Introduction-Scope-of-Pharmacology.pdf

healthcare

1. Introduction& Scope of Pharmacology
Mr. SangaleG.P.
Lecturer
Mula Education Society College of Pharmacy, Sonai.

2. Introduction & Definition
•Pharmacology
Pharmacon
Logos
- Drug
- Study
•It is defined as the study of the substances which
interact with living system by activating or
inhibiting normal bodyprocesses.
▫(In simple terms, it is study of all the aspects of
drug.)

3. •Drug: A chemical substance that is used for
diagnosis, prevention & treatment ofdisease.
(French: Drogue -Dry herb)
Contraceptives
GeneralAnaesthetics
Vaccines
•WHO: “Any substance or product that is used
or intended to be used to modify or explore
the physiological system or pathological
state for the benefit of therecipient”
Alter
Physiological
State

4. Classification ofDrugs
•Based on site ofaction
•Based on ChemicalStructure
•Based on Mechanism ofAction
•Based on Ionization ofDrugs
•Based on TherapeuticUses
•Based on Anatomical Therapeutics Classification
(ATC)

5. Sources ofDrugs
•A) PlantSources
•B) AnimalSources
•C)Microorganism
•D) Chemicals
•E) Recombinant DNATechnology

6. •A) PlantSources-
•1)Alkaloids–Atropine
Morphine
•2)Glycosides-Digoxin
(Atropa belladona)
(Papaver somniferum)
(Digitalispurpura)
•3)Oils-
•4)Gum
Essential oil (Volatile oil)-leaves &Flower
eg-clove oil, pipermint,eucalyptus
Fixed oil-seeds
eg-ground nut, coconut, castor, oliveoil
Mineral oil-liquidparaffin
-excretory products (gumacacia)
•5) Resins -Tolu balsam (coughmix)
•6) Tannins -catechu

7. •B) AnimalSources
•1)Hormones
•2)Vaccines
•3)Sera
•4)Vitamins
-Insulin (Pork-Procine), (Beef-Bovine)
-Polio,Antirabies
-ATS (Antitetanus Serum)
-Vit B12 from Liverextract
•C) Microorganism-Antibiotics
•D) Chemicals –syntheticdrugs
•E) Recombinant DNA Tech –Human
Insulin, Calcitonin, Gonadotropins,
erythropoietinetc.

8. Nomenclature ofDrugs
•Chemical Non-Proprietary
OR
GenericName
OR
ApprovedName
OR
OfficialName
Proprietary
OR
BrandName
OR
TradeName
OR
Commercial

9. Some examples of Chemical, Generic, BrandNames
ChemicalName Generic Name/
Non-Proprietary
Name
BrandName/
Proprietary
Name
Acetyl Salicylic
Acid
Aspirin Disprin
AcetaminophenParacetamol Crosin,
Calpol,
Metacin
Aminobenzyl
Penicillin
Ampicillin Roscillin

10. •Generic/Non-ProprietaryName-
▫Given by USAN Council (United States Adopted
Name)
Advantages-
World-wide acceptance, name remains the same
in allcountries.
Usuallyhave similar suffix in agroup.
Economical than Branded/Proprietary
Medicines.
Disadvantages-
Naming of Fixed Dosecombinations.

11. •Brand Name/Proprietary Name -
NamegivenbyPharmaceuticalcompanyfor
commercialpurpose.
Advantages-
The consistency or Pharmacokinetics or efficacy
does not change with samebrand.
Single brand name for a Medicine with multiple
ingredients.
Bioavailability remains same where a patient is
maintained on a particularbrand.
Disadvantages-
Branded Medicines arecostlier.
Multiple brands for a sameMedicine.

12. Examples of the Drugs with more than one
Generic Name-
Acetaminophen Paracetamol
Adrenaline Epinephrine
Noradrenaline Norepinephrine
Frusimide Furosemide
Oestrogen Estrogen
Streptozotocin Streptozocin
Lignocaine Lidocaine
MethylergometrineMethylergonovine

13. DrugCategories
Prescription
Drugs
OTC
(Over TheCounter)
Non-Prescription
Drugs

14. Sources of DrugInformation
•OfficialCompendia
•Pharmacopoeia (IP, BP,USP)
•Formulary(NFI)
•Non-OfficialCompendia
•Physician’s Drug References(PDR)-USA
•Martindale Pharmacopoeia –GreatBritain
•Other Sources of DrugInformation
•Drug indices (CIMS, IDR, MIMS, DrugIndex)
•Drugadvertisement
•Internet, Medical Rep.

15. EssentialDrugs
•WHO in 1977 published a list of drug as “Model list of
Essentialdrugs”.
•“List of drugs that satisfy the health care needs of
majority of the population; they should therefore, be
available at all times in adequate amount &in
appropriate dosageform.”
•The current WHO list is revised in 2011 as 17
th
edition
for adults with 23 FDC & 3
rd
edition forchildren.
•India produced its National Essential Drug List in 1996,
presently it is revised in 2011 with title“NLEM
(National List of Essential Medicines)” whichincludes
348medicines.

16. PHARMACOLOGYDIVISIONS

17. Subdivisions ofPharmacology:
•Thesearefollowings
•Pharmacy:Itdealswithstudyofcollection,
compounding,anddispensingofdrugssoastomake
themfitforadministrationtopatient.
•Immuno pharmacology:Itdealswiththe
immunologicalactionsofdrugsinimmunesystemand
developmentofantibodiesinresponsetoadrug.
•Pharmacoeconomics:Itisthebranchwhichdealswith
economicsofdrug,whichaimstoquantifydrugin
economicterms,thecostandbenefitofdrugsused
therapeutically.
dealswith
andExcretion
Absorption,
(ADME)of
•Pharmacokinetics:It
Distribution,Metabolism
drugs.

18. Subdivisions ofPharmacology
•Pharmacodynamics:Itdealswithstudyofbiochemical
andphysiologicaleffectsofdrugsandtheirmechanism
ofactions.
•Pharmacotherapeutics:itdealswiththeuseofdrugsin
preventionandtreatmentofdiseases.
•ClinicalPharmacology:Itdealswiththestudyofdrugs
inhuman/animalswhengivenindiseasedcondition.
•Pharmacognosy:Itdealswiththesourcesofdrugs.
•Pharmacogenetics:Itdealswiththestudyofgenetically
determinedvariationsinresponsetodrugs.
•Pharmacometrics:Itdealswiththestudyofqualitative
andquantitativeevaluationofdrugsactivity.

19. Subdivisions ofPharmacology
•ExperimentalPharmacology:Itdealswiththestudyof
drugsactioninanimalsunderlaboratoryconditions.
•Pharmacoepidemiology:Itdealswiththestudyofboth
beneficialandadverseeffectsofdrugonhuman/animal
population.
•Chemotherapy:Itdealswithstudyofdrugsthat
inhibitsspecificagentsofdiseasessuchasbacteria,
virusandfungi
•Toxicology:Itdealswiththestudyofadverseeffectsof
drugsorchemicalsonlivingsystem.
•MateriaMedica:Itisabookcontaininginformation
aboutpharmacy,pharmacognosy,posologyandusesof
drugs.Nowadaysitisreplacedbymodernscienceof
pharmacology

20. HISTORY OFPHARMACOLOGY
•Knowledgeofdrugsandtheirusesindiseasesareasold
ashistoryofmankind.
•Primitivemengathertheknowledgeofhealingand
medicinesbyobservingthenature,noticingtheanimals
whileillandpersonalexperienceafterconsumingplants
andherbsasremedies.
•Ancientcivilizationsdiscoveredthatextractsfrom
plants,animals,andmineralshadmedicinaleffectson
bodytissue.Thesediscoveriesbecamethefoundationof
pharmacology.
•Pharmacologyinthepresentformisrelativelyrecent
branchabouthundredyearsold.

21. Historical developments inPharmacology
•PENPSAO(2700BC)Itwasthegreatherbalmateria
medicawritteninchina.
•KahunPapyrus(2000BC)isanoldestEgyptiandocument
containinginformationaboutveterinarymedicinesand
uterinediseasesofwomen.
•Eberspapyrus(1550BC)alsoanEgyptiandocument
containinginformationaboutnumberofdiseasesand
829prescriptionwherecastoroil,opiumlikedrugare
beingused.
•Hippocrates(460-375BC)Agreekphysicianconsider
“fatherofMedicine”.Hewasthefirstpersonwho
recognizediseaseasabnormalreactionofbody.He
introduceuseofmetallicsaltsforthetreatmentof
disease.

22. Historical developments inPharmacology
•Theophrastus(380-287BC)agreatphilosophercalledfatherof
Pharmacognosy.Heclassifiedmedicinalplantsonthebaseof
medicinalcharacteristics.
•Dioscorides(AD57)agreek,producedoneofthefirstmateria
medicaofapproximately500plantsandremedies.
•ClaudiusGalen(AD129–200)firstattemptedtoconsiderthe
theoreticalbackgroundofpharmacology.
•Paracelsus(1493–1541)aSwissscholarandalchemist,often
consideredthe―grandfatherofpharmacology‖.He
introducestheuseofchemicalsfortreatmentofdisease.
•ValeriusCordus(1514-1544)Hecompiledthefirstpharmacopeia
wherehedescribedtechniquesforthepreparationofdrugs.

23. MODERNPHARMACOLOGY
•Conversionof
pharmacology
oldmedicinesintothemodern
starttakingshapefollowingthe
introductionofanimalexperimentationandisolationof
activeingredientsfromplants.
•FrancoisMegendie(1783-1855)afirstpharmacologist
establishedthefoundationofmodernpharmacology.He
developedexperimenttoelucidatethephysiological
processesandactionofdrugsonthebody.
•FrederichSertürner,Germanpharmacist’sassistant,
isolatedmorphine—thefirstpuredrug—in1805
•ClaudeBernard(1813-1878)consideredFatherof
experimentalMedicine.Heidentifiesthesiteofactionof
curare(arrowPoisoning).

24. MODERNPHARMACOLOGY
•RudolphBuchheim(1820–1879)Germanpharmacologista
keyfigureinthedevelopmentofpharmacology,awhoat
theUniversityofDorpat,createdthefirst
pharmacologicalinstitute.
•OswaldSchmiedeberg(1838–1921)―Fatherof
Pharmacology‖establishedpharmacologyasan
independentdiscipline.HestartteachingPharmacology
inUniversityofStrasbourg(France).
•JohnJacobAbel(1857-1938)foundedfirstdepartmentof
pharmacologyinUSAintheUniversityofMichiganin
1893.In1897heestablishedpharmacologydepartment
atJohnsHopkinsUniversity.Abelalsoco-foundedthe
JournalofPharmacologyandExperimentalTherapeutics
in1909.

25. MODERNPHARMACOLOGY
•L.mayerJones(1912-2002)regardedasfatherof
modernveterinarypharmacology.Heauthoredfirstbook
ofveterinarypharmacologytherapeuticsin1954.
SCOPE OFPHARMACOLOGY
•Itprovidestherationalbasisforthetherapeuticuseof
thedrug.Beforetheestablishmentofthisdiscipline,
eventhoughmanyremedieswereused,butdoctors
werereluctanttoapplyscientificprinciplesto
therapeutics.
•In1920s,manysyntheticchemicalswerefirstintroduced
andthemodernpharmaceuticalcompaniesbeganto
develop.

26. SCOPE OFPHARMACOLOGY
•Scientificunderstandingofdrugsenablesustopredict
thepharmacologicaleffectofanewchemicalthatwill
produceaspecifiedtherapeuticeffect.
•Thescopeofpharmacologyhasexpandedgreatlyover
thelastdecadetoincorporatemanynewapproaches
suchascomputer-assisteddrugdesign,geneticscreens,
proteinengineeringanduseofnoveldrugdelivery
vehiclesincludingvirusesandartificialcells.
•Oursocietyneedspharmacologistswhounderstandthe
basisofmoderntherapeuticsforcareerswithin
academic, pharmaceutical and governmental
laboratoriestostudyanddeveloptomorrow’sdrugs.

27. ThankYou…