Introduction. medical microbiology 1

Medical microbiology is the study of causative agents of infectious diseases of humans and their reactions to such infections. In other words it deals with etiology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, specific treatment and control of infection (immunization).

1. INTRODUCTION to MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY Medical microbiology Classification of microorganisms Morphology of bacteria Bacterial anatomy Morphology of viruses Morphology of rickettsiae Morphology of chlamidia Methods of laboratory diagnosis

2. Medical microbiology is the study of causative agents of infectious diseases of humans and their reactions to such infections. In other words it deals with etiology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, specific treatment and control of infection (immunization).

3. Modern medical microbiology Bacteriology – the science of bacteria, the causative agents of a member of infectious diseases. Virology – the science of viruses, non-cellular living systems, capable of causing infectious diseases in man. Immunology – the science which concerned with mechanisms of body protection against pathogenic microorganisms and foreign cells and substances. Mycology – the study of fungi pathogenic for man. Protozoology – which deals with pathogenic unicellular animal organisms.

4. CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS Protista Vira DNA-viruses and RNA-viruses Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Fungi Blue-green algae Algae Bacteria Protozoa Scotobacteria Photobacteria Slime moulds 1 . Class Bacteria 2. Class Rickettsias 3 . Class Mollicutes A division of the kingdom Procaryotae comprising bacteria with a gram-negative type of cell wall consisting of an outer membrane and a thin inner peptidoglycan layer containing muramic acid. It contains three classes: Scotobacteria , Anoxyphotobacteria & Oxyphotobacteria . Scotobacteria

5. Microbiological nomenclature In microbiology the binominal system of nomenclature is accepted where each species has a generic and a specific name. The generic name is written with a capital letter, and the specific name – with a small letter. For example: the anthrax bacillus – Bacillus anthracis ; the tetanus bacillus – Clostridium tetani .

6. The size of bacteria The size of bacteria is measured in micrometer (  m) or micron (  ) (1 micron or micrometer is one thousandth of a millimeter) and varies from 0.1  to 16-18  . Most pathogenic bacteria measure from 0.1 to 10  . The other units of measurement of microorganisms are millimicron (m  ) or nanometer (nm) (one millionth of a millimeter) and 1 Angstrom (Å) (one tenth of nanometer).

7. Morphology of Bacteria Bacteria are intracellular free-living organisms having both DNA and RNA. Their biological properties and predominant reproduction by binary fission relates them to prokaryotes. Spherical (cocci) Rod-shaped (bacteria, bacilli, and clostridia) Spiral-shaped (vibriones, spirilla, spirochaetes)

8. Spherical (cocci) bacteria Micrococci Diplococci Streptococci Staphylococci Tetracocci Sarcine

9. Representatives of pathogenic cocci 1.Scanning Electron Micrograph of Streptococcus pneumoniae 2.Scanning electron micrograph of a Staphylococcus aureus 1 2

10. Electron Micrograph of Neisseria gonorrhoeae

11. Rod-shaped bacteria Bacteria (1) include those microorganisms, which, as rule, do not produce spores ( E.coli , Salmonella, Shigella ). Bacilli (2) ( B.anthracis ) and clostridia (3) ( C.tetani , C.botuli -num ) include organisms the majority of which produce spores. Size of rod-shaped bacteria varies 2-10 μ m: small rods are 2-4 μ m; long rods are 5-10 μ m. 1 2 3

12. ARRANGEMENT OF ROD-SHAPED BACTERIA

13. Rod-shaped bacteria Single Rod Streptobacillus 1 2

14. SPIRAL FORMS 1. Vibrios – are cells, which resemble a comma in appearance (curved rods). Typical representative of this group is Vibrio cholerae .

15. 2. Spirilla – are coiled forms of bacteria. Pathogenic species: Spirillum minus (1) – which is responsible for a disease in humans transmitted through the bite of rats – rat-bite fever – sodoku ; Helicobacter pylori (2) – causative agent of ulcer disease of stomach. 1 2

16. SPIROCHAETES Treponema – exhibits, thin, flexible cells with 6-14 regular twists. The size of Treponema varies from 10-18 μ ( T.pallidum ) . Leptospira – are characterized by very thin cell structure. The leptospirae form 12-18 regular coils (primary spirals) ( L.interrogans ) and C- or S- shape according secondary twist. Borrelia – have large irregular spirals, the number of which varies from 3 to 10. ( B.recurrentis, B.persica ).

17. 3. Spirochaetes – are flexuous spiral forms which include: Treponema (T.pallidum) (1), Borrelia (B.recurrentis) (2), Leptospira (L.interrogans) (3) 1 2 3

18. BACTERIAL CELL

19. FLAGELLA Electron Micrograph of Bacteria with Flagella

20. CAPSULE Klebsiella pneumoniae Enterobacter aerogenes

21. SPORE Bacillus megaterium Bacillus anthracis

22. Cell wall In addition to conferring rigidity upon bacteria, the cell wall protects against osmotic damage Chemically, the rigid part of the cell wall is peptidoglycan First described by Gram in 1884. It is' used to study morphologic appearance of bacteria. Gram's stain differentiates all bacteria into two distinct groups: a. Gram-positive organisms b. Gram-negative organisms

23. fuchsine Gram Staining Technique

24. The  periplasm  is a concentrated gel-like matrix in the space  between the inner cytoplasmic membrane and the bacterial outer membrane called the  periplasmic space  in gram-negative bacteria. Using cryo -electron microscopy it has been found that a much smaller periplasmic space  is also present in gram-positive bacteria.

25. Bacteria with deficient cell walls Mycoplasma : a genus of naturally occurring bacteria which lack cell walls L-forms : cell-wall-deficient forms of bacteria, usually produced in the body of patients treated with penicillin Spheroplasts : derived from Gram-negative bacteria; produced artificially by lysozyme or by growth with penicillin or any other agent capable of breaking down the peptidoglycan layer Protoplasts : derived from Gram-positive bacteria and totally lacking cell walls; produced artificially by lysozyme and hypertonic medium* Hypertrophy  (/ haɪˈpɜːrtrəfi /, from Greek ὑπέρ "excess" + τροφή "nourishment") is the increase in the volume of an organ or tissue due to the enlargement of its component cells . It is distinguished from hyperplasia, in which the cells remain approximately the same size but increase in number.

26. Electron micrograph mycoplasma cells (1) and L-forms of Proteus mirabilis (2) 1 2

27. Morphology of viruses Do not possess cellular organization Contain one type of nucleic acid either RNA or DNA Lack enzymes necessary for protein and nucleic acid synthesis machinery of host cells They multiply by complex process and not by binary fission. They are unaffected by antibiotics. They are sensitive to interferon.

28. Morphology of viruses

29. Morphology of Rickettsiae. They are minute organisms having properties in between bacteria and viruses. It contains both DNA and RNA. Contains enzymes for metabolic functions. Multiplies by binary fission. It is coccobacilli 300x600 nm in size, non-motile, non-capsulated and is Gram-negative. Sensitive to many antibiotics. Can multiply only inside living cells.

30. Morphology of Rickettsiae The morphological structures of the rickettsiae of epidemic and endemic typhus fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and Q fever are similar to one another and to certain bacteria. The rickettsial organisms in common with the elementary bodies of vaccinia virus and all bacteria would appear to have a limiting membrane which surrounds a substance that seems to be protoplasmic in nature; numbers of dense granules are embedded in the inner protoplasm.

31. Morphology of chlamydia. Chlamydiae are Gram-negative. They lack some important mechanisms for the production of metabolic energy, so they are intracellular parasites. There are 2 morphological forms of chlamydia : Elementary bodies Initial bodies

32. Methods of laboratory diagnosis Bacterioscopical Bacteriological Detection sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics Serological Biological DNA-technology test (PCR )   Polymerase Chain Reaction . It's a testing technique that can detect either DNA or RNA from any kind of organism, such as HIV, for example.