Introduction to anatomy

General Anatomy

1. Welcome
INTRODUCTION TO
ANATOMY
By
Prof. Dr. AbdelmohaimenMostafa Saleh
Professor of Anatomy & Embryology
Assiut University, Egypt.
أ.د /.حلاص ىفطصم نميهملادبع
ةيلكبطلاىرطيبلا-طويسا ةعماج

2. What is meant by Anatomy:
What Is the Anatomy
Scientifically
The branch of biological science which deals with
form and structure of organisms (animal).
Itmeanscuttingapartorcutandsee
Literally

3. BRANCHES OF ANATOMY
MicroscopicAnatomy:
Studyofvarioustissuesandorganswiththeuse
ofmicroscope(light&electron).
.
Gross Or MacroscopicAnatomy:
Study of form and structure of different parts of
the body with the unaided eye and using
simple instruments as scalpels and forcepses.

4. Comparative Anatomy:
The description and comparison of the structures of
animals. This forms bases for animals
classification.
DevelopmentalAnatomy:
•Studyofchangesthatoccurtotheorganism
fromthetimeofconceptionthroughbirth,
youth,maturityandeventoolderage.
•Thetermembryologyisusuallylimitedtothe
changeswhichoccurfromthetimeof
conceptiontillbirth.

5. Special anatomy:
The description of the structure of a single type or
species of animal.e.g: Anthropotomy= human anatomy
Hippotomym = horse anatomy.
Phylogony:
Ancestral history of different animal species i.e.
Historical development.

6. METHODS OF STUDYING ANATOMY
-Studying the body as systems such as the digestive,
respiratory or urogenital system is called systematic
anatomy,
-while studying the body as regions such as thorax,
abdomen or head & neck is called regional
anatomy.
-Applied anatomy explains the clinical importance of
any structure in the body.

7. The divisions of systematic anatomy are:
. Osteology :is the studying of bones & cartilages of the
skeleton.
. Syndesmology :is the studying of joints.
. Myology :is the studying of muscles and their
accessory structures.
. Splanchnologyis the studying of the viscera which
includes the
digestive, respiratory and urogenital system.
.

8. Angiology:is the studying of organs of circulation
which include the heart, arteries, viens, lymphatics
and spleen.
. Neurology :is the studying of the nervous system &
sense organs.
. Common integument :is the studying of the skin
andits derivatives such as nails, hoof, horn, …. etc.

9. 3.AppliedAnatomy:
Theuseofanatomicalfactsinrelationtoapplied
scienceslikesurgery,internalmedicine,
theriogenologyetc…..
2.TopographicAnatomy:
Descriptionofdifferentregionsofthebodylikelimbs,
head&neck,abdomenandthoraxandpelvis.

10. TOPOGRAPHIC TERMS

11. TOPOGRAPHIC TERMS
UsedtoInordertoindicatethepositionanddirection
ofpartsofthebody,certaindescriptivetermsare
employed,suchas:

12. Dorsal--directedtowardtheback[head,trunk,tail];
alsoappliedtomanus&pes.
Ventral--directedtowardthebelly[head,trunk,tail].
Cranial --directed toward the cranium (brain case).
Caudal --directed toward the tail (& beyond).

13. ANTERIORandPOSTERIORarerestrictedtotheheadin
situationswherenoconfusionwiththeiruseinhuman
nomenclaturecanarise.
Thisisusuallyat,andaround,theeye.
Head terminology
Rostral(oral)–
directed toward the
mouth.
Caudal (aboral)–
directed in the
opposite direction.

14. Limb
terminology
PROXIMAL:is the
direction toward the
trunk.
DISTAL: is the
direction away from
the trunk.
DORSAL:isthedirectiontowardthedorsumofthefoot
PALMAR(manus):orPLANTAR(pes)arethedirections
towardthepalmorplantumoftheforeandhindfoots
respectively.

15. Sometermsarecommontoallregions:
SUPERFICIAL andDEEP(profundus)indicate
relativedistancesfromthesurfaceofthebody.
EXTERNALandINTERNALrefertorelationsof
depthinorgansandcavities.
MEDIALandLATERALgivethepositionnearto,or
fartherfrom,themidlineofthebody.

16. Planes of the body

17. 2.TheSagittalplanesareparalleltothemedianplaneof
thetrunkandhead.
1.The median plane: The median plane divides the trunk
into right and left halves.

18. 2.Transverse plane
any plane cuts the trunk or limbs perpendicular to its
long axis.(i.ecuts the trunk into cranial & caudal parts).
Inalimb,itisatrightanglestoitslongaxis.
In the head, it is at right angle to its long axis .

19. 3.Frontal (dorsal) plane
Itisperpendiculartothemedianandtransverse
planeofthetrunk.
Frontal plane

20. General Osteology
Functions of bones:
1.Protection of vital organs.
2.Give rigidity and form of the body.
3.Act as leavers that help in locomotion with the
aid of muscles.
4.Storage of minerals (calcium and
phosphorous).
5.Formation of blood cells.

21. General Osteology
The study of bones which form the skeleton.
Theskeletonisthe
framework which
supportsandprotects
softstructuresofthe
body.
Exoskeletonas shields
of turtles.
It may be:
Endoskeletonembedded
in soft tissues.

22. Types of the endoskeleton:
2.Appendicular skeleton:
includes bones of the limbs.
1.Axial skeleton: includes the
bones of skull, vertebral column,
ribs and sternum
3.Visceral skeleton:
includes certain bones that develop in some
viscera or soft organs
e.g.:Os cordisin heart of ox.
Os penisin penis of dog.
Entoglossal bonein the tongue of birds

23. Types of Bones
Bones are classified according to their shape into :
1-Long Bones
2-Short Bones
3-Flat bone
4-Irregular bones

24. 1.Longbones:
-Theyareelongatedand
cylindricalinformwith
enlargedextremities.
-Each long bone consists of
body(diaphysis) and two
extremities(epiphysis) and has
medullary cavity.
(NB : In young animals an
epiphyseal plate(narrow band
of cartilage) is found between
diaphysis and epiphysis).
-found in limbs.

25. 2.Short bones:
-Bones with nearly similar
dimensions. They are usually
present in thecarpus&tarsus.
3.Flat bones:
They are bones expanding in
two directions and have two
surfaces. Examples are scapula
and some bones of the skull.

26. 3.Irregular bones:
Bones that have irregular shape.
e.g. Vertebrae
Pneumatic bones:
are bones which contain air
spaces (sinuses).
Sesamoid bonesare bones
which develop in the tendons.

27. Compact bone
-Bonesarelivingsubstancessuppliedwithvesselsandnerves.
-Theyarecoveredbyafibrouslayercalledperiosteumandlined
byanotherfibrouslayercalledendosteum.
-Theyhaveframeworkoffibroustissueandbonecells
(osteoclasts)hardenedwithinorganicsalts(calciumand
phosphorus).Themedullarycavityoflongbonesisfilledwith
bonemarrow.
-Bonesconsistofexternalshellofdensecompactsubstance
&Internalloosespongysubstance.