Introduction to Anatomy (Lec 1) 23-24.pdf

Introduction to Anatomy (Lec 1) 23-24.pdf

1. Introduction to Anatomy
Pharm D 1st Prof
Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan
Waseem Ashraf

2. Recommended Books:
•Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology. Martini F, Nath JL, Bartholomew EF. 10th Edition
•Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. Tortora GJ, Derrickson B. 13th Edition

3. Introduction to Anatomy
Anatomy has Greek roots that mean “a cutting open.” Anatomy is the study of
internal and external body structures and their physical relationships among other
body parts.
It was first studied by dissection (act of cutting), the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their
relationships.
Physiology (physio- nature; -logy study of ) is the science of body functions—how the body parts work.

4. Gross Anatomyor macroscopic anatomy, involves examining relatively large structures. Gross anatomy
can be seen without using a microscope and can involve the study of anatomy by dissecting a cadaver or
Autopsy. There are many different forms of gross anatomy:
Major Divisions of Anatomy
1.Gross Anatomy
2.Microscopic Anatomy
Surface anatomy is the study of general form and superficial (toward the body surface) markings.
Regional anatomy focuses on the anatomical organization of specific areas of the body, such as the head,
neck, or trunk. Many advanced courses in anatomy stress a regional approach, because it emphasizes the
spatial relationships among structures already familiar to students.
Systemic anatomy is the study of the structure of organ systems, which are groups of organs that function
together in a coordinated manner. Examples include the skeletal system, composed primarily of bones; the
muscular system, made up of skeletal muscles; and the cardiovascular system, consisting of the heart, blood,
and vessels.

5. Surface Anatomy Regional Anatomy
Systemic Anatomy

6. Microscopic Anatomy
Microscopic anatomy deals with structures that cannot be seen without magnification. The boundaries of
microscopic anatomy are set by the limits of the equipment used.
With a dissecting microscope, tissue structures can be seen. With a light microscope, details of cell structure
can be seen. And with an electron microscope, individual molecules that are only a few nanometers
(billionths of a meter) can be seen.
Microscopic anatomy includes two major subdivisions: cytology and histology
Cytology is the study of the internal structure of individual cells, the simplest units of life.
Histology is the examination of tissues—groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to
perform specific functions .
This is a light microscope histological preparation of the
intestinal lining, stained using hematoxylin and eosin.

7. Organizational Arrangement
Chemical level
This very basic level can be compared to the letters of the alphabet and includes atoms, the smallest units of
matter that participate in chemical reactions, and molecules, two or more atoms joined together. Certain atoms,
such as carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and sulfur (S), are
essential for maintaining life. Two familiar molecules found in the body are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the
genetic material passed from one generation to the next, and glucose, commonly known as blood sugar.
Cellular level
Molecules combine to form cells, the basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of
chemicals. Just as words are the smallest elements of language that make sense, cells are the smallest living units
in the human body. Among the many kinds of cells in body are muscle cells, nerve cells, and epithelial cells.

8. Organizational Arrangement
Tissue level
Tissues are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular
function, similar to the way words are put together to form sentences. There are just four basic types of tissues in
your body: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous tissue.
Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, and forms glands.
Connective tissue connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues.
Muscular tissue contracts to make body parts move and generates heat.
Nervous tissue carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses.
Organ level
At the organ level different types of tissues are joined together. Similar to the relationship between sentences and
paragraphs, organs are structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific
functions and usually have recognizable shapes. Examples of organs are the stomach, skin, bones, heart, liver,
lungs, and brain.

9. Organizational Arrangement
System level
A system (or chapter in our language analogy) consists of related organs (paragraphs) with a common function.
An example of the system level, also called the organ system level, is the digestive system, which breaks down and
absorbs food. Its organs include the mouth, salivary glands, pharynx (throat), esophagus (food tube), stomach,
small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Sometimes an organ is part of more than one
system. The pancreas, for example, is part of both the digestive system and the hormone-producing endocrine
system.
Organismal level
An organism, any living individual, can be compared to a book in our analogy. All the parts of the human body
functioning together constitute the total organism.

11. Anatomical Terminology
Anatomists use anatomical terms to describe body regions, relative positions and directions, and body sections,
as well as major body cavities and their subdivisions. In the following sections we will introduce the terms used
in superficial anatomy and sectional anatomy.
Superficial Anatomy
It involves locating structures on or near the body surface. A familiarity with anatomical landmarks (structures
that can be felt or palpated), anatomical regions (specific areas used for reference purposes), and terms for
anatomical directions are important for understanding structure and functions of human body.
Sectional Anatomy
A slice through a three-dimensional object is called a section and helps to understand the relationships among
the parts of human body and look at the internal organization.

12. Anatomical Landmarks
Helps to remember the name and location of a structure in a body.
Standard anatomical reference or anatomical position.

13. Directional References

14. Directional References

15. Sectional Planes

16. Which one is midsagittal,
transverse or frontal plane?

19. Body Cavities
Body cavities are spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs.

21. The body cavities of the trunk have two essential functions:
1.They protect delicate organs from shocks and impacts; and
2.They permit significant changes in the size and shape of internal organs.
For example, the lungs, heart, stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, and many other organs can expand
and contract without distorting surrounding tissues or disrupting the activities of nearby organs because
they project into body cavities. The internal organs that are enclosed by these cavities are known as
viscera. A delicate serous membrane lines the walls of these internal cavities and covers the surfaces of
the enclosed viscera. A watery fluid, called serous fluid, moistens serous membranes, coats opposing
surfaces, and reduces friction. The portion of a serous membrane that covers a visceral organ is called
the visceral serosa. The opposing layer that lines the inner surface of the body wall or chamber is called
the parietal serosa. Because the moist parietal and visceral serosae are usually in close contact, the
body cavities are called potential spaces. In some clinical conditions, however, excess fluid can
accumulate within these potential spaces, increasing their volume and exerting pressure on the
enclosed viscera.

22. Abdominopelvic Cavity