Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology.pptx

Introductory presentation on anatomy and physiology

1. Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Human Body

2. Anatomy and Physiology Human Anatomy is the study of body structure. Word is derived from the Greek derived from the prefix ana- (on, upon) and the suffix -tomy from the verb temno w/c means “to cut” or “cutting backwards” (putting things together from slices). Human Physiology is the science of body functions. Including the study of homeostasis (keeping the organs systems of the body in balance)

3. Anatomy and Physiology Human Anatomy is the study of body structure. Word is derived from the Greek and means “to cut” or “cutting backwards” (putting things together from slices). Human Physiology is the science of body functions. Including the study of homeostasis (keeping the organs systems of the body in balance)

4. Anatomy and Physiology Structure and function of the body are closely related: Structure mirrors function Bones of the skull are heavy and secure to protect brain function. The thin air sacs of the lungs permit movement of gases from the lungs to the blood.

5. This structure is the liver, which has the function of filtering blood and producing bile. Can you see how the function is determined by the structure, and vice versa? Anatomy and Physiology Structure mirrors function

6. Subdivisions of Anatomy Surface Anatomy is the study of form and markings of the body surface, often explored through visualization or palpation (without any “cutting”). Gross Anatomy is the study of anatomical structures visible to unaided eye. After making the appropriate surface marking in the prior picture, the gross dissection proceeds through “cutting.”

7. Subdivisions of Anatomy Gross Anatomy can be studied by two general approaches: Systemic approach (Systemic Anatomy): Study all of the blood vessels, or all of the muscles, or all of the bones… at once. Regional approach (Regional Anatomy) All anatomical structures of a specific region (e.g. the thorax, or the Head and Neck) are all studied together.

8. Subdivisions of Anatomy Developmental anatomy is the study of the fertilized egg developing into its adult form. Embryology is a subcategory of developmental anatomy (conception to 8 th week of gestation).

9. Subdivisions of Anatomy Histology is the study of tissues . Cytology , like histology, uses a microscope, but restricts the study to individual cellular structures . This micrograph is typical of an histological and cytological examination under light microscopy

10. Subdivisions of Anatomy Pathology is the study of anatomical changes due to disease . Pathologists use gross inspection, as well as cytologic, histologic, and laboratory examinations to discover the source of the disease. This is a section of a human colon opened by a pathologist to reveal polyps that would become cancerous in a few years (premalignant).

11. An autopsy is a postmortem (after death) examination of the body and internal organs performed by a pathologist. An autopsy is usually done to : Determine the cause of death Identify diseases not detected during life Determine the extent of injuries and contribution to death Identify hereditary conditions Clinical Connection

12. Levels of Organization In this course, we will study Anatomy and Physiology by starting with the most basic level of organization (atoms) and “working our way up”.

13. The chemical level of organization is discussed in Chapter 2: Atoms Inorganic Molecules (inorganic chemistry) Organic Molecules (organic chemistry) Levels of Organization

14. Levels of Organization The Cell is next in complexity, in fact many billions of times more complex than molecules. Cells (and this is important!) are the basic structural and functional units of an organism . There are many different kinds of cells in the human body. A trained cytologist can recognize under light microscopy about 210 different kinds of cells.

15. Levels of Organization Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform a similar function. While there are many different types of cells, they all work to form 4 basic types of tissues: Epithelium Connective Tissue Muscle Nerves

16. Organs are structures composed of two or more different types of tissues (all but the simplest of organs have all 4 basic tissues represented.) Organs have specific functions and recognizable shapes. Example: The skin contains Epithelium, Connective Tissues, Nerves, and Muscle. Levels of Organization

17. An organ system consists of related organs with a common function. For instance, the Digestive system handles all aspects of taking in and breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating wastes. It includes all the organs of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. There are 11 organ systems in the body. Levels of Organization

18. An organism consists of a collection of organ systems. In health, all parts of the body must be functioning together in a process called homeostasis . Levels of Organization

19. basic life processes Various functions carried out by living beings; which are necessary to maintain and continue life are called life process . 6 main life processes. Nutrition Respiration Transportation Excretion Movement Reproduction 19

20. 1. Nutrition The process of taking in food and utilizing it is called nutrition. The term ‘nutrition’ comes from the word ‘nutrient’. A nutrient is an organic or inorganic substance required for the maintenance of life and survival of a living organism. The food taken in by an organism contains a large number of nutrients like carbohydrates, fats, proteins. 20

21. 1. Nutrition Mode of Nutrition. Autotrophic Photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Heterotrophic Parasitic Holozoic Saprophytic 21

22. 1. Nutrition Autotrophic : The word ‘ auto ’ means ‘ self ’ and ‘ trophe ’ means ‘ nutrition ’. Autotrophic nutrition is that mode of nutrition in which an organism makes its own food from the simple organic materials like carbon dioxide and water present in the surroundings (with the help of sunlight energy). Those organisms which can make their own food from carbon dioxide and water are called autotrophs . 22

23. 1. Nutrition Heterotrophic : The word ‘ heteros ’ means other and ‘ trophe ’ means nutrition , thus heterotrophic means nutrition obtained from others. All animals have a heterotrophic mode of nutrition. Those organisms which cannot make their own food from inorganic substance like carbon dioxide and water depend on other organism for their food are called heterotrophic. 23

24. 1. Nutrition Types of Heterotrophic Nutrition: Saprophytic Nutrition. Parasitic Nutrition. Holozoic Nutrition. Saprophytic Nutrition: Is the nutrition in which organism get their food from dead or decaying matter . They breakdown the food material outside their body and then absorb it . Examples : Mashrooms , yeast , etc. 24

25. 1. Nutrition Paracytic Nutrition: Is the nutrition in which organism get their food from living organism without killing them. A parasite is a organism which feeds on another living organism called its host. Examples : Cuscuta. 25

26. 1. Nutrition Holozoic Nutrition: Is the nutrition in which organism take food directly and then digest it and absorb it. Examples : Amoeba, Paramoecium. Nutrition in human beings take place in the digestive system. It consists of the alimentary canal and glands which produce enzymes which breaks down food into smaller molecules. The main organs of digestive systems are mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus. 26

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28. 2. respiration The process of releasing energy from food is called respiration. The process of respiration involves taking in oxygen into the cells, using it for releasing energy by burning food, and the eliminating the waste products from the body. The energy released is used to make ATP molecules from ADP molecules and inorganic phosphates. The energy is stored in the cell in the form of ATP molecules. When the cells need energy, ATP is broken down in the presence of water to form ADP and energy is released. 28

29. 2. respiration The main organs of the respiratory system are nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchiole, lungs and diaphragm. 29

30. 3. transportation Transportation is the processes by which food, oxygen, water, waste products are carried from one part of the body to other parts. The main transport system in human begins is circulatory system. It consists of blood, arteries, veins capillaries and hearts. 30

31. 4. excretion Excretion is the process by which waste products are removed from the body. It consists of a pair kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. Each kidney has a number of excretory units called as nephrons. 31

32. 5. movement It includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells etc. Formation of new cells or to the production of a new individual. 32 6. reproduction

33. homeostasis Homeostasis- the self-sustaining mechanisms in organisms that tries to maintain stable internal conditions. Without homeostasis, organisms would not be able to have stable internal conditions, and therefore would not be able to survive. Homeostasis is a dynamic condition in response to changing conditions. The two body systems that largely control the body’s homeostatic state: 1. Nervous system 2. Endocrine system 33

34. homeostasis These two system also work under the 3 different component to maintain stable internal conditions. 3 Components: 34 Receptor Sensor/ Detector (E.g. Skin) Integrator Decide response (E.g. Brain) Effector Carried-out action (E.g. Muscle) Response (Output) Feedback

35. homeostasis Negative feedback mechanism: Restoring back the human to its original state. Make up most of the homeostasis control mechanism. Avoid sudden and harmful changes to our body. E.g. Insulin will be secreted if the glucose level in blood is too high. 35

36. homeostasis Positive feedback mechanism: Triggering an enhance action from the original stimulus. Commonly for activity do not need further adjustment. E.g : Blood clotting where platelets will pile up and clot at the injured site. 36

37. CONTROL OF HOMEOSTASIS Homeostatic imbalances occur because of disruptions from the external or internal environments. Homeostasis is regulated by the nervous system and endocrine system, acting together or independently. The nervous system detects changes and sends nerve impulses to counteract the disruption. The endocrine system regulates homeostasis by secreting hormones. Whereas nerve impulses cause rapid changes, hormones usually work more slowly. 37

38. Anatomical Terminology

39. Try your best to write a sentence for each of the following words. When possible, use anatomical parts in the sentence. - Anterior - Posterior - Superior - Inferior - Dorsal - Ventral Do Now

40. To explain relative body positions and be able to use them in describing body parts. To identify the 3 types of body planes. To locate the different body regions. Objectives

41. Body is standing erect Upper limbs at sides Palms forward “Anatomical Position”

42. 1. Superior : “above” Ex: your nose is superior to your mouth 2. Inferior: “below” Ex: your mouth is inferior to your nose Relative positions

43. 3. Anterior/ventral: “in front” Ex: your eyes are anterior to your brain 4. Posterior/dorsal: “in back” Ex: the pharynx is posterior to the oral cavity Relative positions

44. 5. Medial: Closer to the center of the body Ex: your nose is medial to your eyes 6. Lateral: Farther away from the center of the body Ex: your ears are lateral to your eyes Relative positions

45. 7. Proximal: body part that is closer to a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part. Ex: the elbow is proximal to the wrist 8. Distal: Body part that is farther from a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part. Ex: the fingers are distal to the wrist Relative positions

46. 9. Superficial: Near the surface Ex: your epidermis is the most superficial layer of skin. “superficial wound” is on this surface. 10. Deep: Describes parts that are more internal than superficial parts. Ex: the dermis is the deep layer of skin. A “deep wound” would be more problematic and possibly require stitches. Relative positions

47. 11.Cranial: Toward the skull/head 12.Caudal: Toward the tail 13. Ipsilateral : on the same side 14. Contralateral: on the opposite side Other similar terms

48. 15. Prone: Lying down facing down (on your stomach) 16. Supine: Lying down facing up (on your back) Other similar terms

49. 1. Saggital Divides body into left and right portions lengthwise 2. Transverse Divides body into superior and inferior portions 3. Coronal Divides body into anterior and posterior portions Body sections

50. Guess the Planes: coronal, sagittal, or transverse?

51. Body Sections and Planes Cylindrical Object Bone or organ A) Cross section B) Oblique section C) Longitudinal section

52. Terms describing different areas of the body… Fill the terms in on your diagram as we go through them! 1. Abdominal- region between thorax and pelvis 2. Acromial- point of the shoulder 3. Antebrachial - forearm 4. Antecubital - space in front of the elbow 5. Axillary- armpit 6. Brachial- arm 7. Buccal - cheek 8. Carpal- wrist 9. Celiac- abdomen Body regions

53. 10. Cephalic- head 11. Cervical- neck 12. Costal- ribs 13. Coxal - hip 14. Crural - leg 15. Cubital - elbow 16. Digital- finger 17. Dorsal- back 18. Femoral- thigh 19. Frontal- forehead 20. Genital- reproductive organs Body regions continued

54. 21. Gluteal- the buttocks 22. Inguinal- groin 23. Lumbar- lower back 24. Mammary- breast 25. Mental- chin 26. Nasal- nose 27. Occipital- lower back of the head 28. Oral- mouth 29. Orbital- eye cavity 30. Otic - ear 31. Palmar- palm of hand 32. Patellar- front of knee 33. Pectoral- chest Body regions continued

55. 34. Pedal- foot 35. Pelvic- pelvis 36. Perineal - region between anus and external reproductive organs. 37. Plantar- sole of foot 38. Popliteal- area behind knee 39. Sacral- posterior region between hip bones 40. Scapular- shoulder blade 41. Sternal- middle of thorax, anteriorly (sternum) 42. Tarsal- instep of foot 43. Umbilical- navel 44. Vertebral- spinal column Body regions continued

56. *The next terms are NOT in your textbook but you are still responsible for them. 45. Hallux- big toe 46. Pollex- thumb 47. Calcaneus- heel bone 48. Sural - calf 49. Fibular ( peroneal )- side of lower leg 50. Manual- hand Body regions continued

57. Anterior view (Front)

58. Posterior view (Back)

59. The abdominal region can be separated even further. Abdominal region

60. Organ Systems of the Body Integumentary System consists of the skin and related structures (hair, nails, and glands). Protects body, regulates temperature, and eliminates wastes through sweat and other secretions

61. Skeletal System consists of the bones and joints. Provides protection and support Houses cells that will become red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets Organ Systems of the Body

62. Muscular System consists of the named skeletal muscles, as well as smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. Participates with the skeletal system to facilitate movement and maintain posture Generates the heat necessary for warm-blooded organisms to maintain a constant body temp. Organ Systems of the Body

63. Nervous System consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs). Senses and responds to body conditions through nerve impulses Organ Systems of the Body

64. Endocrine System consists of hormone- producing cells and glands scattered throughout the body. Regulates the body through chemical mechanisms (by releasing hormones into the blood) Organ Systems of the Body

65. Cardiovascular consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. Carries blood and nutrients to specific locations Regulates body temperature, and water balance Organ Systems of the Body

66. Lymphatic System and Immunity consists of the lymphatic fluid, lymph nodes, and lymphocytes – and the other associated organs of the immune system like the tonsils, spleen and thymus gland. Transports fats and proteins to the cardiovascular system Filters blood and protects against disease Organ Systems of the Body

67. Respiratory System consists of the upper airways, the trachea and major bronchi, and the lungs. Extracts O 2 and eliminates CO 2 In conjunction with the kidneys, regulates acid/base balance Organ Systems of the Body

68. Organ Systems of the Body Digestive System consists of the esophagus, stomach and intestines, and the accessory digestive glands like the salivary glands, liver, and gallbladder. Accomplishes the physical and chemical breakdown of food and elimination of waste

69. Urinary System consists of the kidneys, ureters , bladder, and urethra. Involved in the collection and excretion of waste products in urine, and the regulation of fluid, electrolyte, & acid/base balance Organ Systems of the Body

70. Reproductive System consists of the ovaries, uterus and vagina in the female, and the testes and penis in the male (along with associated organs and glands in both sexes). Reproduction of an individual or organism Organ Systems of the Body

71. The systems of the body may appear to be separate and distinct, but the maintenance of most body functions requires the integration of many systems working together. For example, regulation of body temperature involves the muscular, cardiovascular, nervous, and integumentary systems all working together to produce and distribute body heat appropriately. Organ Systems of the Body

72. 72 Thank You