Introduction to Anatomy and Organization of human body

Introduction to basic anatomical terminology and organization of human body.

1. INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY

2. HIPPOCRATES(460-377BC ) Greek physician Father of Medicine His name is memorialized in the Hippocratic oath Humoral theory : 4 body humors – -blood – phlegum -yellow bile -black bile- Attributed diseases to natural causes . HISTORY OF ANATOMY:

3. VESALIUS(1514- 1654 ) His work De humani corporis fabrica written in 7 volumes revolutionized the teaching of anatomy for 2 centuries Chose not to have his name attached to the parts of body he described unlike anatomists Sylvius , Fallopius , Eustachius . Father of Modern Anatomy ‘ Reformer of Anatomy ’ MODERN 16th CENTURY:

4. Anatomy = Ana ( Gr ) Apart/ Up Tome ( Gr ) =To Cut Dissection Dissecare (Latin) To cut apart ANATOMY: It is a branch of science that is concerned with the study of the structure of human body, animals or any living organism PHYSIOLOGY: It is the branch of biology that studies the normal function of human body or any living organism DEFINITION OF ANATOMY

5. Classification of Anatomy According to the method of description : 1 – Gross (Macroscopic anatomy) : Which deals with body details which are seen by the naked eye. A – Regional anatomy : studying of the body as regions ex: thorax, upper and lower limb . B – Systemic anatomy : studying of the body as systems ex: CNS,CVS and respiratory systems . 2-Microscopic anatomy:(Histology) Which deals with fine details of the body CLASSIFICATION OF ANATOMY:

6. REGIONAL ANATOMY - Head and neck - Brain -Thorax - Abdomen - Upper Limb - Lower limb GROSS ANATOMY:

7. SYSTEMIC ANATOMY - Integumentary system - Skeletal system - Muscular system - Nervous system - Cardiovascular system - Lymphatic system - Endocrine system - Digestive system, -Respiratory system, - Urogenital system

8. Clinical / Applied anatomy : it is the study of anatomy from the aspect of its clinical application. Surgical anatomy: it is the study of anatomy in connection with surgical operation and surgical procedures. Surface anatomy: ( Topographic) it is the study of the surface landmarks of the bony point, muscles and tendons. It is also concerned with drawing of internal structures on the surface of the body . Radiological anatomy: it is the study of anatomy using x rays to demonstrate the bones or some internal organ . Developmental anatomy : (Embryology) it is the study of the developmental Changes which occur during intrauterine life. Comparative Anatomy Sectional Anatomy SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY:

9. Anatomical Position Directional Terms Regional Terms and Axes Body Planes and Sections Body Cavities Organization of Human body

10. Standing up right Looking straight towards horizon Upper limbs hanging by the side of body Palms facing forwards Lower limbs are parallel with toes pointing forwards  ANATOMICAL POSITION

11.  A plane is an imaginary surface that slices the body into specific sections. MID SAGITTAL (Median Plane ) A vertical plane dividing the body into right and left equal halves . SAGITTAL : A vertical plane which is parallel to the sagittal plane. BODY PLANES

12. CORONAL PLANE coronal / frontal / vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts. TRANSVERSE PLANE : cross-sectional/ horizontal plane , cuts perpendicularly along the long axis of the body or organ separating it into both superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts

13. Anterior = Ventral Intermediate = Middle Posterior = Dorsal ANATOMICAL TERMS OF DIRECTION Anterior = In front of ; toward the front surface Posterior = In back of ; toward the back surface Dorsal = At the back side of the human body Ventral = At the belly side of the human body ANATOMICAL TERMS OF DIRECTION

14. Superior / Cranial / Cephalic = Toward the head or above the head end Inferior / Caudal = Toward feet OR tail end.

15. Proximal = Closest to point of attachment to trunk Distal = Furthest from point of attachment to trunk  

16. Anterior - At or near the front of the body (front view) Posterior -At or near the back of the body (back view) Midline - An imaginary vertical line that divides the body equally (right down the middle) Lateral - Farther from midline (side view ) Medial - Nearer to midline (side view )

17. Superior - Toward the head/ upper part of a structure (bird’s-eye view, looking down) Inferior- Away from the head /lower part of a structure (bottom view, looking up) Superficial- Close to the surface of the body Deep - Away from the surface of the body Proximal - Nearer to the origination of a structure Distal Farther from the origination of a structure

18. For solid organs : - Superficial -Deep For hollow organs: - Interior -Exterior For indicating the side: - Ipsilateral - Contralateral

19. Body is partitioned into 2 main regions , the axial region includes the head, neck, and trunk which comprise the main vertical axis of our body our limbs, or appendages, attach to the body’s axis and make up the appendicular region   Body Regions

20. Skull - Inferior surface is called as Base Hand - Posterior surface - Dorsum of Hand Anterior surface - Palmar surface TERMS OF POSITION

21. Foot - Superior surface - Dorsum of Foot - Inferior Surface - Plantar Surface

22. Flexion : - Moving part is carried forwards - Extension - Moving part is carried backwards . TERMS OF MOVEMENT

23. Circumduction : Moving part forms the base.

24. Abduction : - Moving part is carried away from the body/ reference line . Adduction : - Moving part is carried t owards the body / reference line .

25. Medial Rotation – -Moving part is rotated towards the mid line. Lateral Rotation – - Moving part is rotated away from the mid line.

26. LEG : Flexion – A movement on knee joint in which leg is carried backwards. Extension – A movement on knee joint in which leg is carried forwards.

27. TOES: Abduction – Toes move away from the long axis of 2 nd toe. Adduction – Toes move towards long axis of the 2 nd toe

28. NECK: Flexion Extension ROTATION : Right Left - LATERAL FLEXION – Right Left

29. FINGERS : ABDUCTION – Fingers move away from the long axis of middle finger . ADDUCTION – Fingers move towards the long axis of middle finger.

30. THUMB: Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Opposition

31. Forearm: Pronation – Forearm is rotated that the palm faces towards ground. Supination – Forearm is rotated that the palm faces above.  

32. FOOT – Inversion – Sole of the foot faces medially. Eversion – Sole of the foot faces laterally .

33. Dorsiflexion – A movement of foot in which the dorsal surface of foot comes closure to the front of leg. Plantarflexion – A movement of foot in which the dorsal surface of foot goes away from the front of leg

34. Trunk: Flexion Extension Rotation - Left Lateral Flexion - Right - Left

35. Large cavities are spaces in the body that are filled with organs and these organs are often surrounded by membranes. Cranial cavity is within the skull and encases the brain  Thoracic cavity Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs  Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum CAVITY

36. LEVEL 1 : Atoms simplest level of organization within the body is the chemical leve l , which is composed of atoms and molecules . -Atoms are the smallest units of matter LEVEL 2 Molecules 2 or more atoms combine to form a molecule , such as a protein , a water molecule, or a vitamin. Macromolecules larger and more complex molecules such as DNA and proteins . Levels of organization

37. LEVEL3 Organelles At the cellular level, specialized structural and functional units called cells.Cells Are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. May serve a specific function within the organism Examples- blood cells, nerve cells, bone cell

38. LEVEL 4 -Cells Are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. May serve a specific function within the organism e.g - blood cells, nerve cells, bone cells LEVEL 5 Tissues Made up of cells that are similar in structure and function and which work together to perform a specific activity e.g : 4 basic tissues: connective, epithelial , muscle, and nerve

39. LEVEL 6 : Organs Made up of tissues that work together to perform a specific activity Examples : heart, brain, skin, etc LEVEL 7 – Systems Groups of 2 or more organs that work together to perform a specific function for the organism . LEVEL 8 -HUMAN BODY