Introduction to agricultural-pollution.ppt
PiyushTelang1
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Aug 23, 2024
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About This Presentation
Agricultural Pollution
Slide Content
1
Lecture 1. Introduction to Lecture 1. Introduction to
AAgricultural gricultural PPollution ollution CControlontrol
Including particular reference to Including particular reference to
Eastern and Central EuropeEastern and Central Europe
Prepared by Assoc. Prof. Philip Chiverton, SLUPrepared by Assoc. Prof. Philip Chiverton, SLU
Lecture 1. Introduction to Lecture 1. Introduction to
AAgricultural gricultural PPollution ollution CControlontrol
Including particular reference to Including particular reference to
Eastern and Central EuropeEastern and Central Europe
Prepared by Assoc. Prof. Philip Chiverton, SLUPrepared by Assoc. Prof. Philip Chiverton, SLU
2
PollutionPollution : :
‘‘thethe introduction by man, directly or indirectly, introduction by man, directly or indirectly,
of substances or energy into the environment, of substances or energy into the environment,
which are liable to create hazards to human health,which are liable to create hazards to human health,
to harm living resources and marine ecosystems’to harm living resources and marine ecosystems’
Agricultural pollutionAgricultural pollution is, thus, the direct or indirect is, thus, the direct or indirect
introduction of substances – particularlyintroduction of substances – particularly excessive excessive
nutrientsnutrients (such as (such as nitrates (N)nitrates (N) and and phosphorous phosphorous
(P)(P) ) ) - or energy into the environment as a result of - or energy into the environment as a result of
mans agricultural activities.mans agricultural activities.
PollutionPollution : :
‘‘thethe introduction by man, directly or indirectly, introduction by man, directly or indirectly,
of substances or energy into the environment, of substances or energy into the environment,
which are liable to create hazards to human health,which are liable to create hazards to human health,
to harm living resources and marine ecosystems’to harm living resources and marine ecosystems’
Agricultural pollutionAgricultural pollution is, thus, the direct or indirect is, thus, the direct or indirect
introduction of substances – particularlyintroduction of substances – particularly excessive excessive
nutrientsnutrients (such as (such as nitrates (N)nitrates (N) and and phosphorous phosphorous
(P)(P) ) ) - or energy into the environment as a result of - or energy into the environment as a result of
mans agricultural activities.mans agricultural activities.
3
How can How can Agricultural PollutionAgricultural Pollution harm our environment? harm our environment?
How can How can Agricultural PollutionAgricultural Pollution harm our environment? harm our environment?
4
Eutrophic Eutrophic meansmeans nutrient-rich nutrient-rich, and eutrophication literally , and eutrophication literally
means enrichment with nutrients, although nowadays the termmeans enrichment with nutrients, although nowadays the term
is more often used in a negative sense to mean is more often used in a negative sense to mean
over-enrichment.over-enrichment.
Nutrients - especiallyNutrients - especially nitrogennitrogen and and phosphorusphosphorus
- are vital for marine life. But the presence of excessive - are vital for marine life. But the presence of excessive
nutrients can seriously disturb the functioning of marine nutrients can seriously disturb the functioning of marine
ecosystems. ecosystems.
Eutrophic Eutrophic meansmeans nutrient-rich nutrient-rich, and eutrophication literally , and eutrophication literally
means enrichment with nutrients, although nowadays the termmeans enrichment with nutrients, although nowadays the term
is more often used in a negative sense to mean is more often used in a negative sense to mean
over-enrichment.over-enrichment.
Nutrients - especiallyNutrients - especially nitrogennitrogen and and phosphorusphosphorus
- are vital for marine life. But the presence of excessive - are vital for marine life. But the presence of excessive
nutrients can seriously disturb the functioning of marine nutrients can seriously disturb the functioning of marine
ecosystems. ecosystems.
5
Excessive nutrient inputs into a water body induce biological, Excessive nutrient inputs into a water body induce biological,
chemical and physical changes in aquatic plant and animalchemical and physical changes in aquatic plant and animal
communities, often leading to oxygen depletion, especially communities, often leading to oxygen depletion, especially
in deeper waters.in deeper waters.
Greenish, murky water is typically the first sign ofGreenish, murky water is typically the first sign of eutrophicationeutrophication
as microscopic plants and algae grow profusely, consuming the as microscopic plants and algae grow profusely, consuming the
surplus nutrients. But algae are short-lived, and when they diesurplus nutrients. But algae are short-lived, and when they die
they sink to the bottom of the sea, where their decompositionthey sink to the bottom of the sea, where their decomposition
uses up oxygen. uses up oxygen.
The worst affected areas can become completelyThe worst affected areas can become completely anoxicanoxic. In the. In the
absence of oxygen, decomposition can release toxicabsence of oxygen, decomposition can release toxic hydrogenhydrogen
sulphidesulphide, poisoning organisms and making the sea-bed lifeless., poisoning organisms and making the sea-bed lifeless.
Excessive nutrient inputs into a water body induce biological, Excessive nutrient inputs into a water body induce biological,
chemical and physical changes in aquatic plant and animalchemical and physical changes in aquatic plant and animal
communities, often leading to oxygen depletion, especially communities, often leading to oxygen depletion, especially
in deeper waters.in deeper waters.
Greenish, murky water is typically the first sign ofGreenish, murky water is typically the first sign of eutrophicationeutrophication
as microscopic plants and algae grow profusely, consuming the as microscopic plants and algae grow profusely, consuming the
surplus nutrients. But algae are short-lived, and when they diesurplus nutrients. But algae are short-lived, and when they die
they sink to the bottom of the sea, where their decompositionthey sink to the bottom of the sea, where their decomposition
uses up oxygen. uses up oxygen.
The worst affected areas can become completelyThe worst affected areas can become completely anoxicanoxic. In the. In the
absence of oxygen, decomposition can release toxicabsence of oxygen, decomposition can release toxic hydrogenhydrogen
sulphidesulphide, poisoning organisms and making the sea-bed lifeless., poisoning organisms and making the sea-bed lifeless.
6
Photos from: Finnish Institute of Marine ResearchPhotos from: Finnish Institute of Marine Research
(http://www2.fimr.fi/en/itamerikanta/galleria/15.(http://www2.fimr.fi/en/itamerikanta/galleria/15.
Bluegreen algal blooms, Gulf of FinlandBluegreen algal blooms, Gulf of Finland
Photos from: Finnish Institute of Marine ResearchPhotos from: Finnish Institute of Marine Research
(http://www2.fimr.fi/en/itamerikanta/galleria/15.(http://www2.fimr.fi/en/itamerikanta/galleria/15.
Bluegreen algal blooms, Gulf of FinlandBluegreen algal blooms, Gulf of Finland
7
Weather conditions can alleviate or accelerateWeather conditions can alleviate or accelerate eutrophicationeutrophication..
Mild, wet winters are usually bad news for shallow, coastalMild, wet winters are usually bad news for shallow, coastal
waters, as nutrients are washed from farmland into rivers, waters, as nutrients are washed from farmland into rivers,
lakes and ultimately the sea. lakes and ultimately the sea.
This creates suitable condition for intense algal blooms This creates suitable condition for intense algal blooms
in the spring, which can lead to serious oxygen depletion,in the spring, which can lead to serious oxygen depletion,
especially if the summer is then warm and calm.especially if the summer is then warm and calm.
Weather conditions can alleviate or accelerateWeather conditions can alleviate or accelerate eutrophicationeutrophication..
Mild, wet winters are usually bad news for shallow, coastalMild, wet winters are usually bad news for shallow, coastal
waters, as nutrients are washed from farmland into rivers, waters, as nutrients are washed from farmland into rivers,
lakes and ultimately the sea. lakes and ultimately the sea.
This creates suitable condition for intense algal blooms This creates suitable condition for intense algal blooms
in the spring, which can lead to serious oxygen depletion,in the spring, which can lead to serious oxygen depletion,
especially if the summer is then warm and calm.especially if the summer is then warm and calm.
8
Photos from: Finnish Institute of Marine ResearchPhotos from: Finnish Institute of Marine Research
(http://www2.fimr.fi/en/itamerikanta/galleria/15.(http://www2.fimr.fi/en/itamerikanta/galleria/15.
Bluegreen algal bloom, Gulf of Finland 6Bluegreen algal bloom, Gulf of Finland 6
thth
August, 2002 August, 2002
Photos from: Finnish Institute of Marine ResearchPhotos from: Finnish Institute of Marine Research
(http://www2.fimr.fi/en/itamerikanta/galleria/15.(http://www2.fimr.fi/en/itamerikanta/galleria/15.
Bluegreen algal bloom, Gulf of Finland 6Bluegreen algal bloom, Gulf of Finland 6
thth
August, 2002 August, 2002
9
Algal bloom on the Fyris River near SLU in Uppsala – the riverAlgal bloom on the Fyris River near SLU in Uppsala – the river
drains the intensively cultivated agricultural plain of Upplanddrains the intensively cultivated agricultural plain of Uppland
Algal bloom on the Fyris River near SLU in Uppsala – the riverAlgal bloom on the Fyris River near SLU in Uppsala – the river
drains the intensively cultivated agricultural plain of Upplanddrains the intensively cultivated agricultural plain of Uppland
10
So the rivers and seas turn green for a while –So the rivers and seas turn green for a while –
Who cares!?!Who cares!?!
So the rivers and seas turn green for a while –So the rivers and seas turn green for a while –
Who cares!?!Who cares!?!
11
There are many reasons why governments and authorities There are many reasons why governments and authorities
throughout the world are deeply concerned about the effects throughout the world are deeply concerned about the effects
of agricultural pollution.of agricultural pollution.
Not least is the danger toNot least is the danger to
1)1)Public healthPublic health. In drinking water, high concentrations of. In drinking water, high concentrations of
nitrate can cause methemoglobinemia, a potentially fatalnitrate can cause methemoglobinemia, a potentially fatal
disease in infants also known as blue baby syndrome.disease in infants also known as blue baby syndrome.
2)2)Fish stocks and marine biodiversityFish stocks and marine biodiversity. Eutrophication destroys. Eutrophication destroys
(a) spawning areas for economically valuable fish, and (a) spawning areas for economically valuable fish, and
(b) habitats for other marine life.(b) habitats for other marine life.
3)3)The tourist industry.The tourist industry. Poisonous and/or unsightly and odorous Poisonous and/or unsightly and odorous
coastal waters discourage tourists!coastal waters discourage tourists!
There are many reasons why governments and authorities There are many reasons why governments and authorities
throughout the world are deeply concerned about the effects throughout the world are deeply concerned about the effects
of agricultural pollution.of agricultural pollution.
Not least is the danger toNot least is the danger to
1)1)Public healthPublic health. In drinking water, high concentrations of. In drinking water, high concentrations of
nitrate can cause methemoglobinemia, a potentially fatalnitrate can cause methemoglobinemia, a potentially fatal
disease in infants also known as blue baby syndrome.disease in infants also known as blue baby syndrome.
2)2)Fish stocks and marine biodiversityFish stocks and marine biodiversity. Eutrophication destroys. Eutrophication destroys
(a) spawning areas for economically valuable fish, and (a) spawning areas for economically valuable fish, and
(b) habitats for other marine life.(b) habitats for other marine life.
3)3)The tourist industry.The tourist industry. Poisonous and/or unsightly and odorous Poisonous and/or unsightly and odorous
coastal waters discourage tourists!coastal waters discourage tourists!
12
Problems and causes - a summaryProblems and causes - a summary
NutrientNutrient over-enrichment of coastal ecosystems generally over-enrichment of coastal ecosystems generally
triggers ecological changes that decrease the biological triggers ecological changes that decrease the biological
diversity of bays and estuariesdiversity of bays and estuaries
While moderate N enrichment of some coastal waters may While moderate N enrichment of some coastal waters may
increase fish production, over-enrichment generally degrades increase fish production, over-enrichment generally degrades
the marine food web that supports commercially valuable fish.the marine food web that supports commercially valuable fish.
The marked increase in nutrient pollution of coastal waters has The marked increase in nutrient pollution of coastal waters has
been accompanied by an increase in harmful algal blooms, and been accompanied by an increase in harmful algal blooms, and
in at least some cases, pollution has triggered these blooms.in at least some cases, pollution has triggered these blooms.
Problems and causes - a summaryProblems and causes - a summary
NutrientNutrient over-enrichment of coastal ecosystems generally over-enrichment of coastal ecosystems generally
triggers ecological changes that decrease the biological triggers ecological changes that decrease the biological
diversity of bays and estuariesdiversity of bays and estuaries
While moderate N enrichment of some coastal waters may While moderate N enrichment of some coastal waters may
increase fish production, over-enrichment generally degrades increase fish production, over-enrichment generally degrades
the marine food web that supports commercially valuable fish.the marine food web that supports commercially valuable fish.
The marked increase in nutrient pollution of coastal waters has The marked increase in nutrient pollution of coastal waters has
been accompanied by an increase in harmful algal blooms, and been accompanied by an increase in harmful algal blooms, and
in at least some cases, pollution has triggered these blooms.in at least some cases, pollution has triggered these blooms.
13
Problems and causes cont’dProblems and causes cont’d
High nutrient levels and the changes they cause in water High nutrient levels and the changes they cause in water
quality and the makeup of the algal community are quality and the makeup of the algal community are
detrimental to the health of coral reefs and the diversity of detrimental to the health of coral reefs and the diversity of
animal life supported by seaweed and kelp communities.animal life supported by seaweed and kelp communities.
Research during the past decade confirms that N is the chief Research during the past decade confirms that N is the chief
culprit in eutrophication and other impacts of nutrient over-culprit in eutrophication and other impacts of nutrient over-
enrichment in temperate coastal waters, while P is most enrichment in temperate coastal waters, while P is most
problematic in eutrophication of freshwater lakes.problematic in eutrophication of freshwater lakes.
Human conversion of atmospheric N into biologically useable Human conversion of atmospheric N into biologically useable
forms, principally synthetic inorganic fertilizers, now matches forms, principally synthetic inorganic fertilizers, now matches
the natural rate of biological N fixation from all the land the natural rate of biological N fixation from all the land
surfaces of the earth.surfaces of the earth.
Problems and causes cont’dProblems and causes cont’d
High nutrient levels and the changes they cause in water High nutrient levels and the changes they cause in water
quality and the makeup of the algal community are quality and the makeup of the algal community are
detrimental to the health of coral reefs and the diversity of detrimental to the health of coral reefs and the diversity of
animal life supported by seaweed and kelp communities.animal life supported by seaweed and kelp communities.
Research during the past decade confirms that N is the chief Research during the past decade confirms that N is the chief
culprit in eutrophication and other impacts of nutrient over-culprit in eutrophication and other impacts of nutrient over-
enrichment in temperate coastal waters, while P is most enrichment in temperate coastal waters, while P is most
problematic in eutrophication of freshwater lakes.problematic in eutrophication of freshwater lakes.
Human conversion of atmospheric N into biologically useable Human conversion of atmospheric N into biologically useable
forms, principally synthetic inorganic fertilizers, now matches forms, principally synthetic inorganic fertilizers, now matches
the natural rate of biological N fixation from all the land the natural rate of biological N fixation from all the land
surfaces of the earth.surfaces of the earth.
14
Problems and causes cont’dProblems and causes cont’d
Both agriculture and the burning of fossil fuels contribute Both agriculture and the burning of fossil fuels contribute
significantly to non-point flows of N to coastal waters, either significantly to non-point flows of N to coastal waters, either
as direct runoff or airborne pollutants.as direct runoff or airborne pollutants.
N from animal wastesN from animal wastes that leaks directly to surface that leaks directly to surface
waters or is volatilized to the atmosphere as ammoniawaters or is volatilized to the atmosphere as ammonia
may be the largest single source of N that moves from may be the largest single source of N that moves from
agricultural operations into coastal watersagricultural operations into coastal waters..
Problems and causes cont’dProblems and causes cont’d
Both agriculture and the burning of fossil fuels contribute Both agriculture and the burning of fossil fuels contribute
significantly to non-point flows of N to coastal waters, either significantly to non-point flows of N to coastal waters, either
as direct runoff or airborne pollutants.as direct runoff or airborne pollutants.
N from animal wastesN from animal wastes that leaks directly to surface that leaks directly to surface
waters or is volatilized to the atmosphere as ammoniawaters or is volatilized to the atmosphere as ammonia
may be the largest single source of N that moves from may be the largest single source of N that moves from
agricultural operations into coastal watersagricultural operations into coastal waters..
15
How do different agricultural activities contributeHow do different agricultural activities contribute
to pollution, and how does this affect our ground to pollution, and how does this affect our ground
and surface waters??and surface waters??
How do different agricultural activities contributeHow do different agricultural activities contribute
to pollution, and how does this affect our ground to pollution, and how does this affect our ground
and surface waters??and surface waters??
16
Agricultural impacts on water qualityAgricultural impacts on water quality
AgriculturalAgricultural activityactivity1. Tillage/ploughing1. Tillage/ploughing
ImpactsImpacts
Surface waterSurface water GroundwaterGroundwater
SedimentSediment//turbidityturbidity: sediments : sediments
carry phosphorus and pesticides carry phosphorus and pesticides
adsorbed to sediment particles;adsorbed to sediment particles;
siltationsiltation of river beds and loss of river beds and loss
of habitat, spawning ground, etc.of habitat, spawning ground, etc.
Agricultural impacts on water qualityAgricultural impacts on water quality
AgriculturalAgricultural activityactivity1. Tillage/ploughing1. Tillage/ploughing
ImpactsImpacts
Surface waterSurface water GroundwaterGroundwater
SedimentSediment//turbidityturbidity: sediments : sediments
carry phosphorus and pesticides carry phosphorus and pesticides
adsorbed to sediment particles;adsorbed to sediment particles;
siltationsiltation of river beds and loss of river beds and loss
of habitat, spawning ground, etc.of habitat, spawning ground, etc.
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Autumn ploughing in SwedenAutumn ploughing in Sweden
Autumn ploughing in SwedenAutumn ploughing in Sweden
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Agricultural activityAgricultural activity
ImpactsImpacts
Surface waterSurface water GroundwaterGroundwater
2. Fertilizing2. Fertilizing
Runoff of nutrients, especially phosphorus,Runoff of nutrients, especially phosphorus,
leading to eutrophication causing taste andleading to eutrophication causing taste and
odour in public water supply, excessodour in public water supply, excess
algae growth leading to deoxygenatingalgae growth leading to deoxygenating
of water and fish kills. of water and fish kills.
Leaching of nitrate toLeaching of nitrate to
groundwater; excessive levelsgroundwater; excessive levels
are a threat to public healthare a threat to public health.
Agricultural activityAgricultural activity
ImpactsImpacts
Surface waterSurface water GroundwaterGroundwater
2. Fertilizing2. Fertilizing
Runoff of nutrients, especially phosphorus,Runoff of nutrients, especially phosphorus,
leading to eutrophication causing taste andleading to eutrophication causing taste and
odour in public water supply, excessodour in public water supply, excess
algae growth leading to deoxygenatingalgae growth leading to deoxygenating
of water and fish kills. of water and fish kills.
Leaching of nitrate toLeaching of nitrate to
groundwater; excessive levelsgroundwater; excessive levels
are a threat to public healthare a threat to public health.
19
Fertilizing with anhydrous ammoniaFertilizing with anhydrous ammonia
Fertilizing with anhydrous ammoniaFertilizing with anhydrous ammonia
20
Agricultural activity Agricultural activity 3. Manure spreading3. Manure spreading
ImpactsImpacts
Surface waterSurface water GroundwaterGroundwater
Carried out as a fertilizer activity;Carried out as a fertilizer activity;
spreading on frozen ground resultsspreading on frozen ground results
in high levels of contamination of in high levels of contamination of
receiving waters by pathogens, receiving waters by pathogens,
metals, phosphorus and nitrogen metals, phosphorus and nitrogen
leading to eutrophication andleading to eutrophication and
potential contamination.potential contamination.
Contamination of ground-water,Contamination of ground-water,
especially by nitrogenespecially by nitrogen
Agricultural activity Agricultural activity 3. Manure spreading3. Manure spreading
ImpactsImpacts
Surface waterSurface water GroundwaterGroundwater
Carried out as a fertilizer activity;Carried out as a fertilizer activity;
spreading on frozen ground resultsspreading on frozen ground results
in high levels of contamination of in high levels of contamination of
receiving waters by pathogens, receiving waters by pathogens,
metals, phosphorus and nitrogen metals, phosphorus and nitrogen
leading to eutrophication andleading to eutrophication and
potential contamination.potential contamination.
Contamination of ground-water,Contamination of ground-water,
especially by nitrogenespecially by nitrogen
21
Muck spreading in LithuaniaMuck spreading in Lithuania
Muck spreading in LithuaniaMuck spreading in Lithuania
22
Agricultural activity Agricultural activity 4. Feedlots/animal paddocks 4. Feedlots/animal paddocks
ImpactsImpacts
Surface waterSurface water GroundwaterGroundwater
Contamination of surface water withContamination of surface water with
many pathogens (bacteria, viruses, many pathogens (bacteria, viruses,
etc.) leading to chronic public health etc.) leading to chronic public health
problems. Also contamination by problems. Also contamination by
metals contained in urine and faeces.metals contained in urine and faeces.
Potential leaching of nitrogen,Potential leaching of nitrogen,
metals, etc. to groundwater. metals, etc. to groundwater.
Agricultural activity Agricultural activity 4. Feedlots/animal paddocks 4. Feedlots/animal paddocks
ImpactsImpacts
Surface waterSurface water GroundwaterGroundwater
Contamination of surface water withContamination of surface water with
many pathogens (bacteria, viruses, many pathogens (bacteria, viruses,
etc.) leading to chronic public health etc.) leading to chronic public health
problems. Also contamination by problems. Also contamination by
metals contained in urine and faeces.metals contained in urine and faeces.
Potential leaching of nitrogen,Potential leaching of nitrogen,
metals, etc. to groundwater. metals, etc. to groundwater.
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Stock yard in SwedenStock yard in Sweden
Stock yard in SwedenStock yard in Sweden
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Agricultural activityAgricultural activity5. Irrigation5. Irrigation
ImpactsImpacts
Surface waterSurface water GroundwaterGroundwater
Runoff of salts leading to salinizationRunoff of salts leading to salinization
of surface waters; runoff of fertilizersof surface waters; runoff of fertilizers
and pesticides to surface waters with and pesticides to surface waters with
ecological damage, bioaccumulation ecological damage, bioaccumulation
in edible fish species, etc. High levelsin edible fish species, etc. High levels
of trace elements such as selenium of trace elements such as selenium
can occur with serious ecological can occur with serious ecological
damage and potential human healthdamage and potential human health
impacts. impacts.
Enrichment of groundwater withEnrichment of groundwater with
salts, nutrients (especially nitrate). salts, nutrients (especially nitrate).
Agricultural activityAgricultural activity5. Irrigation5. Irrigation
ImpactsImpacts
Surface waterSurface water GroundwaterGroundwater
Runoff of salts leading to salinizationRunoff of salts leading to salinization
of surface waters; runoff of fertilizersof surface waters; runoff of fertilizers
and pesticides to surface waters with and pesticides to surface waters with
ecological damage, bioaccumulation ecological damage, bioaccumulation
in edible fish species, etc. High levelsin edible fish species, etc. High levels
of trace elements such as selenium of trace elements such as selenium
can occur with serious ecological can occur with serious ecological
damage and potential human healthdamage and potential human health
impacts. impacts.
Enrichment of groundwater withEnrichment of groundwater with
salts, nutrients (especially nitrate). salts, nutrients (especially nitrate).
25
IrrigationIrrigation
IrrigationIrrigation
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Agricultural activityAgricultural activity6. Clear cutting 6. Clear cutting
ImpactsImpacts
Surface waterSurface water GroundwaterGroundwater
Erosion of land, leading to highErosion of land, leading to high
levels of turbidity in rivers, siltation levels of turbidity in rivers, siltation
of bottom habitat, etc. Disruption of bottom habitat, etc. Disruption
and change of and change of hydrologic regime,hydrologic regime,
often with loss of perennial streams;often with loss of perennial streams;
causes public health problems causes public health problems
due to loss of potable water.due to loss of potable water.
Disruption of hydrologic regime, Disruption of hydrologic regime,
often with increased surface runoffoften with increased surface runoff
and decreased groundwater and decreased groundwater
recharge; affects surface water by recharge; affects surface water by
decreasing flow in dry periods and decreasing flow in dry periods and
concentrating nutrients and concentrating nutrients and
contaminants in surface water. contaminants in surface water.
Agricultural activityAgricultural activity6. Clear cutting 6. Clear cutting
ImpactsImpacts
Surface waterSurface water GroundwaterGroundwater
Erosion of land, leading to highErosion of land, leading to high
levels of turbidity in rivers, siltation levels of turbidity in rivers, siltation
of bottom habitat, etc. Disruption of bottom habitat, etc. Disruption
and change of and change of hydrologic regime,hydrologic regime,
often with loss of perennial streams;often with loss of perennial streams;
causes public health problems causes public health problems
due to loss of potable water.due to loss of potable water.
Disruption of hydrologic regime, Disruption of hydrologic regime,
often with increased surface runoffoften with increased surface runoff
and decreased groundwater and decreased groundwater
recharge; affects surface water by recharge; affects surface water by
decreasing flow in dry periods and decreasing flow in dry periods and
concentrating nutrients and concentrating nutrients and
contaminants in surface water. contaminants in surface water.
27
Dramatic clear cut on the edges of a lake Dramatic clear cut on the edges of a lake
Dramatic clear cut on the edges of a lake Dramatic clear cut on the edges of a lake
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Clear cut forest area with stream in SwedenClear cut forest area with stream in Sweden
Clear cut forest area with stream in SwedenClear cut forest area with stream in Sweden
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Agricultural activityAgricultural activity7. Silviculture7. Silviculture
ImpactsImpacts
Surface waterSurface water GroundwaterGroundwater
Broad range of effects: Broad range of effects:
pesticide runoff and contaminationpesticide runoff and contamination
of surface water and fish; erosion of surface water and fish; erosion
and sedimentation problems. and sedimentation problems.
Agricultural activityAgricultural activity7. Silviculture7. Silviculture
ImpactsImpacts
Surface waterSurface water GroundwaterGroundwater
Broad range of effects: Broad range of effects:
pesticide runoff and contaminationpesticide runoff and contamination
of surface water and fish; erosion of surface water and fish; erosion
and sedimentation problems. and sedimentation problems.
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Silviculture – managed forest in SwedenSilviculture – managed forest in Sweden
Silviculture – managed forest in SwedenSilviculture – managed forest in Sweden
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Agricultural activityAgricultural activity8. Aquaculture 8. Aquaculture
ImpactsImpacts
Surface waterSurface water GroundwaterGroundwater
Release of high levels of nutrientsRelease of high levels of nutrients
to surface water and groundwaterto surface water and groundwater
through feed and faeces, leadingthrough feed and faeces, leading
to serious eutrophication.to serious eutrophication.
Agricultural activityAgricultural activity8. Aquaculture 8. Aquaculture
ImpactsImpacts
Surface waterSurface water GroundwaterGroundwater
Release of high levels of nutrientsRelease of high levels of nutrients
to surface water and groundwaterto surface water and groundwater
through feed and faeces, leadingthrough feed and faeces, leading
to serious eutrophication.to serious eutrophication.
32
Aquaculture – fish farming adds to the nutient burdenAquaculture – fish farming adds to the nutient burden
Aquaculture – fish farming adds to the nutient burdenAquaculture – fish farming adds to the nutient burden
33
So, we have a problem and the authorities are aware ofSo, we have a problem and the authorities are aware of
it.it.
What What policiespolicies exist within e.g. the European Union to exist within e.g. the European Union to
alleviate the problemalleviate the problem?
So, we have a problem and the authorities are aware ofSo, we have a problem and the authorities are aware of
it.it.
What What policiespolicies exist within e.g. the European Union to exist within e.g. the European Union to
alleviate the problemalleviate the problem?
34
Ironically the EU’s Ironically the EU’s Common Agricultural PolicyCommon Agricultural Policy has tended has tended
to exasperate the problem!to exasperate the problem!
A recent study carried out by the European Nature A recent study carried out by the European Nature
Heritage Fund concluded that:Heritage Fund concluded that:
’ ’most of the EU’s agricultural subsidies exert a negativemost of the EU’s agricultural subsidies exert a negative
impact on the environment, for the majority of payments toimpact on the environment, for the majority of payments to
farmers are not tied to any environmental regulations’ farmers are not tied to any environmental regulations’
Over 60% of the agriculture budget’s total 44 billion Euro’sOver 60% of the agriculture budget’s total 44 billion Euro’s
currently go to the arable crops sector, and these subsidiescurrently go to the arable crops sector, and these subsidies
are not tied to environmental regulationsare not tied to environmental regulations
Ironically the EU’s Ironically the EU’s Common Agricultural PolicyCommon Agricultural Policy has tended has tended
to exasperate the problem!to exasperate the problem!
A recent study carried out by the European Nature A recent study carried out by the European Nature
Heritage Fund concluded that:Heritage Fund concluded that:
’ ’most of the EU’s agricultural subsidies exert a negativemost of the EU’s agricultural subsidies exert a negative
impact on the environment, for the majority of payments toimpact on the environment, for the majority of payments to
farmers are not tied to any environmental regulations’ farmers are not tied to any environmental regulations’
Over 60% of the agriculture budget’s total 44 billion Euro’sOver 60% of the agriculture budget’s total 44 billion Euro’s
currently go to the arable crops sector, and these subsidiescurrently go to the arable crops sector, and these subsidies
are not tied to environmental regulationsare not tied to environmental regulations
35
Grassland - so important for biological diversity and forage Grassland - so important for biological diversity and forage
cropping – is excluded from the payments.cropping – is excluded from the payments.
Maize, on the other hand, is heavily subsidized such as no Maize, on the other hand, is heavily subsidized such as no
other crop, and ecologically it is highly problematic becauseother crop, and ecologically it is highly problematic because
especially large amounts of fertilizer are used in maize especially large amounts of fertilizer are used in maize
farming.farming.
In Germany this has lead to a massive increase in maizeIn Germany this has lead to a massive increase in maize
farming, and at least 25% reduction of meadows and farming, and at least 25% reduction of meadows and
pastures over the past twenty years.pastures over the past twenty years.
Grassland - so important for biological diversity and forage Grassland - so important for biological diversity and forage
cropping – is excluded from the payments.cropping – is excluded from the payments.
Maize, on the other hand, is heavily subsidized such as no Maize, on the other hand, is heavily subsidized such as no
other crop, and ecologically it is highly problematic becauseother crop, and ecologically it is highly problematic because
especially large amounts of fertilizer are used in maize especially large amounts of fertilizer are used in maize
farming.farming.
In Germany this has lead to a massive increase in maizeIn Germany this has lead to a massive increase in maize
farming, and at least 25% reduction of meadows and farming, and at least 25% reduction of meadows and
pastures over the past twenty years.pastures over the past twenty years.
36
Agricultural water pollution issues surfaced in connectionAgricultural water pollution issues surfaced in connection
with the with the 1980 EU directive on drinking water1980 EU directive on drinking water, which required, which required
member states to ensure that certain quality objectivesmember states to ensure that certain quality objectives
for drinking water were met by 1985.for drinking water were met by 1985.
But, during the second half of the 1980’s, it became clear thatBut, during the second half of the 1980’s, it became clear that
most member states had not achieved these quality objectives.most member states had not achieved these quality objectives.
In particular, the maximum pollutant level for nitrate in drinkingIn particular, the maximum pollutant level for nitrate in drinking
water, set at 50 mg per liter, was exceeded in many areas.water, set at 50 mg per liter, was exceeded in many areas.
Agricultural water pollution issues surfaced in connectionAgricultural water pollution issues surfaced in connection
with the with the 1980 EU directive on drinking water1980 EU directive on drinking water, which required, which required
member states to ensure that certain quality objectivesmember states to ensure that certain quality objectives
for drinking water were met by 1985.for drinking water were met by 1985.
But, during the second half of the 1980’s, it became clear thatBut, during the second half of the 1980’s, it became clear that
most member states had not achieved these quality objectives.most member states had not achieved these quality objectives.
In particular, the maximum pollutant level for nitrate in drinkingIn particular, the maximum pollutant level for nitrate in drinking
water, set at 50 mg per liter, was exceeded in many areas.water, set at 50 mg per liter, was exceeded in many areas.
37
We will see later that further reforms to the CAP in the late We will see later that further reforms to the CAP in the late
1980’s (that offered subsidies to farmers who reduced livestock1980’s (that offered subsidies to farmers who reduced livestock
density, decreased fertilizer use or switched to organic farmingdensity, decreased fertilizer use or switched to organic farming
or other extensive forms of production), some Nationalor other extensive forms of production), some National
control measures introduced by individual member states,control measures introduced by individual member states,
and the introduction in 1991 of the and the introduction in 1991 of the Nitrate DirectiveNitrate Directive,,
are having some effects.are having some effects.
Annex 11 of the Nitrate directive outlines Annex 11 of the Nitrate directive outlines Code(s) of GoodCode(s) of Good
Agricultural PracticeAgricultural Practice with the objective of reducing pollution with the objective of reducing pollution
by nitrates.by nitrates.
We will see later that further reforms to the CAP in the late We will see later that further reforms to the CAP in the late
1980’s (that offered subsidies to farmers who reduced livestock1980’s (that offered subsidies to farmers who reduced livestock
density, decreased fertilizer use or switched to organic farmingdensity, decreased fertilizer use or switched to organic farming
or other extensive forms of production), some Nationalor other extensive forms of production), some National
control measures introduced by individual member states,control measures introduced by individual member states,
and the introduction in 1991 of the and the introduction in 1991 of the Nitrate DirectiveNitrate Directive,,
are having some effects.are having some effects.
Annex 11 of the Nitrate directive outlines Annex 11 of the Nitrate directive outlines Code(s) of GoodCode(s) of Good
Agricultural PracticeAgricultural Practice with the objective of reducing pollution with the objective of reducing pollution
by nitrates.by nitrates.
38
For some Candidate countries and Newly Applied StatesFor some Candidate countries and Newly Applied States
problems regarding agricultural pollution of water are problems regarding agricultural pollution of water are
compounded by the lack of a good Agriculturalcompounded by the lack of a good Agricultural
Advisory Service infrastructure.Advisory Service infrastructure.
For some Candidate countries and Newly Applied StatesFor some Candidate countries and Newly Applied States
problems regarding agricultural pollution of water are problems regarding agricultural pollution of water are
compounded by the lack of a good Agriculturalcompounded by the lack of a good Agricultural
Advisory Service infrastructure.Advisory Service infrastructure.
39
Let us now examine the situation in and around our Let us now examine the situation in and around our
respective seas respective seas
i.e. i.e. The Baltic SeaThe Baltic Sea and and The Black SeaThe Black Sea
Let us now examine the situation in and around our Let us now examine the situation in and around our
respective seas respective seas
i.e. i.e. The Baltic SeaThe Baltic Sea and and The Black SeaThe Black Sea
40
I’ll start with the sea nearest home which of course isI’ll start with the sea nearest home which of course is
The Baltic seaThe Baltic sea
I’ll start with the sea nearest home which of course isI’ll start with the sea nearest home which of course is
The Baltic seaThe Baltic sea
41
42
Farming the land can pollute the seaFarming the land can pollute the sea
During recent decades the Baltic Sea has been burdened During recent decades the Baltic Sea has been burdened
with increasing inputs ofwith increasing inputs of nutrientsnutrients from agricultural sources from agricultural sources
such as manure and fertilisers. The consequentsuch as manure and fertilisers. The consequent eutrophicationeutrophication
has widely disrupted marine ecosystems.has widely disrupted marine ecosystems.
There have been reductions in the most harmful agriculturalThere have been reductions in the most harmful agricultural
emissions, butemissions, but farmland remains one of the main sources of farmland remains one of the main sources of
the surplus nutrients entering the Baltic Seathe surplus nutrients entering the Baltic Sea..
Farming the land can pollute the seaFarming the land can pollute the sea
During recent decades the Baltic Sea has been burdened During recent decades the Baltic Sea has been burdened
with increasing inputs ofwith increasing inputs of nutrientsnutrients from agricultural sources from agricultural sources
such as manure and fertilisers. The consequentsuch as manure and fertilisers. The consequent eutrophicationeutrophication
has widely disrupted marine ecosystems.has widely disrupted marine ecosystems.
There have been reductions in the most harmful agriculturalThere have been reductions in the most harmful agricultural
emissions, butemissions, but farmland remains one of the main sources of farmland remains one of the main sources of
the surplus nutrients entering the Baltic Seathe surplus nutrients entering the Baltic Sea..
43
44
45
The environmental quality of the Baltic Sea is largely The environmental quality of the Baltic Sea is largely
influenced by the inputs of pollutants - particularly excessive influenced by the inputs of pollutants - particularly excessive
nutrientsnutrients
NutrientsNutrients can enter the sea in runoff from arable land, mainlycan enter the sea in runoff from arable land, mainly
via rivers and streams, but also along coasts; or in the form via rivers and streams, but also along coasts; or in the form
of deposition from the air.of deposition from the air.
More than 25 of the 132 serious pollution More than 25 of the 132 serious pollution hot spotshot spots identified identified
around the Baltic Sea since 1992 have already been cleaned around the Baltic Sea since 1992 have already been cleaned
up.up.
The environmental quality of the Baltic Sea is largely The environmental quality of the Baltic Sea is largely
influenced by the inputs of pollutants - particularly excessive influenced by the inputs of pollutants - particularly excessive
nutrientsnutrients
NutrientsNutrients can enter the sea in runoff from arable land, mainlycan enter the sea in runoff from arable land, mainly
via rivers and streams, but also along coasts; or in the form via rivers and streams, but also along coasts; or in the form
of deposition from the air.of deposition from the air.
More than 25 of the 132 serious pollution More than 25 of the 132 serious pollution hot spotshot spots identified identified
around the Baltic Sea since 1992 have already been cleaned around the Baltic Sea since 1992 have already been cleaned
up.up.
46
”Hot Spots”
”Hot Spots”
47
http://maps.grida.no/scripts/esrimap.dll?name=hotspots&cmd=map.htmlhttp://maps.grida.no/scripts/esrimap.dll?name=hotspots&cmd=map.html
Follow the above link to access an interactive map with details of allFollow the above link to access an interactive map with details of all
the knownthe known HOT SPOTSHOT SPOTS in the Baltic sea drainage basin. in the Baltic sea drainage basin.
http://maps.grida.no/scripts/esrimap.dll?name=hotspots&cmd=map.htmlhttp://maps.grida.no/scripts/esrimap.dll?name=hotspots&cmd=map.html
Follow the above link to access an interactive map with details of allFollow the above link to access an interactive map with details of all
the knownthe known HOT SPOTSHOT SPOTS in the Baltic sea drainage basin. in the Baltic sea drainage basin.
48
49
Photos from: Finnish Institute of Marine ResearchPhotos from: Finnish Institute of Marine Research
(http://www2.fimr.fi/en/itamerikanta/galleria/15.html)(http://www2.fimr.fi/en/itamerikanta/galleria/15.html)
Marine Research Vessel on the Baltic SeaMarine Research Vessel on the Baltic Sea
Photos from: Finnish Institute of Marine ResearchPhotos from: Finnish Institute of Marine Research
(http://www2.fimr.fi/en/itamerikanta/galleria/15.html)(http://www2.fimr.fi/en/itamerikanta/galleria/15.html)
Marine Research Vessel on the Baltic SeaMarine Research Vessel on the Baltic Sea
50
51
Deep water oxygen concentration in the Deep water oxygen concentration in the
Baltic Proper and Gulf of Finland in 1999Baltic Proper and Gulf of Finland in 1999
HypoxiaHypoxia (oxygen concentration < 2 ml/l, pink (oxygen concentration < 2 ml/l, pink
areas) andareas) and AnoxiaAnoxia (with presence of hydrogen (with presence of hydrogen
sulphide, red areas) in 1999.sulphide, red areas) in 1999.
Deep water oxygen concentration in the Deep water oxygen concentration in the
Baltic Proper and Gulf of Finland in 1999Baltic Proper and Gulf of Finland in 1999
HypoxiaHypoxia (oxygen concentration < 2 ml/l, pink (oxygen concentration < 2 ml/l, pink
areas) andareas) and AnoxiaAnoxia (with presence of hydrogen (with presence of hydrogen
sulphide, red areas) in 1999.sulphide, red areas) in 1999.
52
General InformationGeneral Information
Hotspot numberHotspot number 128128 (Laholm Bay)(Laholm Bay)
TypeType Agricultural RunoffAgricultural Runoff
PriorityPriority NoNo
CountryCountry SESE
Receiving water bodyReceiving water body Kattegat
Kattegat
AimAim Reduction of nutrient leachingReduction of nutrient leaching
Measures proposedMeasures proposed
Limit to animal density, winter green fields, increase storage cap and restrict handling Limit to animal density, winter green fields, increase storage cap and restrict handling
of manureof manure
Latest UpdateLatest Update
1999
1999
General InformationGeneral Information
Hotspot numberHotspot number 128128 (Laholm Bay)(Laholm Bay)
TypeType Agricultural RunoffAgricultural Runoff
PriorityPriority NoNo
CountryCountry SESE
Receiving water bodyReceiving water body Kattegat
Kattegat
AimAim Reduction of nutrient leachingReduction of nutrient leaching
Measures proposedMeasures proposed
Limit to animal density, winter green fields, increase storage cap and restrict handling Limit to animal density, winter green fields, increase storage cap and restrict handling
of manureof manure
Latest UpdateLatest Update
1999
1999
53
Poland
Sweden
Latvia
Russia
Denmark
Finland
Estonia
Lithuania
Germany
0
50 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000
Nitrogen (tonnes in 1995)
Poland
Sweden
Latvia
Russia
Denmark
Finland
Estonia
Lithuania
Germany
0
50 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000
Nitrogen (tonnes in 1995)
54
http://data.ecology.su.se/boing/http://data.ecology.su.se/boing/
index.htmlindex.html
http://data.ecology.su.se/boing/http://data.ecology.su.se/boing/
index.htmlindex.html
55
Poland
Russia
Sweden
Finland
Denmark
Latvia
Lithuania
Estonia
Germany
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
12 000
14 000
16 000
Phosphorus (tonnes in 1995)
Poland
Russia
Sweden
Finland
Denmark
Latvia
Lithuania
Estonia
Germany
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
12 000
14 000
16 000
Phosphorus (tonnes in 1995)
56
57
The 1990s - a decade of change for farming
A crucial change in agriculture in the Baltic Sea region during
the 1990s has been the reintroduction of private ownership of
farmland in countries in transition between the centrally-
planned economy and the market economy.
Through the 1990s prices for agricultural products remained
low, while production costs were high.
Agricultural production decreased overall, resulting in smaller
production units, and substantial reductions in the use of inputs
such as fertilisers and pesticides. In the future, however,
significant reconstruction of the agricultural sector is to be
expected, and increases in productivity. The transitional
countries will need assistance to ensure that environmentally
sustainable agricultural practices are adopted.
The 1990s - a decade of change for farming
A crucial change in agriculture in the Baltic Sea region during
the 1990s has been the reintroduction of private ownership of
farmland in countries in transition between the centrally-
planned economy and the market economy.
Through the 1990s prices for agricultural products remained
low, while production costs were high.
Agricultural production decreased overall, resulting in smaller
production units, and substantial reductions in the use of inputs
such as fertilisers and pesticides. In the future, however,
significant reconstruction of the agricultural sector is to be
expected, and increases in productivity. The transitional
countries will need assistance to ensure that environmentally
sustainable agricultural practices are adopted.
58
In the EU countries changes were less dramatic, but the usage In the EU countries changes were less dramatic, but the usage
of both manure and chemical fertilisers decreased widely.of both manure and chemical fertilisers decreased widely.
In Germany, particularly in the east, the total area of farmland In Germany, particularly in the east, the total area of farmland
shrank considerably during the 1990s. In Finland many farms shrank considerably during the 1990s. In Finland many farms
also stopped operating, and phosphorus emissions from also stopped operating, and phosphorus emissions from
agricultural sources declined significantly, as they had earlier agricultural sources declined significantly, as they had earlier
in Sweden. in Sweden.
The reform of the EU The reform of the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in in
the EU in the early 1990s involved overall reductions in farmthe EU in the early 1990s involved overall reductions in farm
subsidies, and new incentives to promote environmentally subsidies, and new incentives to promote environmentally
favourable agricultural practices. Requirements for subsidies nowfavourable agricultural practices. Requirements for subsidies now
include the adoption of farming practices designed to minimise include the adoption of farming practices designed to minimise
animal waste and fertiliser runoff. The CAP is now also beinganimal waste and fertiliser runoff. The CAP is now also being
gradually adopted by the countries hoping to join the EU, sogradually adopted by the countries hoping to join the EU, so
within a few years a common set of agricultural policies and within a few years a common set of agricultural policies and
subsidies should cover ten of the region's fourteen countries.subsidies should cover ten of the region's fourteen countries.
In the EU countries changes were less dramatic, but the usage In the EU countries changes were less dramatic, but the usage
of both manure and chemical fertilisers decreased widely.of both manure and chemical fertilisers decreased widely.
In Germany, particularly in the east, the total area of farmland In Germany, particularly in the east, the total area of farmland
shrank considerably during the 1990s. In Finland many farms shrank considerably during the 1990s. In Finland many farms
also stopped operating, and phosphorus emissions from also stopped operating, and phosphorus emissions from
agricultural sources declined significantly, as they had earlier agricultural sources declined significantly, as they had earlier
in Sweden. in Sweden.
The reform of the EU The reform of the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in in
the EU in the early 1990s involved overall reductions in farmthe EU in the early 1990s involved overall reductions in farm
subsidies, and new incentives to promote environmentally subsidies, and new incentives to promote environmentally
favourable agricultural practices. Requirements for subsidies nowfavourable agricultural practices. Requirements for subsidies now
include the adoption of farming practices designed to minimise include the adoption of farming practices designed to minimise
animal waste and fertiliser runoff. The CAP is now also beinganimal waste and fertiliser runoff. The CAP is now also being
gradually adopted by the countries hoping to join the EU, sogradually adopted by the countries hoping to join the EU, so
within a few years a common set of agricultural policies and within a few years a common set of agricultural policies and
subsidies should cover ten of the region's fourteen countries.subsidies should cover ten of the region's fourteen countries.
59
0
20 000
40 000
60 000
80 000
100 000
120 000
140 000
160 000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Yearly applied P by mineral fertilizers (ton P) -
Lithuania
0
20 000
40 000
60 000
80 000
100 000
120 000
140 000
160 000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Yearly applied P by mineral fertilizers (ton P) -
Lithuania
60
0
60 000
120 000
180 000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Yearly applied P by mineral fertilizers (ton P) -
Poland
0
60 000
120 000
180 000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Yearly applied P by mineral fertilizers (ton P) -
Poland
61
0
20 000
40 000
60 000
80 000
100 000
120 000
140 000
160 000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Yearly applied P by mineral fertilizers (ton P) -
Sweden
0
20 000
40 000
60 000
80 000
100 000
120 000
140 000
160 000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Yearly applied P by mineral fertilizers (ton P) -
Sweden
62
Nutrient inputsNutrient inputs
Nutrients enter the Baltic Sea either in water flowing into Nutrients enter the Baltic Sea either in water flowing into
the sea, or from the atmosphere. Rivers and coastal pointthe sea, or from the atmosphere. Rivers and coastal point
sources such as urban and industrial wastewater outlets sources such as urban and industrial wastewater outlets
account for most of the nutrient load - in fact three times moreaccount for most of the nutrient load - in fact three times more
nitrogen and ten times more phosphorus than the nitrogen and ten times more phosphorus than the
atmospheric input. atmospheric input.
Nutrient inputsNutrient inputs
Nutrients enter the Baltic Sea either in water flowing into Nutrients enter the Baltic Sea either in water flowing into
the sea, or from the atmosphere. Rivers and coastal pointthe sea, or from the atmosphere. Rivers and coastal point
sources such as urban and industrial wastewater outlets sources such as urban and industrial wastewater outlets
account for most of the nutrient load - in fact three times moreaccount for most of the nutrient load - in fact three times more
nitrogen and ten times more phosphorus than the nitrogen and ten times more phosphorus than the
atmospheric input. atmospheric input.
63
Industrial emissions Industrial emissions
of NO2of NO2
Industrial emissions Industrial emissions
of NO2of NO2
64
0
300
600
199019911992199319941995199619971998
Denmark Finland Germany
Latvia Lithuania Norway
Poland NW Russia Sweden
Industrial NO2 emissions
1000 tonnes
Data Sources: Data sources: EMEP. Lithuania: Ministry of
Economy of the Republic of Lithuania. NW Russia: Russian
Baltic 21 Lead Parties.
0
300
600
199019911992199319941995199619971998
Denmark Finland Germany
Latvia Lithuania Norway
Poland NW Russia Sweden
Industrial NO2 emissions
1000 tonnes
Data Sources: Data sources: EMEP. Lithuania: Ministry of
Economy of the Republic of Lithuania. NW Russia: Russian
Baltic 21 Lead Parties.
65
Pig factory farmPig factory farm
Pig factory farmPig factory farm
66
Pig farm waste lagoon – a source of ammonia!Pig farm waste lagoon – a source of ammonia!
Pig farm waste lagoon – a source of ammonia!Pig farm waste lagoon – a source of ammonia!
67
Trends in nutrient inputsTrends in nutrient inputs
· The inputs of phosphorus to the Baltic Sea are now much · The inputs of phosphorus to the Baltic Sea are now much
lower than in the 1980s, thanks to improved wastewater lower than in the 1980s, thanks to improved wastewater
treatment. treatment.
· But in recent years this decrease has slowed, and nutrient · But in recent years this decrease has slowed, and nutrient
inputs from rivers evidently did not decrease during the period inputs from rivers evidently did not decrease during the period
1994-98.1994-98.
· Inputs of nitrogen, which largely originate from diffuse· Inputs of nitrogen, which largely originate from diffuse
sources such as farmland have been more difficult to reduce. sources such as farmland have been more difficult to reduce.
· Annual atmospheric nitrogen deposition into the Baltic Sea· Annual atmospheric nitrogen deposition into the Baltic Sea
decreased by nearly 40% between 1985 and 1997.decreased by nearly 40% between 1985 and 1997.
Trends in nutrient inputsTrends in nutrient inputs
· The inputs of phosphorus to the Baltic Sea are now much · The inputs of phosphorus to the Baltic Sea are now much
lower than in the 1980s, thanks to improved wastewater lower than in the 1980s, thanks to improved wastewater
treatment. treatment.
· But in recent years this decrease has slowed, and nutrient · But in recent years this decrease has slowed, and nutrient
inputs from rivers evidently did not decrease during the period inputs from rivers evidently did not decrease during the period
1994-98.1994-98.
· Inputs of nitrogen, which largely originate from diffuse· Inputs of nitrogen, which largely originate from diffuse
sources such as farmland have been more difficult to reduce. sources such as farmland have been more difficult to reduce.
· Annual atmospheric nitrogen deposition into the Baltic Sea· Annual atmospheric nitrogen deposition into the Baltic Sea
decreased by nearly 40% between 1985 and 1997.decreased by nearly 40% between 1985 and 1997.
68
One of the non-point sources significantly contributing to the One of the non-point sources significantly contributing to the
pollution of the Baltic Sea is the agriculture sector, which ispollution of the Baltic Sea is the agriculture sector, which is
estimated to account for 30-35 per cent of the total nitrogen estimated to account for 30-35 per cent of the total nitrogen
load to the Baltic. load to the Baltic.
It is dominated by the consumption of the nitrogen fertilizers forIt is dominated by the consumption of the nitrogen fertilizers for
agricultural lands. The massive waterborne nitrogen input to agricultural lands. The massive waterborne nitrogen input to
the Baltic Sea is a major cause of marine eutrophication.the Baltic Sea is a major cause of marine eutrophication.
One of the non-point sources significantly contributing to the One of the non-point sources significantly contributing to the
pollution of the Baltic Sea is the agriculture sector, which ispollution of the Baltic Sea is the agriculture sector, which is
estimated to account for 30-35 per cent of the total nitrogen estimated to account for 30-35 per cent of the total nitrogen
load to the Baltic. load to the Baltic.
It is dominated by the consumption of the nitrogen fertilizers forIt is dominated by the consumption of the nitrogen fertilizers for
agricultural lands. The massive waterborne nitrogen input to agricultural lands. The massive waterborne nitrogen input to
the Baltic Sea is a major cause of marine eutrophication.the Baltic Sea is a major cause of marine eutrophication.
69
70
Riverine nitrogen inputs
to the Baltic Sea
0
400
800
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
Source: BED http://data.ecology.su.se, and
Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 82A
1000
tonnes
Riverine nitrogen inputs
to the Baltic Sea
0
400
800
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
Source: BED http://data.ecology.su.se, and
Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 82A
1000
tonnes
71
Riverine total phosphorous inputs
to the Baltic Sea
0
20000
40000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990
Source: BED http://data.ecology.su.se
Tonnes
Riverine total phosphorous inputs
to the Baltic Sea
0
20000
40000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990
Source: BED http://data.ecology.su.se
Tonnes
72
The Helsinki Commission, orThe Helsinki Commission, or HELCOMHELCOM, works to protect , works to protect
the marine environment of the Baltic Sea from all the marine environment of the Baltic Sea from all
sources of pollution through intergovernmental co-operationsources of pollution through intergovernmental co-operation
between Denmark, Estonia, the European Community, between Denmark, Estonia, the European Community,
Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia and Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia and
Sweden.Sweden.
HELCOM is the governing body of the "Convention on theHELCOM is the governing body of the "Convention on the
Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area“Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area“
- more usually known as the- more usually known as the Helsinki ConventionHelsinki Convention
The Helsinki Commission, orThe Helsinki Commission, or HELCOMHELCOM, works to protect , works to protect
the marine environment of the Baltic Sea from all the marine environment of the Baltic Sea from all
sources of pollution through intergovernmental co-operationsources of pollution through intergovernmental co-operation
between Denmark, Estonia, the European Community, between Denmark, Estonia, the European Community,
Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia and Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia and
Sweden.Sweden.
HELCOM is the governing body of the "Convention on theHELCOM is the governing body of the "Convention on the
Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area“Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area“
- more usually known as the- more usually known as the Helsinki ConventionHelsinki Convention
73
The 1974 ConventionThe 1974 Convention
For the first time ever,For the first time ever, all the sources of pollution around all the sources of pollution around
an entire seaan entire sea were made subject to a single convention, were made subject to a single convention,
signed in 1974 by the then seven Baltic coastal states. signed in 1974 by the then seven Baltic coastal states.
The 1974 Convention entered into force on 3 May 1980. The 1974 Convention entered into force on 3 May 1980.
The 1974 ConventionThe 1974 Convention
For the first time ever,For the first time ever, all the sources of pollution around all the sources of pollution around
an entire seaan entire sea were made subject to a single convention, were made subject to a single convention,
signed in 1974 by the then seven Baltic coastal states. signed in 1974 by the then seven Baltic coastal states.
The 1974 Convention entered into force on 3 May 1980. The 1974 Convention entered into force on 3 May 1980.
74
The 1992 ConventionThe 1992 Convention
In the light of political changes, and developments inIn the light of political changes, and developments in
international environmental and maritime law, a new international environmental and maritime law, a new
convention was signed in 1992 by all the states bordering convention was signed in 1992 by all the states bordering
on the Baltic Sea, and the European Community. After on the Baltic Sea, and the European Community. After
ratification the Convention entered into force on ratification the Convention entered into force on
17 January 2000. The Convention covers the whole of 17 January 2000. The Convention covers the whole of
the Baltic Sea area, including inland waters as well as the the Baltic Sea area, including inland waters as well as the
water of the sea itself and the sea-bed. Measures are alsowater of the sea itself and the sea-bed. Measures are also
taken in the whole catchment area of the Baltic Sea to taken in the whole catchment area of the Baltic Sea to
reduce land-based pollution.reduce land-based pollution.
The 1992 ConventionThe 1992 Convention
In the light of political changes, and developments inIn the light of political changes, and developments in
international environmental and maritime law, a new international environmental and maritime law, a new
convention was signed in 1992 by all the states bordering convention was signed in 1992 by all the states bordering
on the Baltic Sea, and the European Community. After on the Baltic Sea, and the European Community. After
ratification the Convention entered into force on ratification the Convention entered into force on
17 January 2000. The Convention covers the whole of 17 January 2000. The Convention covers the whole of
the Baltic Sea area, including inland waters as well as the the Baltic Sea area, including inland waters as well as the
water of the sea itself and the sea-bed. Measures are alsowater of the sea itself and the sea-bed. Measures are also
taken in the whole catchment area of the Baltic Sea to taken in the whole catchment area of the Baltic Sea to
reduce land-based pollution.reduce land-based pollution.
75
The Helsinki Commission is responsible for monitoringThe Helsinki Commission is responsible for monitoring
and implementing:and implementing:
• The The 1988 Ministerial Declaration1988 Ministerial Declaration, in particular concerning , in particular concerning
reaching the target of 50% reductions in nutrient inputs. reaching the target of 50% reductions in nutrient inputs.
• The The Baltic SeaBaltic Sea JJointoint CComprehensive Environmentalomprehensive Environmental
ActionAction PProgrammerogramme (JCP) (JCP)
established in 1992 to facilitate and monitor the elimination established in 1992 to facilitate and monitor the elimination
of the 132 most polluting sources within the Baltic Sea of the 132 most polluting sources within the Baltic Sea
catchment area – known as "catchment area – known as "hot-spotshot-spots".".
The Helsinki Commission is responsible for monitoringThe Helsinki Commission is responsible for monitoring
and implementing:and implementing:
• The The 1988 Ministerial Declaration1988 Ministerial Declaration, in particular concerning , in particular concerning
reaching the target of 50% reductions in nutrient inputs. reaching the target of 50% reductions in nutrient inputs.
• The The Baltic SeaBaltic Sea JJointoint CComprehensive Environmentalomprehensive Environmental
ActionAction PProgrammerogramme (JCP) (JCP)
established in 1992 to facilitate and monitor the elimination established in 1992 to facilitate and monitor the elimination
of the 132 most polluting sources within the Baltic Sea of the 132 most polluting sources within the Baltic Sea
catchment area – known as "catchment area – known as "hot-spotshot-spots".".
76
The countries in the Baltic Sea drainage basin haveThe countries in the Baltic Sea drainage basin have
committed to most of the conventions that touch upon thecommitted to most of the conventions that touch upon the
issue of eutrophication. The most important treaty, the issue of eutrophication. The most important treaty, the
Helsinki conventionHelsinki convention has all the coastal countries actively has all the coastal countries actively
involved.involved.
Some of the more newly formed states, such as Estonia, Some of the more newly formed states, such as Estonia,
Latvia and Lithuania have not yet signed all of the treaties Latvia and Lithuania have not yet signed all of the treaties
for monitoring & pollution.for monitoring & pollution.
An important treaty, theAn important treaty, the Aarhus conventionAarhus convention, address the , address the
openness and public access of environmental information, openness and public access of environmental information,
has not yet been signed by Russia.has not yet been signed by Russia.
The countries in the Baltic Sea drainage basin haveThe countries in the Baltic Sea drainage basin have
committed to most of the conventions that touch upon thecommitted to most of the conventions that touch upon the
issue of eutrophication. The most important treaty, the issue of eutrophication. The most important treaty, the
Helsinki conventionHelsinki convention has all the coastal countries actively has all the coastal countries actively
involved.involved.
Some of the more newly formed states, such as Estonia, Some of the more newly formed states, such as Estonia,
Latvia and Lithuania have not yet signed all of the treaties Latvia and Lithuania have not yet signed all of the treaties
for monitoring & pollution.for monitoring & pollution.
An important treaty, theAn important treaty, the Aarhus conventionAarhus convention, address the , address the
openness and public access of environmental information, openness and public access of environmental information,
has not yet been signed by Russia.has not yet been signed by Russia.
77
Pollution & Monitoring General
Country Helsinki UNCLOS NOx Wetlands Aarhus EIA
Belarus
Czech Rep
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
Germany
Latvia
Lithuania
Norway
Poland
Russia
Sweden
Ukraine
Key
Not signed
Signed, but not entered or accepted
Entered or accepted
Not applicable
Pollution & Monitoring General
Country Helsinki UNCLOS NOx Wetlands Aarhus EIA
Belarus
Czech Rep
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
Germany
Latvia
Lithuania
Norway
Poland
Russia
Sweden
Ukraine
Key
Not signed
Signed, but not entered or accepted
Entered or accepted
Not applicable
78
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
(UNCLOS)(UNCLOS)
This convention is very wide in scope, and covers all use of This convention is very wide in scope, and covers all use of
international seas, environmental, but also shipping and exploitation.international seas, environmental, but also shipping and exploitation.
The environmental parts of this convention cover monitoring, The environmental parts of this convention cover monitoring,
technical assistance and the establishment of basic environmentaltechnical assistance and the establishment of basic environmental
principles.principles.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
(UNCLOS)(UNCLOS)
This convention is very wide in scope, and covers all use of This convention is very wide in scope, and covers all use of
international seas, environmental, but also shipping and exploitation.international seas, environmental, but also shipping and exploitation.
The environmental parts of this convention cover monitoring, The environmental parts of this convention cover monitoring,
technical assistance and the establishment of basic environmentaltechnical assistance and the establishment of basic environmental
principles.principles.
79
Convention of Long-Range Transboundary Air PollutionConvention of Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
(LRTAP) - NOx Protocol(LRTAP) - NOx Protocol
The objectives of this convention is to monitor and limit theThe objectives of this convention is to monitor and limit the
long-distance pollution of some hazardous substances, to man and long-distance pollution of some hazardous substances, to man and
environment. environment.
Among these are nitrous oxide (NOx), sulphur and volatile organicAmong these are nitrous oxide (NOx), sulphur and volatile organic
compounds (VOC). The NOx protocol was selected for this indicator.compounds (VOC). The NOx protocol was selected for this indicator.
Convention of Long-Range Transboundary Air PollutionConvention of Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
(LRTAP) - NOx Protocol(LRTAP) - NOx Protocol
The objectives of this convention is to monitor and limit theThe objectives of this convention is to monitor and limit the
long-distance pollution of some hazardous substances, to man and long-distance pollution of some hazardous substances, to man and
environment. environment.
Among these are nitrous oxide (NOx), sulphur and volatile organicAmong these are nitrous oxide (NOx), sulphur and volatile organic
compounds (VOC). The NOx protocol was selected for this indicator.compounds (VOC). The NOx protocol was selected for this indicator.
80
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Convention on Wetlands of International Importance
especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention)especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention)
Wetlands are of importance as a natural barrier for nutrients in the Wetlands are of importance as a natural barrier for nutrients in the
drainage basin. The Ramsar Convention seeks to reduce the loss of drainage basin. The Ramsar Convention seeks to reduce the loss of
wetlands, and to conserve and protect.wetlands, and to conserve and protect.
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Convention on Wetlands of International Importance
especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention)especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention)
Wetlands are of importance as a natural barrier for nutrients in the Wetlands are of importance as a natural barrier for nutrients in the
drainage basin. The Ramsar Convention seeks to reduce the loss of drainage basin. The Ramsar Convention seeks to reduce the loss of
wetlands, and to conserve and protect.wetlands, and to conserve and protect.
81
Convention on Access to Information , Public ParticipationConvention on Access to Information , Public Participation
in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental
Matters (Aarhus convention)Matters (Aarhus convention)
The Aarhus convention is the youngest in this presentation The Aarhus convention is the youngest in this presentation
(that is why most countries have just signed it yet). This convention (that is why most countries have just signed it yet). This convention
was created with the objective to ensure public access to all forms ofwas created with the objective to ensure public access to all forms of
environmental information, such as monitoring and assessment.environmental information, such as monitoring and assessment.
Convention on Access to Information , Public ParticipationConvention on Access to Information , Public Participation
in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental
Matters (Aarhus convention)Matters (Aarhus convention)
The Aarhus convention is the youngest in this presentation The Aarhus convention is the youngest in this presentation
(that is why most countries have just signed it yet). This convention (that is why most countries have just signed it yet). This convention
was created with the objective to ensure public access to all forms ofwas created with the objective to ensure public access to all forms of
environmental information, such as monitoring and assessment.environmental information, such as monitoring and assessment.
82
Convention of Environmental Impact Assessment in a Convention of Environmental Impact Assessment in a
Transboundary Context (Espoo Convention)Transboundary Context (Espoo Convention)
Environmental Impact Assessments (Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAEIA) are studies on the ) are studies on the
environmental implications of development, such as construction.environmental implications of development, such as construction.
Countries committed to this convention are required to create an Countries committed to this convention are required to create an
EIA and to go for international co-operation in all development thatEIA and to go for international co-operation in all development that
can effect the environment of the neighbouring countries.can effect the environment of the neighbouring countries.
Convention of Environmental Impact Assessment in a Convention of Environmental Impact Assessment in a
Transboundary Context (Espoo Convention)Transboundary Context (Espoo Convention)
Environmental Impact Assessments (Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAEIA) are studies on the ) are studies on the
environmental implications of development, such as construction.environmental implications of development, such as construction.
Countries committed to this convention are required to create an Countries committed to this convention are required to create an
EIA and to go for international co-operation in all development thatEIA and to go for international co-operation in all development that
can effect the environment of the neighbouring countries.can effect the environment of the neighbouring countries.
83
Now let us look at the situation around your seaNow let us look at the situation around your sea
The Black SeaThe Black Sea
Now let us look at the situation around your seaNow let us look at the situation around your sea
The Black SeaThe Black Sea
84
85
86
87
% Total Nitrates
52%
2%4%1%
7%
12%
0%
7%
2%
6%
7%
Danube
Dnieper
Dniester
Don
Sea of Azov
Bulgaria
Georgia
Romania
Russia
Turkey
Ukraine
The Danube accounts for more than 50% of the total NitrateThe Danube accounts for more than 50% of the total Nitrate
input to the Black Seainput to the Black Sea
% Total Nitrates
52%
2%4%1%
7%
12%
0%
7%
2%
6%
7%
Danube
Dnieper
Dniester
Don
Sea of Azov
Bulgaria
Georgia
Romania
Russia
Turkey
Ukraine
The Danube accounts for more than 50% of the total NitrateThe Danube accounts for more than 50% of the total Nitrate
input to the Black Seainput to the Black Sea
88
89
Decline in Black Sea Commercial Fish StocksDecline in Black Sea Commercial Fish Stocks
Perceived major problemsPerceived major problems
Decline in Black Sea Commercial Fish StocksDecline in Black Sea Commercial Fish Stocks
Perceived major problemsPerceived major problems
90
91
(No more Jansson’s Temptation!!!!????)(No more Jansson’s Temptation!!!!????)
(No more Jansson’s Temptation!!!!????)(No more Jansson’s Temptation!!!!????)
92
93
Perceived major problemsPerceived major problems
Loss of habitats, notably wetlands and shelf areas,Loss of habitats, notably wetlands and shelf areas,
supporting important biotic resourcessupporting important biotic resources
Loss or imminent loss of endangered species Loss or imminent loss of endangered species
and their genomesand their genomes
Replacement of indigenous Black Sea speciesReplacement of indigenous Black Sea species
with exotic oneswith exotic ones
Degradation of the Black Sea landscapeDegradation of the Black Sea landscape
Perceived major problemsPerceived major problems
Loss of habitats, notably wetlands and shelf areas,Loss of habitats, notably wetlands and shelf areas,
supporting important biotic resourcessupporting important biotic resources
Loss or imminent loss of endangered species Loss or imminent loss of endangered species
and their genomesand their genomes
Replacement of indigenous Black Sea speciesReplacement of indigenous Black Sea species
with exotic oneswith exotic ones
Degradation of the Black Sea landscapeDegradation of the Black Sea landscape
94
Perceived major problemsPerceived major problems
Inadequate protection of marine and coastalInadequate protection of marine and coastal
resources from maritime accidentsresources from maritime accidents
Unsanitary conditions in many beaches, bathing andUnsanitary conditions in many beaches, bathing and
shellfish-growing watersshellfish-growing waters
Perceived major problemsPerceived major problems
Inadequate protection of marine and coastalInadequate protection of marine and coastal
resources from maritime accidentsresources from maritime accidents
Unsanitary conditions in many beaches, bathing andUnsanitary conditions in many beaches, bathing and
shellfish-growing watersshellfish-growing waters
95
Polluted beaches don’t attract many tourists!!Polluted beaches don’t attract many tourists!!
Polluted beaches don’t attract many tourists!!Polluted beaches don’t attract many tourists!!
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