Introduction of Human Anatomy and Physiology.pdf

This presentation provides an engaging overview of the fundamental concepts in human anatomy and physiology, offering a comprehensive understanding suitable for students, educators, and healthcare enthusiasts. The content explores the structural organization of the human body, starting from the cellular level to complex systems, while detailing their functions and interconnectivity.

Key highlights include:

Basic Terminology: Learn essential terms used to describe body positions, regions, and anatomical directions.
Cell Structure and Function: A look into the building blocks of life, including cellular components and their roles.
Tissues and Organs: An overview of the four primary tissue types and how they combine to form organs.
Major Body Systems: Examination of the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, nervous, and other critical systems, focusing on their functions and importance in maintaining homeostasis.
Interactive Visuals: Diagrams and illustrations that aid in visualizing body structures and processes.
Physiological Processes: Insights into how different body systems work together to perform vital functions.
This presentation is designed to make complex topics accessible and relatable, serving as a foundational guide for further in-depth studies in human anatomy and physiology.

1. HUMAN
ANATOMY &
PHYSIOLOGY
Presented By: Ms. Shraddha Parab
YouTube:
https://www.youtube.com/@RxProdigy100

2. CONTENTS OF THIS PRESENTATION
1.Definition and scope of Anatomy and Physiology,
2.Levels of structural Organization and body
systems,
3.Basic life processes,
4.Homeostasis
5.Feedback Systems: Negative and Positive
Feedback Systems
6.Basic anatomical terminology
7.Directional Terms
8.Planes
9.Sections
10.Body Cavities

3. INTRODUCTION
It is the scientific study of the
normal functions of living
organisms and how
the body parts work.
ANATOMY
It is the scientific study of the
structuresof the human body
and the relationshipsamong
them.
PHYSIOLOGY
01 02

4. SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY
•Developmental biology: It is the study of
an individual's complete development
from egg fertilization to death.
•Cell biology: It is the study of cell
structure and functions.
•Histology: It is the study of the
microscopic structure of tissues.
•Gross anatomy: The study of the organs,
parts, and structures of a body that are
visible to the naked eye. Also called
macroscopic anatomy.

5. •Systemicanatomy:Itisthestudyof
specificsystemsofthebodysuchasthe
nervousorrespiratorysystems.
•Regionalanatomy:Itisthestudyofspecific
bodyregionssuchastheheadorchest.
•Radiographicanatomy:Itisthestudyof
bodystructureswiththehelpofX-rays.
•Pathologicalanatomy:Itisthestudyof
structuralchangesassociatedwith
disease.
•Embryology:Itisthestudyofthefirsteight
weeksofhumandevelopment

6. SUBDIVISIONS OF PHYSIOLOGY
1.Respiratoryphysiology:Itisthestudyofthefunctioningoflungsandair
passageways.
2.Renalphysiology:Itisthestudyofthefunctioningofthekidneys.
3.Immunology:Itisthestudyofthedefensemechanismofthebodyagainst
disease-causingagents.
4.Exercisephysiology:Itisthestudyofchangesincellandorganfunctionsasa
resultofexercise.
5.Neurophysiology:Itisthestudyofthefunctioningofthenervoussystem.
6.Pathophysiology:Itisthestudyoffunctionalchangesassociatedwithdisease
andaging.
7.Cardiovascularphysiology:Itisthestudyofthefunctioningoftheheartand
bloodvessels.
8.Endocrinology:Itisthestudyofhormonesandhowtheycontrolbodyfunctions.

7. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
There are sixlevels of organizations.
1.Chemical level
2.Cellular Level
3.Tissue level
4.Organ level
5.System level
6.Organism level

9. Chemical level
01
Very basic level It includes atoms(the smallest unit of matter that
participates in chemical reactions) Two or more atoms joined together to
form molecules. Certain atoms like C, H, O, N, P, Ca & S are crucial for
maintaining life.

10. Cellular level
02
Different molecules combine to form cells. Cells are the basic structural
and functional units of an organism.The human body contains muscle
cells, nerve cells, and epithelial cells.

11. Tissue level
03
Different cells combine to form tissues (groups of cells that work together
to perform a particular function). The human body contains 4 basic types
of tissue: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous
tissue.

12. Organ level
04
Different types of tissue combine to form an organ. Organs are composed
of two or more different types of tissues having specific functions and
recognizable shapes. Examples of organs are the stomach, skin, bones,
heart, liver, lungs & brain.

13. System level
05
All the organswith common functions combine to form a system. The
figure shows the structure of the digestive system. Organs of the
digestive system are the mouth, salivary glands, pharynx (throat),
esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder &
and pancreas.

14. Organism level
06
All the parts of the human body functioning combine to form a total
organism i.e. human body.

15. Atom
(Hydrogen, Carbon
Oxygen)
Molecule
(Adenine)
Macromolecule
(DNA)
Organelle
(Endoplasmic reticulum)
Cell
(Nerve cell)

16. Systems of Human Body
1.Nervous System
2.Respiratory system
3.Digestive system
4.Circulatory system
5.Excretory system
6.Muscular system
7.Skeletal system
8.Integumentary system
9.Immune system
10.Endocrine system
11.Reproductive system
12.Special sense organs

18. Systems of Human Body
1.Nervoussystem:
●Organs:Brain,spinalcordandnerves
●Functions:Itcoordinatesvoluntaryandinvoluntary
actionsandtransmitssignalsbetweendifferent
bodyparts.
2.Cardiovascularsystem:
▪Organs:Blood,heart,andbloodvessels.
▪Functions:Theheartpumpsbloodthroughblood
vesselsBloodcarriesoxygenandnutrientstocells
andcarbondioxideandwastesawayfromcells.
Bloodcomponentshelpdefendagainstdisease.It
helpsregulatebodyfluids'acid-basebalance,
temperature,andwatercontent.

19. 3.Digestivesystem:
●Organs:Mouth,pharynx,esophagus,stomach,small
andlargeintestines,andanus;accessoryorgans
suchassalivaryglands,liver,gallbladder,and
pancreas.
●Functions:Mechanicalandchemicalbreakdownof
foodAbsorptionofnutrientsandEliminationofsolid
wastes
4.Urinarysystem:
●Organs:Kidneys,ureters,urinarybladder,and
urethra.
●Functions:Produces,stores,andeliminatesurine.
Eliminateswastesandregulatesvolumeand
chemicalcompositionofbloodHelpsmaintainthe
acid-basebalanceofbodyfluids.Maintainsmineral
balanceofbody

20. 5.Respiratorysystem:
●Organs:Lungs,pharynx,larynx,trachea,and
bronchialtubes
●Functions:Transfersoxygenfrominhaledairto
bloodandcarbondioxidefromthebloodtoexhaled
air.Ithelpsregulatetheacid-basebalanceofbody
fluids.Productionofsoundbyvocalcord
6.Lymphaticsystem:
●Organs:Lymph,lymphvessels,spleen,thymus,
lymphnodes,andtonsils.
●Functions:Returnsproteinsandfluidtoblood.
Carrieslipidsfromthegastrointestinaltracttoblood
Lymphocytesthatprotectagainstdisease-causing
microbes

21. 7.Endocrinesystem:
●Organs:Pinealgland,hypothalamus,pituitary
gland,thymus,thyroidgland,parathyroidglands,
adrenalglands,pancreas,ovaries,andtestes
●Functions:Regulatesbodyactivitiesbyreleasing
hormones
8.Muscularsystem:
●Organs:Skeletalmuscle
●Functions:Producesbodymovements,suchas
walking.Stabilizesbodyposture.Generationof
heat.

22. 9.Specialsenseorgans:
●Organs:Eyes,ears,skin,tongueandnose
●Functions:Detectschangesinthebody'sinternal
andexternalenvironments,Vision,Hearing,Smell,
TasteandTouchsensations
10.Reproductivesystem:
●Organs:Maleorgans:Testes,epididymis,ductus
deferens,andpenis;Femaleorgans:Ovaries,uterine
tubes,uterus,andvagina
●Functions:Gonadsproducegametesthatuniteto
formaneworganism.Gonadsreleasehormonesthat
regulatereproduction.Otherassociatedorgans
transportandstoregametes.

23. ●Responsiveness:Itistheabilityofthebodytodetectandrespondto
changes.
●Metabolism:Itisthesumofallthechemicalprocessesthatoccurinthe
body.Catabolismisthebreakdownofcomplexchemicalsubstancesinto
simplercomponents.Anabolismisthebuildingupofcomplexchemical
substancesfromsmallercomponents.
●Movement:Movementincludesthemotionofthewholebody,individual
organs,singlecells,andeventinystructuresinsidecells.
●Growth:Itisanincreaseinbodysizethatresultsfromanincreaseinthesize
ofexistingcells,anincreaseinthenumberofcells,orboth.
Basic Life Processes

24. ●Differentiation:Itisthedevelopmentofacellfromanunspecialized
toaspecializedstate.
●Reproduction:Itreferstotheformationofnewcellsfortissue
growth,repair,orreplacement,ortheproductionofanewindividual.
●Respiration:Respirationprocessesinvolvedintheexchangeof
oxygenandcarbondioxidebetweenthecellsandtheexternal
environment.
●Digestion:Itinvolvesbreakingdowncomplexingestedfoodsinto
simplemoleculesthatcanbeabsorbedintothebloodandutilizedby
thebodyasanenergysource.
●Excretion:Excretionistheprocessthatremovesthewasteproducts
ofdigestionandmetabolismfromthebody.

25. ●"Itistheabilityofthebodytomaintainanequilibriumwithinitsinternal
environmentwhendealingwithexternalchanges"
●Homeostasisisadynamiccondition.
●Homeostasisinvolvesmanyvariables,includingbodytemperature,fluid
balance,bloodpressure,bloodsugar,electrolytes,energy,hormones,
oxygen,andproteins.
Homeostasis

26. ●Itisacycleinwhichthestatusofabodyconditionismonitored,evaluated,changed,re-
monitored,re-evaluated,andsoon.
●Eachmonitoredvariable,suchasbodytemperature,bloodpressure,orbloodglucose
levelistermedacontrolledcondition.
●Anydisruptionthatchangesacontrolledconditioniscalledastimulus.
●Afeedbacksystemincludesthreebasiccomponents;
➢Receptor
➢Controlcenter
➢Effector
Feedback system

27. ●Receptor:Itisabodystructurethatmonitors
changesinacontrolledconditionandsendsinput
toacontrolcentre.Theinputissentintheformof
nerveimpulsesorchemicalsignals.
●Controlcentre:Itsetstherangeofvalueswithin
whichacontrolledconditionshouldbemaintained,
evaluatestheinputitreceivesfromreceptorsand
generatesoutputcommandswhentheyare
needed.
●Aneffector:Itisabodystructurethatreceives
outputfromthecontrolcentreandproducesa
responseoreffectthatchangesthecontrolled
condition.

28. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM
FEEDBACK SYSTEM
POSITIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM
Positivefeedback(exacerbatingfeedback,self-reinforcing
feedback)isaprocessthatoccursinafeedbackloopthatincreases
theeffectsofasmalldisturbance.
Negativefeedbackisatypeofregulationinbiologicalsystemsin
whichtheendproductofaprocessinturnreducesthestimulusof
thatsameprocess.
1.
2.

29. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
•Anegativefeedbacksystemreversesachangeinacontrolledcondition.
•Letusconsidertheregulationofbloodpressure.
•Bloodpressure(BP)istheforceexertedbybloodasitpressesagainstthewallsof
bloodvessels.
•Whentheheartbeatsfasterorharder,BPincreases.
•Ifsomeinternalorexternalstimuluscausesbloodpressure(controlledcondition)torise,
thefollowingsequenceofeventsoccurs.

31. •Baroreceptors(thereceptors),pressure-sensitivenervecellslocatedin
thewallsofcertainbloodvessels,detectthehigherpressure.
•Thebaroreceptorssendnerveimpulses(input)tothebrain(control
center),whichinterpretstheimpulsesandrespondsbysendingnerve
impulses(output)totheheartandbloodvessels(theeffectors).
•Heartratedecreasesandbloodvesselsdilate(widen),whichcausesBP
todecrease(response).
•Thissequenceofeventsquicklyreturnsthecontrolledcondition—blood
pressure—tonormal,andhomeostasisisrestored.

32. POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
•Apositivefeedbacksystemtendstostrengthenorreinforceachangeinoneof
thebody’scontrolledconditions.
•Apositivefeedbacksystemoperatessimilarlytoanegativeone,exceptforhow
theresponseaffectsthecontrolledcondition.
•Thecontrolcenterstillprovidescommandstoaneffector,butthistimethe
effectorproducesaphysiologicalresponsethataddstoorreinforcestheinitial
changeinthecontrolledcondition.
•Normalchildbirthprovidesagoodexampleofapositivefeedbacksystem.

34. •Thefirstcontractionsoflabor(stimulus)pushpartofthefetusintothecervix,
thelowestpartoftheuterus,whichopensintothevagina.
•Stretch-sensitivenervecells(receptors)monitortheamountofstretchingof
thecervix(controlledcondition).
•Asstretchingincreases,theysendmorenerveimpulses(input)tothebrain
(controlcenter),whichinturnreleasesthehormoneoxytocin(output)intothe
blood.
•Oxytocincausesmusclesinthewalloftheuterus(effector)tocontracteven
moreforcefully.
•Thecontractionspushthefetusfartherdowntheuterus,whichstretchesthe
cervixevenmore.Thecycleofstretching,hormonerelease,andever-stronger
contractionsisinterruptedonlybythebirthofthebaby.
•Then,stretchingofthecervixceasesandoxytocinisnolongerreleased.

35. Basic Anatomical Terminologies
•Body Positions: In the anatomical position, the body is upright.
•The feet are flat on the floor and directed forward, and the upper limbs are at the
sides with the palms turned forward.
•Prone position: Body is lying face down
•Supine position: Body is lying face up

36. Directional Terms
•Tolocatevariousbodystructures,anatomistsusespecificdirectionalterms,
wordsthatdescribethepositionofonebodypartrelativetoanother.
•Mostofthedirectionaltermsusedhaveoppositemeanings.

38. Planes
•Thesearetheimaginaryflatsurfacesthatpassthroughthebodyparts.
❑Sagittalplane
❑Frontalplane
❑Transverseplane
❑Obliqueplane
•Sagittalplane:Itisaverticalplanethatdividesthebodyoranorganintoright&
leftsides.
•Mid-sagittalplane:Whenasagittalplanepassesthroughthemidlineofthebody
oranorgan&dividesitintoequalrightandleftsides,itiscalledamid-sagittal
planeoramedianplane.

40. •Para-sagittalplane:Ifthesagittalplanedoesnotpassthroughthemidlinebut
dividesthebodyoranorganintounequalright&leftsides,itiscalledapara-sagittal
plane.
•Frontalorcoronalplane:Itdividesthebodyoranorganintoanterior(front)and
posterior(back)parts.
•Transverseplane/horizontalplane/cross-sectionalplane:Itdividesthebodyoran
organintosuperior(upper)andinferior(lower)portions.
•Sagittal,frontal,andtransverseplanesareallatrightanglestooneanother.
•Obliqueplane:Itpassesthroughthebodyoranorganatananglebetweena
transverseplaneandasagittalplaneorbetweenatransverseplaneandafrontal
plane.

42. Sections
•Itisacutofthebodyororgansmadealongoneoftheplanes.
•Thereare3sections;
•Transversesection:Itisformedbyatransverseplanecuttingthroughanobject,
usuallyatrightanglestoanaxis.
•Frontalsection:Itisformedbyafrontalplanecuttingthroughanobject,dividing
thebodyintodorsalandventralparts.
•Midsagittalsection:Itisformedbyamid-sagittalplanecuttingthroughanobject,
dividingthebodyintoright&leftparts

44. Body Cavities
•Thesearespaceswithinthebodythathelptoprotect,separate&support
internalorgans.
•Twotypesofbodycavity;DorsalbodycavityandVentralbodycavity

45. Dorsal Body Cavity
•Itislocatednearthedorsalsurfaceofthe
body.
•Itconsistsof2cavities:Cranialcavityand
Vertebralcanal
•Cranialcavity:Thecranialbonesformthe
cranialcavity,whichcontainsthebrain.
•Vertebralcanal:Thebonesofthevertebral
columnformthevertebralcanal,which
containsthespinalcord.

46. Ventral Cavity
•Itislocatedneartheventralsurfaceof
thebody.
•Ithas2parts;
•Superiorpart:Thoraciccavity,
Pericardialcavity,Pleuralcavity,and
•MediastinumInferiorpart:Abdominal
cavityandPelviccavity

47. ▪Thoraciccavityorchestcavity:Itisformedbytheribs,musclesofthechest,
sternum(breastbone),andvertebralcolumn(backbone).
▪Itisdividedinto3parts.
▪Pleuralcavity:Twofluid-filledspacescalledpleuralcavities,thatpresentaround
eachlung
▪Pericardialcavity:Itisafluid-filledspacethatsurroundstheheart
▪Mediastinum:Thecentralpartofthethoraciccavitycalledasmediastinum.

48. ▪Abdominopelviccavities:Dividedinto2portions,
▪Abdominalcavity:Thesuperiorportion,iscalledastheabdominalcavity,contains
thestomach,spleen,liver,gallbladder,smallintestine,andmostofthelarge
intestine.
▪Pelviccavity:Theinferiorportion,iscalledaspelviccavity,containstheurinary
bladder,portionsofthelargeintestine,andinternalorgansofthereproductive
system.

50. References
1.Tortora GJ, DerricksonBH. Principles of anatomy and physiology. John Wiley &
Sons; 2018 May 15.

51. THANKS!