introduction to anaemia, classification of anaemia

ntroduction to anaemia, classification of anaemia

1. ANAEMIA MITHUN VENUGOPAL MSc. MLT PATHOLOGY

2. INTRODUCTION “Anemia is a condition in which the number of red cells or their oxygen carrying capacity is insufficient to meet physiologic needs which vary by age, sex, altitude, smoking and pregnancy status.”

3. Signs & symptoms of anemia SIGNS: Pallor Tachycardia (increased and irregular heart rate) Orthostatic hypotension Fainting SYMPTOMS: Dyspnoea (shortness of breath) Fatigue Light headedness Headache Dizziness and drowsiness Syncope on raising from bed

4. Classification of anemia CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MORPHOLOGY CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ETIOLOGY

5. Classification of anemia BASED ON MORPHOLOGY:

6. Classification of anemia BASED ON ETIOLOGY:

7. Classification of anemia ANEMIA DUE TO IMPAIRED RED CELL PRODUCTION: Depression of Erythropoiesis Anaemia of Chronic Disorders (renal failure, liver disease, etc.) Malignancy, Leukemia, Lymphoma Endocrine Disorders Aplastic Anaemia Thalassemia Deficiency of Essential Elements Iron Deficiency Anemia Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia Follic Acid Deficiency Anemia

8. Classification of anemia ANEMIA DUE TO INCREASED RED CELL DESTRUCTION (HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA): INTRACORPUSCULAR Hereditary: Enzyme Defect – G6PD Deficiency, Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency Membrane Defect – Heredetary Spherocytosis, H. Ovalocytosis , H. Elliptocytosis, H. Acanthocytosis Haemoglobin Defect – Sickle Cell Anemia , Hemoglobinopathies (Hb-D, C, E Diseases) Acquired Membrane Defect – Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria

9. Classification of anemia EXTRACORPUSCULAR Immune Iso-immune – Transfusion Reactions, Hemolytic Disease of Newborn (HDN) Autoimmune – SLE, Drugs, Non-Immune Mechanical Trauma – Micro Angiopathic Hemolytic Anemia (DIC), Cardiac valves, March Hemoglobinuria Infections – Malaria, Sepsis Chemical Injury – Lead poisoning Toxins/Venoms – Viper venom Heat Hypersplenism

10. Classification of anemia ANEMIA DUE TO EXCESSIVE BLOOD LOSS: ACUTE Trauma Surgical Procedure CHRONIC Peptic Ulcers Piles Hookworm infections Haematuria Cancer of stomach

11. DIAGNOSIS OF ANEMIA Haemoglobin Estimation Packed Cell Volume RBC Count Red Cell Indices Peripheral Smear Examination Bone marrow Examination Special Tests (TIBC, Schilling Test, Osmotic Fragility Test, Sickling Test, Haemoglobin electrophoresis, etc.)