Introduction to biodiversity, Types of biodiversity

Types of biodiversity, values of biodiversity, genetic diversity, species diversity, ecosystem diversity, measurement of biodiversity, consumptive value, genetic value, food value, ethical value, aesthetic value,

1. BIODIVERSITY
Lecture-1

2. Biodiversity: An Introduction
By
Dr. SuriBabuGolla
Assistant Professor
EM & H Department
SRKR Engineering College
Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh.
Mail: [email protected]

3. INTRODUCTION:
Biodiversityisthevarietyoflifeonearth
Itincludesalllifeforms-fromtheunicellular
fungi,protozoaandbacteriatocomplex
multicellularorganismssuchasplants,birds,
fishesandanimals.
Biodiversityisthevarietyoffloraandfauna
onthisplanetearth.

4. Organisms
Animals
Plants
Prokaryotes
Protists
Fungi
Jellyfish, worms, arthropods, molluscs,
echinoderms, amphibians, fish,
reptiles, birds and mammals.
Seed bearing plants and non-seed
bearing plants
Bacteria and primitive algae
Single-celled organisms
Moulds, mushrooms and toadstools

5. Animals
Vertebrates
Mammals
Fish
Reptiles
Amphibians
Birds
Invertebrates
Flatworms
True worms
Molluscs
Echinoderms
Cnidarians
Arthropods

6. yeast bacteria Protozoans
fungi
Plants
birds

7. DEFINITION:
AccordingtotheWorldResourcesInstitute-
"Biodiversityisthevarietyoftheworld's
organisms,includingtheirgeneticdiversity
andtheassemblagetheyform.”

8. Theconceptreflectstheinter-relatednessofgenes,
speciesandecosystems.
Becausegenesarethecomponentsofspecies,and
speciesarethecomponentsofecosystems.
Therefore,alteringthemake-upofanylevelofthis
hierarchycanchangetheothers-speciesandare
centraltotheconceptofbiodiversity.
Fromthedriestdesertstothedensetropical
rainforestsandfromthehighsnow-cladmountain
peakstothedeepestofoceantrenches,lifeoccurs
inamarvellousspectrumofforms,size,colourand
shape,eachwithuniqueecologicalinter-
relationships.

10. GENETIC DIVERSITY
GENETIC DIVERSITY ACCOUNTS FOR THE DIFFERENCE IN GENES AMONG
INDIVIDUALS AND SPECIES.

12. •GENETICDIVERSITY
•Itreferstothetotalgeneticinformationcontainedinthegenesof
individualsofplants,animalsandmicroorganisms.
•Thegenesfoundinorganismscanformenormousnumberof
combinationseachofwhichgivesrisetosomevariability.
•Genesarethebasicunitsofhereditaryinformationtransmittedfrom
onegenerationtoother.
•Whenthegeneswithinthesamespeciesshowdifferentversionsdue
tonewcombinations,itiscalledgeneticvariability.
•Forexample,allricevarietiesbelongtothespeciesOryzasativa,but
therearethousandsofwildandcultivatedvarietiesofricewhichshow
variationsatthegeneticlevelanddifferintheircolor,size,shape,
aromaandnutrientcontentofthegrain.Thisisthegeneticdiversityof
rice.

13. •Newgeneticvariationarises:
•bygeneandchromosomemutation;and
•bytherecombinationofgeneticmaterial
duringcelldivisionprecedingreproduction.

17. •SpeciesDiversity:
•Aspeciesgenerallyconsistsofalltheindividual
organismsofanaturalpopulationwhichareableto
interbreed,generallysharingsimilarappearance,
characteristicsandgeneticsduetohavingrelatively
recentcommonancestors.
•Aspeciesisareproductivelyisolatedpopulationthat
sharesacommongenepoolandacommonniche.
•aspeciesisoneofthebasicunitsofbiodiversity.

18. SPECIES DIVERSITY
SPECIES DIVERSITY IS DEFINED AS THE NUMBER OF SPECIES AND ABUNDANCE
OF EACH SPECIES THAT LIVE IN A PARTICULAR LOCATION.

19. •Measurementofspecies:
Speciesrichnessisthesimplestmeasureofbiodiversity
andissimplyacountofthenumberofdifferentspecies
inagivenarea.
Speciesevennessisadiversityindex,ameasureof
biodiversitywhichquantifieshowequalthepopulations
arenumerically.
•Soifthereare40foxes,and1000dogs,thepopulationis
notveryeven.
•Butifthereare40foxesand42dogs,thepopulationis
quiteeven.

20. •ECOSYSTEMDIVERSITY
•Thisisthediversityofecologicalvariationsinecological
niches,trophicstructure,food-webs,nutrientcyclingetc.
•Theecosystemsalsoshowvariationswithrespectto
physicalparameterslikemoisture,temperature,altitude,
precipitationetc.
•Thus,thereoccurstremendousdiversitywithinthe
ecosystems,alongthesegradients.
•Theecosystemdiversityisofgreatvaluethatmustbe
keptintact.

21. ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY REFERS TO THE VARIETY OF ECOSYSTEMS IN A
GIVEN PLACE.
ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY
FOREST ECOSYSTEM DESERT ECOSYSTEM
LAKE ECOSYSTEM

22. Measurement of biodiversity
Therearethreeotherindiceswhichareusedbyecologists:
Alphadiversityreferstodiversitywithinaparticulararea,
communityorecosystem,andismeasuredbycountingthe
numberoftaxa(distinctgroupsofanimals)withinthe
ecosystem(eg.families,genera,species).
Betadiversityisspeciesdiversitybetweenecosystems;this
involvescomparingthenumberoftaxathatareuniqueto
eachoftheecosystems.
Itistherateofchangeinspeciescompositionacrosshabitats
oramongcommunities.Itgivesaquantitativemeasureof
diversityofcommunitiesthatexperiencechanging
environments.

23. Gammadiversityisameasureoftheoverall
diversityfordifferentecosystemswithina
region.
Itreferstothetotalbiodiversityoveralarge
areaorregion.

25. VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY
Consumptivevalue:Thesearedirectusevalueswherethe
biodiversityproductcanbeharvestedandconsumeddirectlye.g.
fuel,food,drugs,fibreetc.
Drugsandmedicines:About75%oftheworld'spopulation
Dependsuponplantsorplantextractsformedicines.
ThewonderdrugPenicillinusedasanantibioticisderivedfroma
funguscalled“Penicillium”.
Recentlyvinblastinandvincristine,twoanticancerdrugs,have
beenobtainedfromPeriwinkle(Catharanthus)plant,which
possessesanticanceralkaloids.
Alargenumberofmarineanimalsaresupposedtopossessanti-
cancerpropertieswhichareyettobeexploredsystematically.

26. CONSUMPTIVE USE VALUE
•FOOD VALUE
•FUEL VALUE
•DRUGS AND MEDICINES

27. FOOD VALUE

29. FUEL VALUE

30. DRUGS AND MEDICINES

31. Table 1 . Natural medicinal products
S. No. Product Source Use
1. Aspirin Willow bark Anti-inflammatory
2. Allantoin Blowfly larva Wound healer
3- Bacitracin Bacterium Antibiotic
4. Bee venom Bee Arthritis relief
5. Cytarabine Sponge Leukemia cure
6. Cortisone Mexican yam Anti-inflammatory
7. Digitalis Foxglove plant Heart stimulant
8. Diosgenin Mexican yam Birth-control drug
9. Erythromycin Bacterium Antibiotic
10. Morphine Poppy plant Analgesic
11. Penicillin Fungus Antibiotic
12. Quinine Cinchona bark Malaria treatment
13. Reserpine Rauwolfia Hypertension drug
14. Tetracycline Bacterium Antibiotic
15. Vinblastine Rosy periwinkle plant Anticancer drug
16. Vincristine Rosy periwinkle plant Anticancer drug

32. PENICILLIN EXTRACTED FROM
Penicillium notatum
FUNGUS

33. QUININE-EXTRACTED FROM THE BARK OF
Cinchona Officinalis
TREATMENT OF MALARIA

35. SAFFRON

36. SANKU PUSHPI –MEMORY ENHANCER

37. SARASWATHI-MEMORY ENHANCER

38. SUGANDHI –BREATHE FRESHNER

40. Fuel:Ourforestshavebeenusedsinceagesfor
fuelwood.Thefossilfuelscoal,petroleumand
naturalgasarealsoproductsoffossilized
biodiversity.
ProductiveValues:Thesearethecommercially
usablevalueswheretheproductismarketedand
sold.
Thesemayincludetheanimalproductslike
tusksofelephants,muskfrommuskdeer,silkfrom
silk-worm,woolfromsheep,furofmanyanimals,lac
fromlacinsectsetc,allofwhicharetradedinthe
market.

41. PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM -GREEN OPIUM

42. tusks of elephants
musk from musk deer silk from silk-worm

43. wool from sheep
lac from lac insects

44. GeneticValue:Biologicaldiversityisavaluablegenetic
resource.
Mostofthehybridvarietiesofcropsundercultivationhavebeen
developedbyincorporatingusefulgenesfromdifferentspeciesof
plantstoproducebetterqualityoftheproductwithlongerself-life
orhavingbetterresistancetopests.
Thoughsuchbreedingtechniquesareunlimitedinscope;but,for
gettingbetterstrainsinfuture,itisessentialtobuild-upagene-
poolbecausethequality,yield,andresistancetopests,disease
andadverseclimaticconditionsmostlydependongeneticfactors
andcombinationofgeneswhichmaybedifferentindifferent
strains/varietiesofspecies.
Therearehundredsofexampleswhichillustratehowgenetic
modificationhelpedinimprovedqualityoftheproduct.

45. Afewofthemarementionedasunder
•ThegenesfromawildvarietyofmelongrowninU.P.
helpedinimpartingresistancetopowdrymildewin
musk-melonsgrowninCalifornia(USA).
•ThegenesfromtheKansgrass(Saccharum
spontaneum)growninIndonesiahelpedinimparting
resistancetoredrotdiseaseofsugarcane.
•AwildvarietyofricefromUP.savedmillionsof
hectaresofpaddycropfromGrossy-Stuntvirus.

46. Musk-melon Kans grass

47. SocialValue:Thesearethevaluesassociatedwiththesociallife,
customs,religionandaspectsofthepeople.
Manyoftheplantsareconsideredholyandsacredinourcountry
likeTulsi(holybasil),Peepal,Mango,Lotus,Baeletc.
Theleaves,fruitsorflowersoftheseplantsareusedinworshipor
theplantitselfisworshipped.
ManyanimalslikeCow,snake,Bull,Peacock,Owletchave
significantplaceinpsycho-spiritualarenaandthusholdsocial
importance.
Thetribalpeopleareverycloselylinkedwiththewildlifeinthe
forests.
Thebiodiversityhasdistinctsocialvalue,attachedwithdifferent
societies.

48. Tulsi (holy basil)
LotusPeepal

49. Peepal Tree

50. Cow
Bull
Cobra

51. Peacock

52. Ethicalvalue:Itisalsosometimesknownasexistencevalue.It
involvesethicalissueslike"alllifemustbepreserved'.Itisbased
ontheconceptof"LiveandLetLive".
Ifwewantourhumanracetosurvivethenwemustprotectall
biodiversity,becausebiodiversityisvaluable.
Aestheticvalue:Greataestheticvalueisattachedto
biodiversity.
Nooneofuswouldliketovisitvaststretchesofbarrenlandswith
nosignsofvisiblelife.
Peoplefromfarandwidespendalotoftimeandmoneytovisit
wildernessareaswheretheycanenjoytheaestheticvalueof
biodiversityandthistypeoftourismisnowknownaseco-
tourism.

54. Optionvalues:Thesevaluesincludethepotentialsofbiodiversitythat
arepresentlyunknownandneedtobeexplored.
ThereisapossibilitythatwemayhavesomepotentialcureforAIDSor
cancerexistingwithinthedepthsofamarineecosystem,oratropical
rainforest.
Thusoptionvalueisthevalueofknowingthattherearebiological
resourcesexistingonthisbiospherethatmayonedayprovetobean
effectiveoptionforsomethingimportantinthefuture.
Thus,theoptionvalueofbiodiversitysuggeststhatanyspeciesmay
provetobeamiraclespeciessomeday.
Thebiodiversityislikepreciousgiftsofnaturepresentedtous.We
shouldnotcommitthefollyoflosingthesegiftsevenbeforeunwrapping
them.
Theoptionvaluealsoincludesthevalues,intermsoftheoptiontovisit
areaswhereavarietyoffloraandfauna,orspecificallysomeendemic,
rareorendangeredspeciesexist.

55. Biodiversity value
A lion living upto an age of 7 years can generate
upto $515,000 due to its aesthetic value paid by
tourists, but if killed, the lion skin costs upto
$ 1,000 in the market.
Kenyan elephant in his life time earns upto
$1 million as tourist revenue.
Whale watching on Hervey bay on Queenslands
coast earns upto $12 millions annually.
A typical tree provides $196,2150 ( in rupees
13.73 crores), if it was cutted, then we get only
$ 590 (in rupees 41,300 )as timber.

56. Biodiversity value of a typical tree

57. A typical tree provides 13.73 Crore rupees
worth of ecological services as O2, clean air,
fertile soil, erosion control, water recycling,
wildlife habitat, toxic gases moderation etc.
But it worth only 41,300 rupees when it was
sold in the market as timber.
Biodiversity value of a typical tree

58. Thank you
Dr. SuriBabuGolla
Asst. Professor,
S.R.K.R.Engg. College
Bhimavaram.