Introduction of Bacteria

Bacteria is an important to the health of human.

1. Mr. Dev K umar Arya (Lecturer) Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding O.P. Agriculture College Budhwal , Behror , Alwar (Raj..),India Affiliated to Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner ,( Rajsthan ),India Email: [email protected] INTRODUCTION OF BACTERIA

2. Outline Introduction of Bacteria Characteristics Some important history Classification of Bacteria Reproduction in Bacteria Infection on host Plant by Bacteria Koch Postulates (Given by Robert Koch) Some Important Bacterial diseases Importance of Bacteria

3. Introduction “Bacteria is a microscopic,prokaryotic,living microorganism . Which reproduce by binary and can cause diseases.” Kingdom- Monera,Phylum - Protobacteria,Class - clostridia,Oder - Clostridiale,Family - Clastridiaceae,Genus - Clastridium .

4. History Inverted the first compound microscope by Janssen,Z in 1590. In 1626 Discovered spontaneous generation by F.Redi In 1676 Discovered bacteria using a single-lens microscope of his own design. by A.Leeuwenhoek In 1856 pasturization technique gave by L.Pasture In 1872 first to use solid medium by G. Schroeder In 1884 Gram staining technique given by H.C.Gram In 1890 koch postulates gave by Robert.Koch In 1933-38 electron microscope Developed by E.Ruska and Von Borries In 1945 Novel prize for discovery of penicillin by A.Flaming In 1946 Conjugation discovered by J. Lederberg and E.Tatum

5. Characteristics It is a simple Prokaryotic and primitive organism. It is a unicellular,microscopic living microorganism. In bacteria has not true nucleus because in bacterial cell has not nuclear membrane and nucleolus. The reproduction in bacteria is mainly by cell division and binary fission. In some cases few bacteria also reproduce by budding. Bacterial cell wall composed by chitin. Mainlly shape of bacteria (spherical,spirilla,bacilli). Bacterial cells have many plasmids which is small circle of DNA. Plasmids are used to exchange DNA between the bacterial cells. Flagella is a rigid rotating tail,which helps the cell to move in clockwise and anticlockwise, forward and also helps the cell to spin. Cytoplasm helps in cellular growth, metabolism and replication. An average bacillus is 0.5-1.0 µm wide by 1.0-4.0 µm long. Spirals range in size from 1 µm to over 100 µm in length. The study of Bacteria is known as Bacteriology.

6. Classification Nutrient based (A)Autotrophic - Autotrophs are those bacteria,which need only inorganic nutrients/compounds for example- chlorobacterium,chlorobium,Bacillus . Phototrophs - These use light as the source of energy. Chemotrophs - These use chemical source of energy(dark oxidation-reduction reaction) Lithotrophs - Lithotrophs are bacteria which use reduced inorganic compounds as the electron donor (H-donor) in anaerobic or aerobic respiration. (B)Heterotrophic- Heterotrophs require organic nutrients.for example- saprophytic,symbiotic ,parasitic bacteria. Parasitic - These bacteria obtain their food from the tissues of living organisms, the hosts. They may be harmless or may cause serious diseases. Saprophytic - These bacteria obtain their food from the dead organic substances such as leaves, fruits, vegetables, meat, animal humus residuce etc. Symbiotic - These bacteria live in close association with other organisms as symbionts . They are beneficial to the organisms. The common examples are the nitrogen-fixing bacteria, e.g.azotobacter , Rhizobium , Clostridium etc

7. Respiration based (a)Aerobic bacteria- Obligate aerobes : These are strict aerobes that mean they always require oxygen for their survival. They are not able to withstand anaerobic conditions. Facultative aerobes: These are bacteria which normally respire anaerobic but can move to aerobic conditions, if the situation demands. (b)Anaerobic bacteria- Obligate anaerobes: These are again strict types of anaerobes. They can survive only if oxygen is deficient but are not able to withstand if oxygen is present. Facultative anaerobes: These are not of strict types. They normally respire aerobically but can shift. Gram staining based Gram positive bacteria : Stain dark purple due to retaining the primary dye called Crystal Violet in the cell wall.                            Example: Staphylococcus aureus Gram negative bacteria : Stain red or pink due to retaining the counter staining dye called Safranin .                               Example: Escherichia coli

8. Diplococci : Cells divide in one plane and remain attached in pairs. Streptococci: cells divide in one plane and remain attached to form chains. Tetracocci : : Cells divide in two planes and form group of four cells.   Staphylococci: cells divide in three planes, in an irregular pattern, producing bunches of cocci . Shape based

9. Vegetative reproduction- It is process In which produce organism by any vegetative parts of an organism. Binary fission -In this case One parental cell divide in to two duaghter cells which have nucleus. Budding -It is a process in Which the production of buds from parent. Reproduction in Bacteria

10. Asexual reproduction- It is a process in which new individual arise without fertilization from unfertilized gametes. There are divide into two parts. Endospores- Endospore formation is usually triggered by a lack of nutrients, and usually occurs in gram-positive bacteria . Conidia- Only true spores, reproductive structures produced for dissemination and multiplication of the species, are the Conidia.

11. Conjugation -It is a process in which the transfer of genetic material from one cell to another cell through cell contact 3/15/2020 11 plasmid copies itself passes through pili (cytoplasmic bridge) into recipient cell cells separate with both cells containing the plasmid plasmid donor recipient cell (+) cell ( - ) pili Sexual reproduction

12. Transduction- It is the process by which foreign DNA is introduced into a cell by a virus . An example is the viral transfer of DNA from one bacteria to another. Transformation- Some bacteria have another method transferring  DNA  and producing recombinants that does not require  conjugation  

13. Infection on Host plant

14. Inoculation-Transfer of a pathogen to the host. Inocubation -It is a process in which To bring a pathogen into contact with a host. Penetration-The initial invasion of a host by a pathogen. Infection-The estabilishment of a parasite within a host plant. Recognition-Specific receptor molecules or structures on the host plant that can be recongnized by the pathogen. Invasion-The spread of a pathogen into the host. Colonisation -Colonization is a process by which a central system of power dominates the surrounding land and its components .

15. Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch (11 December 1843 – 27 May 1910) was a German physician who developed Koch's postulates

16. Koch's ( A)The microorganism or other pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease ( B)The pathogen can be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture (C)The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy, susceptible plant. (D)The pathogen must be reisolated from the new host and shown to be the same as the originally inoculated pathogen. This step is given by ( E.F.Smith )

17. Some important Bacterial Diseases Bacterial Blight of cotton - Xanthomonas compestris Baterial Blight of mungbean – Xanthomonas compestris pv.vignaeradiatae Bacterial Blight of rice- Xanthomonas oryzae Citrus Canker of citrus- Xanthomonas citri Red scripte of sugarcane- Xanthomonas rubrriliance Bcterial spot of stone fruits- Xanthomonas arboricola Leaf spot of tomato,chilli- Xanthomonas vesicatoria Moko disease of banana- Ralstonia solanacearum Black leg of maize- Erwini chrysanthemii pv.zeae Bacterial blight of soyabean - Pseudomonas savastonai glycinea Soft rot of potato - Erwinia carotovara pv.caroto.

18. Importance of Bacteria In food material In agriculture In industry In public health For cleanliness For alchohol production For chemical / medicine

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