers.
•Producerincludesmainlygreenplantsandother
photosyntheticbacteriawhichproducesorganicfoodmaterials.
•Consumersrelyongreenplantsfortheirliving.
•Decomposersareresponsibletodecomposedeadplantsand
animalsfortherunningofthenaturalcycles.
(3)CulturalComponents:
•Culturalelementssuchaseconomic,socialandpoliticalelements
areessentiallymanmadefeatures,whichmakeculturalmilieu.
•Thiscomponentismainlyconsistsofvariousgroupsofpopulation
withdifferentlivingbeingslikebirds,animals,etc.

12. NATURALBLESSINGS

13. PEACEFULENVIRONMENT

14. UPABOVETHEMOUNTAINS

15. RUSHINTOADVENTURE

16. EMBRACEHEARTWITHCALM
OCEAN

17. LOSTINGREEN

18. WhereBlueTouchesGreen

19. SADREALITY

20. WATERPOLLUTION

21. TOXICSEAWATER

22. NOISYSURROUNDINGS

23. INDUSTRIALIZATION-CURSE/BLESSING???

24. PollutionandTypes
Pollutionmaybedefinedasanundesirablechangeinthe
physical,chemicalorbiologicalcharacteristicsofair,waterand
landwhichaffectsthehumanlifeandotheranimals,living
conditions,industrialprocessesandculturalassets.Pollution
canbenaturalormanmade.
TypesofPollution:
1.AirPollution
2.WaterPollution
3.NoisePollution
4.SoilPollution
5.MarinePollution
6.ThermalPollution
7.NuclearPollution

25. Pollutantand Types
PollutantisasubstancewhichcausesthepollutionsuchasCO
2,
CO,dustparticle,NO
2,CFCgasetc.
Pollutants
Pointsource
comesfromasingle
source.easyto identify
andeasytoaddress
Non point
source
comesfrommanyplaces
allatonce.Harderto
identifyandharderto
address.
Bioegradable
Non-
biodegradable
Toxic
pollutants
Hazardous
pollutants
Carcinogenic
pollutants

26. ClassificationofPollutants:
Onthebasisofnaturaldisposal,pollutantsareoftwotypes:
(i)Non-biodegradablepollutants:Nondegradablepollutantdo
notdegradeormaydegradeataveryslowratein
environment.Theseareinorganiccompoundssuchassalts
(chlorides),metallicoxideswasteproducingmaterialslike
aluminumcans,mercuricsaltsetc.Moredangerousbecauseit
ismoredifficulttoremove.
(ii)Biodegradablepollutants:Theseincludedomesticsewage
thateasilydecomposesundernaturalprocessesandcanbe
rapidlydecomposedbynatural/artificialmethods.Theseare
garbage,sewage,livestocketc.Thesecauseserious
problemswhenaccumulatedinlargeamountsasthepaceof
depositionexceedsthepaceofdecompositionofdisposal.

27. ImportantProblems(Lecture-01)
1.Defineenvironmentanddiscussaboutitscomponents.[6].{2016}.
2.Brieflydescribethecomponentsofenvironmentand
pollutants.[4].{2019}
3.Definepollutionandpollutant.[2]
4.Explaininbriefaboutsomecommonformsof
pollution.[4].{2015}.
5.Differentiatebetweendegradableandnondegradable
pollutants.[2].{2016}.

28. •kindofpollutionsareobservedinspinning/knitting/dyeingmill.
•Fewexamplesofenvironmentalpollutionfromtextileprocessing.
•Majorimpactareaoftextileprocessingonenvironmental
pollutions.
•Benefitsofpollutionpreventionforanindustry.
•Guidelineofproductionandcontrolpracticestocompliancewith
pollution.
•ImportantQuestionsofLecture-02.
Lecture–02
Topicstobecovered

29. Kind Of Pollutions Are Observed In
Spinning/Knitting/DyeingMill.
spinningprocess,Sulfurdi-II.During
oxide,
emitting
metalsulfate,exhaustgases
from
spinningandfluffgeneration
poly-condensation,melt
which
createsairpollution.
III.InBoiler,During generationsteam
sulfurdioxide,nitrousoxideare
producedwhichcausesairpollution.
IV.Indyeingandbleachingstage
chlorine,chlorinedioxide,carrier,
anilinevapors,hydrogensulfideare
produced.
Spinningandweaving/knittingindustrygeneratesairpollutionandsound
pollutionbutwetprocessingindustrycreatesairpollutionandwaterpollution.
Airpollution:
I.Inspinning,knittingandweaving
sectionhighlevelofdustparticle,fine
solidparticle,projectingfibersflyonair
andmayinhaleinlung.

30. NoisePollution:
I.InSpinningm/cfromblowroom
toringframecausesnoise
pollution(range80-94db).
II.Inweavingsection,loomshed
occursnoisepollutiondueto
shuttlemovement,sley
III.
movement.(range94-99db)
Inknittingsectionhighspeed
automatedm/ccreatesexcess
noise.(range85-90db).

31. 3.WaterPollution:
I.Afterdyeingprocesswastewater(effluent)whichcontains
strongchemicalandintensivecolorwithhighloadofBOD,COD,
Suspendedsolid(SS),TDS(totaldissolvesolid)allthesecauses
waterpollution.
II.Belowprocessandchemicalareliableforwaterpollutionin
textileindustry:
a)De-sizing:starch,glucose,PVA,CMC,fat&wax,Resin.
b)Scouring:Causticsoda,sodaash,waxes&greases.
c)Bleaching:Hydrogenperoxide,acid,hypochlorite,chlorine,
causticsoda.
d)Mercerization:causticsoda.
e)Dyeing:Dyestuff,sodaash,mordant,reducingagent,acetic
acid.
f)Printing:Dyestuff,thickener(starch,gumoils),mordant,acid,
metallicsalt.
g)Finishing:specialfinishes,Tracesofstarch,Tallowetc.

32. FewExampleofEnvironmentalpollutionfrom
textileprocessingare:
1.Textileindustryreleasehazardouswastematerialintothenearby
land.
2.Cottonconsumeshighestamountofharmfulpesticidesand
fertilizers.Majorityofthemfallonlandthuspolluteslandandmake
themuseless.
3.Cottonishighlywaterintensivecropandrequireslotsoftoxic
pesticidestogrow.About16%ofglobalpesticidesusedhere.These
pesticidesrunoffandpollutelocalgroundwater.
4.Textiledyescontainshighlytoxicchemicalsincludingarsenic,
mercury,leadandotherheavymetalswhichcannotremovedfrom
wastewater.
5.Finishingagentanddyesarenextproblem.Billionofgallonofwater
isusedannuallytoinfuseandrinsefinishingagentanddyeinto
fabric.
6.Waterpurificationhamperedduetomixingofhazardouschemicalto
groundwaterthatchangescolor,smellandP
H
ofwater.

33. 7.Mainsourcesofairpollutionareboilers,thermo-pack,diesel
generatorswhichgeneratesgaseouspollutantssuchas
suspendedparticulatematter(SPM),sulfurdi-oxidegas,nitrogen
di-oxidegasetc.
8.Majorairpollutionoccursduringfinishingstageswherefabricare
coatedbyvariousplasticizers,waterrepellent,waxes,solvents
etc.
9.Againboilers,thermopack,dieselgenerators,compressorwhich
generatesmore90dbnoiseexceedingtolerable75dbandcreates
noisepollution.
10.Inspinning,weaving,knittingstagecreates80-99dbsound.

34. Majorimpactareaoftextileprocessingon
environmentalpollutions.
1.Rawmaterials:Useofpesticidesincottonfieldshasan
enormousnegativeenvironmentalimpact,cottonseedflyin
air.Duststormsarecausedbycashmeregoatover-grazing.
2.Manufacturing:Spinningandweaving/knittingindustry
generatesairandsoundpollutionagainTextiledyeingand
finishingisaparticularlyhighvolume,highimpactsourceof
waterpollutionandairpollution.
3.Goodmovements:ShippinglongdistanceemitsCO
2to
polluteair.ByairshipmentemitsCO
2morethan40timesin
usingacontainership.
4.Consumer care:Washingclothesinhotwater(with
detergent)haslargeenvironmentalcostsanddrycleaning
requiresatoxicpersistentsolvent.

35. GuidelineOfProductionAndControlPracticesTo
ComplianceWithPollutioninadyeingindustry.
1.Donotuseoflessdegradablesurfactants(inwashingandscouring
operation)andspinningoils.
2.Considertheuseoftransferprintingforsynthetics,usewater
basedprintingpasteswherefeasible.
3.Considertheuseofcoldpadbatchdyeing.
4.Usejetdyersinsteadofwinchdyerswherefeasible.
5.Avoidtheuseofbenzidinebasedazodyesanddyescontaining
cadmiumandotherheavymetals,chlorinebaseddyesshouldnot
beused.
6.Donotusemercury,arsenic,bannedpesticidesintheprocess.
7.Recoverandreuseprocesschemicalsanddyesolution
8.Substitutelesstoxicdyecomerswheneverpossible.Avoidcomers
containingchlorine.
9.Useperoxidebasedbleachesinsteadofsulfurandchlorinebased
wherefeasible.
10.Usecountercurrentrinsingandimprovedclearingand
housekeeping.

36. Benefitsofpollutionpreventionforan
industry.
Pollutionpreventionmayresultinseveralbenefitsforthe textile
industrysuchas:
1.VariousLossreduction(processloss,productivityloss).
2.Reductionofchemical,waterandenergyconsumption
resultinginincreasedproduction.
3.Reducedliabilityforwasteproduced.
4.Improvedcompliancewithregulations.
5.Cleanerandhealthyworkingenvironment.

37. 1.Whatkindofpollutionsareobservedinspinning/knitting/dyeing
mill?Explainwithexample[5].{2015}.
2.Whatarethecausesofenvironmentalissuesintextile
industry?[4].{2015}.{2015}
3.whatarethemajorchallengeswearefacingtodayfor
environmentalissue?[7].{2015}.
4.describethemajorimpactareaoftextileprocessingon
environmentalpollutions.[5].{2016}.
5.Whataethebenefitsofpollutionpreventionforan
industry?[4].{2016}{2017}.
6.Suggestsomeguidelineofproductionandcontrolpracticesto
compliancewith pollutionfordyeingindustry.[4].[7]{2015}{2015}.
ImportantProblems(Lecture-02)

38. Lecture–03
Topicstobecovered
1.Greenhouseandhowitworks?
2.Greenhouseeffect.
3.SimilaritiesofGreenhousewithOurEarth.
4.Basicmechanismofgreenhouseeffect.
5.Majorgreenhousegasesandtheirsources.
6.ImpactofGreenhouseeffect.
7.Wayofreducinggreenhousegases.
8.RoleofurbanizationinclimatechangeinBangladesh.

39. Watchashortvideo
on
Greenhouseeffect

40. GreenHouse:
Agreenhouseisalsocalled
WhatisGreenhouse?AndHowit isworked?
aforcingstructure,anartificial
environmentinwhichplantsare
“forced”togrow,despitethe
harshoutsideclimate.
Howitworks?
Everygreenhouseoperateson
asimplephysicalprinciplecalled
“thegreenhouseeffect”.
Sunlight (short waves)passes
throughtransparentortranslucent
materialssuchasglassorplastic.
Whenitstrikesanopaquesurface
inside(plantleaves,greenhousefloor,planters)someofthelightenergyis
changedintoheat.Thedarkerthesurface,themoreheatisgenerated.The
greenhouseglassaregoodattransmittinglight,butnotheat.Therefore,mostof
theheatstaysinside.
Oncetheshortwaveshittheground,theywarmitup.Thenthewarmedairrises
andheatsupthegreenhouse.Thenlongwavesradiatetotheatmosphere.

41. Whatisgreenhouseeffect?
It is a natural process that has beenhappeningfor millions of years.
GasesandcloudsabsorbinfraredradiationemittedfromEarth’ssurface
andre-radiateit,heatingtheatmosphereandEarth’ssurface.
WhyitiscalledGreenhouseeffectorWhatarethesimilaritiesof
GreenhousewithOurEarth?
•The process is calledthe greenhouse effect becausethe exchangeof
incomingandoutgoingradiationthatwarmstheplanetworksinasimilar
waytoagreenhouse.
•TheEarthandtheSunworkinasimilarfashion(onamuchmore
massivescaleandadifferentphysicalprocess).Thesunshinesthrough
theEarth’satmosphereandtheearth’ssurfacewarmsup.Someofthe
Sun’senergyisreflecteddirectlybacktospace,therestisabsorbedby
land,ocean,andtheatmosphere.Thegreenhousegasesinthe
atmospheretrapheatradiatingfromEarthtowardspace.

42. GreenhouseCycle/Mechanism
The6Steps:
1.Sunlight(solar-radiation)
reachesEarth.
2.Sunlightenergyabsorbedby
Earth’sSurface;transformed
intoheatandRadiateditout.
3.RadiationwarmsAir.
4.Radiation
Greenhouse
Cloudsandreturnheat
blocked by
gasesand
to
Earth’ssurface.
5.Thisisthetrappingextra
heatandcausingtheearth’s
temperaturetorise.
6.Somelongwavelength
RadiationexitsintoSpace.

43. WhatisGreenhousegas
Greenhousegasesaregases
that allow visiblelight and UV radiation(short-wavelength/high
frequency)topassthroughthem(becauseofthenatureoftheircovalent
bondsintheirmolecules)
butabsorbtheinfraredradiation(longer-wavelengthradiation)ofthe
samefrequencyfromtheEarthconvertingsunlightintoinfraredheat
andre-radiatesthisinfraredradiationbacktotheEarth.
Major
Greenhouse
gases
%Percentag
e
Carbon
dioxide(CO
2)
76%
Methane(CH
4)16%
Nitrous
Oxide(N
2O)
6%
Fluorinated 2%

44. SourceOfGreenHouseGases
1.CO
2Sources:
Human:Burningfossilfuels andwood,forestfires,burningwasteetc.
Natural:Respiration,decayoforganicmatter,naturalforestfires.
2.CH
4Sources:
Human:Cattlefarming,ricepaddies(wetsoilmeansanyorganicmatterinitis
decomposedwithoutoxygen),petroleumandnaturalgasproduction.
Natural: digestivetracts of ruminants, cattle, bogsor marshes, bacterial
fermentation–whenorganicmatterisdecomposedanaerobically,methanegasis
produced.
3.N
2OSources:
Human:useofnitrogenbasedfertilizers.
Natural:bacterialaction.
4.CFCs:
Human:refrigerators,air-conditioning,aerosolsinsprayingcans,foamingagents.
5.SF
6:
Human:electricalinsulators
Somegreenhousegasesarenotnaturallyoccurring–theyaremanmade
iv.ChlorofluoroCarboni.Carbon tetrafluoride
ii.SulfurHexafluoride
iii.Hexafluoroethane

45. WhatWouldHappenIfGreenHouseDoesNotExist?
•This equilibriumof incoming and outgoingradiationthat
makestheEarthhabitable,withanaveragetemperatureof
about 59 degreesFahrenheit (15 degreesCelsius),
accordingtoNASA.
•Withoutthis atmosphericequilibrium,Earthwouldbeas
coldandlifelessasitsmoon,orasblazinghotas
Venus.Themoon,whichhasalmostnoatmosphere,is
aboutminus 243 F (minus 153 C) on its dark side.Venus,
ontheotherhand,hasaverydenseatmospherethattraps
solarradiation;theaveragetemperatureonVenusisabout
864F(462C).

46. ImpactsofGreenhouseEffect?
1.Directaffectsontemperatureriseduetoincreaseonamountofgreenhouse
gases.
2.GlobalwarmingduetoincreaseintheaveragetemperatureofEarth.
3.RiseofSeaLevelduetomeltingglaciers/icecap.
4.DepletionofOzoneLayer.
5.Worseningofhealtheffectsandspreadingofdisease(malaria,choleraor
dengue).
6.Disruptionofthewatercycle.
7.Challengestoagricultureandthefoodsupply.
8.Etc.

47. WaytoreducegreenhousegasesandEffect?
1.UseoflessEnergy:-Electricity(replacingincandescentlightbulbs
with LED bulbs,addinginsulationto your home wall, smart
thermostat,greenroof top)
2.GenerateElectricitywithoutemissions(solarenergy,geothermal,
windturbines,tidalenergy,oceanwave).
3.Travelwithoutgreenhousegases-responsiblefor14%gas
emission.(bicycle,electriccar,hybridcar,biking,public
transportation).
4.ReduceemissionfromIndustry-responsiblefor20%gasemission.
5.Takecarbondioxideoutof theairbycarbonsink.(plantingtrees,
bamboo,conservingforest, grasslandsetc.)
6.Reduce,recycleandreuse(reducingwastebypurchasingreusable
products like gettinga reusablewater bottle, by recycling
househouldwaste youcansave2400 poundCO
2emissionannually)
7.Don’tBuyFastFashion.

48. ImportantProblems(Lecture-03)
1.Whatisgreenhouse effect?Illustratethewaystoreduce
greenhousegasesanditseffect.[2+5.5].{2017}
2.Explainthebasicmechanismofgreenhouse
effect.[2.5].{2015}.
3.Write downaboutfivemajorgreenhousegasesandtheir
sources.[3.5].{2016}.
4.WhatWouldHappenIfGreenHouseDoesNotExist?
5.ImpactsofGreenhouseeffect.

49. 1.ClimateChange.
2.Globalwarmingandclimatechange.
3.ImpactsofclimatechangesontheEnvironmentandHuman
Health.
Lecture–04
Topicstobecovered

50. CLIMATECHANGES
•Climatechangeistheconnectedsystemofsun,earthandoceans,wind,rainand
snow,forests,desertsandsavannas.
•Climatechangeofaplacereferstosignificanttangiblelongtermchanges-which
canbedescribedbyrainfall,temperaturechange,sealevel,droughtsandsoon
duringaseveraldecadesorevenacentury.

51. GlobalWarming
•Globalwarmingistheslowincreaseintheaveragetemperatureofthe
earth’satmospherebecauseanincreasedamountoftheenergy(heat)
strikingtheearthfromthesunisbeingtrappedintheatmosphereandnot
radiatedoutintospace.
•Globalwarming,however,istheequivalentofagreenhousewithhigh
efficiencyreflectiveglassinstalledthewrongwayaround.
Howglobalwarminginstigatesclimatechanging?
•Muchoftheworldiscoveredwithoceanwhichheatsup.Whentheocean
heatsup,morewaterevaporatesintocloudsresultinginheavyrainfall.
•Awarmeratmospheremakesglaciersandmountainsnowpacks,the Polarice
cap,and thegreaticeshieldjuttingoffof Antarcticameltraisingsealevels.
•Changesintemperaturechangethegreatpatternsofwindthatbringthe
monsoonsinAsiaandrainandsnowaroundtheworld,makingdroughtand
unpredictableweathermorecommon.

52. 1.Theaveragetemperatureinmany
regionshasbeenincreasingin
recentdecades.Theglobal
averagesurfacetemperaturehas
increasedby0.8°Coverthelast
century.Inthenearfuture,the
globalmeansurfacetemperature
willriseby1.4°to5.8°C.Warming
willbegreatestoverlandareas,
andathighlatitudes.
2.Manycountrieshaveexperienced
increasesinrainfall,particularlyin
thecountriessituatedinthemidto
highlatitudes.
ImpactsofClimateChangesonEnvironmentand
Human Health
(Ref#Environmental StudiesbyErachBharucha;Page-182)

53. 4.Globalmeansealevelisprojectedtorise
by9to88cm(0.30ftto2.88ft)bytheyear
2100.Morethanhalfoftheworld’s
populationnowliveswithin60kmofthe
sea.Theyarelikelytobeseriously
impactedbyaningressofsaltwaterand
bytherisingsea.Someofthemost
vulnerableregionsaretheNiledeltain
Egypt,theGanges-Brahmaputradeltain
Bangladesh,andmanysmallislands
includingtheMarshallIslandsandthe
Maldives
5.Storms,havebeenmorefrequent,
persistent and intense since mid-1970s
comparedwiththeprevious100years.
3.Humansocietieswillbe
affectedby
ofclimate
droughtsand
seriously
extremes
suchas
floods.

54. 6.Changesinclimatemayaffectthedistributionofvectorspecies(e.g.
mosquitoes)whichinturnwillincreasethespreadofdisease,suchasmalaria
andfilariasis,tonewareaswhichlackastrongpublichealthinfrastructure.The
seasonaltransmissionanddistributionofmanydiseasesthataretransmittedby
mosquitoes(dengue,yellowfever)andbyticks(Lymedisease,tickborne
encephalitis)mayspreadduetoclimatechange.

55. 7.Toalargeextent,publichealthdependsonsafedrinkingwater,
sufficientfood,secureshelter,andgoodsocialconditions.Allthese
factorsareaffectedbyclimatechange.Freshwatersuppliesmaybe
seriouslyaffected,reducingtheavailabilityofcleanwaterfordrinking
andwashingduringdroughtaswellasfloods.
8.Watercanbecontaminatedandsewagesystemsmaybedamaged.The
riskofspreadofinfectiousdiseasessuchasdiarrheadiseaseswill
increase.

56. ImportantProblems(Lecture-04)
1.WhatdoyoumeanbyClimateChange?WritedowntheImpacts
ofclimatechangesontheEnvironmentandHumanHealth.
2.HowGlobalwarmingleadstoclimatechanges?