Introduction To Carbon Compound

1. 1
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
H
109.5
o
Lesson 1:
Understanding
Carbon Compounds I
(Textbook: Chapter 2
page 33-92)

2. 2
Today’s Lecture
10.1 Learning Objectives
10.2 Unique of Carbon
10.3 Isomer
10.4 Functional Group
10.5 Saturated vs Unsaturated
10.6 IUPAC Naming
Topics Covered

3. 33

“Organic chemistry is enough to
drive one mad. It gives the
impression of a primeval tropical
forest of the most remarkable things,
a monstrous and boundless thicket
with no way of escape, into which
one may well dread to enter”
Frederich Wöhler (1835)

4. 4
Learning
Objectives:
1) Identify the multiple bonding character of carbon atoms
2) Identify carbon as the "backbone" of organic chemistry
3) Define hydrocarbon, alkane, alkene, alkyne, cyclic, and
aromatic as they relate to organic compounds
4) Classify a hydrocarbon as either saturated or unsaturated
compare the geometry of single, double, and triple bonds
between two carbon atoms

5. 55
Learning Objectives:
5) Compare the rotational ability in single,
double, and triple bonds name and draw
structures of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes
up to C10
6) Recognize and name the substituent
groups methyl, ethyl, fluoro, chloro, bromo,
and iodo name and draw structures of
simple
substituted alkanes to C10
7) Describe the term functional group and
relate it to classes of compounds
8) Identify a compound as an alcohol, aldehyde,
ketone,ether, organic acid, ester, amine, or
amide when given a structural diagram

6. 66
OrganicOrganic Chemistry Chemistry

The Study of Carbon CompoundsThe Study of Carbon Compounds
(some exceptions: for example carbonates, (some exceptions: for example carbonates,
carbon dioxide, etc.)carbon dioxide, etc.)
Example of organics chemical:Example of organics chemical:
5)5)Food – carbohydrates, fats, proteinFood – carbohydrates, fats, protein
6)6)Clothing – silk, linen, wool, cotton etc.Clothing – silk, linen, wool, cotton etc.
7)7)PlasticsPlastics
8)8)PharmaceuticalsPharmaceuticals
9)9)Detergents and soapDetergents and soap

7. 77
Organic vs Inorganic: Organic vs Inorganic: DifferencesDifferences
OrganicOrganic InorganicInorganic
BondingBonding CovalentCovalent IonicIonic
Physical StatePhysical State
(room temp)(room temp)
Gas/liquid Gas/liquid
commoncommon
Solids commonSolids common
Melting pointsMelting points Tend to be lowTend to be low Tend to be very Tend to be very
highhigh
Soluble In waterSoluble In waterTend to be Tend to be
insolubleinsoluble
Much higher Much higher
percent solublepercent soluble
ConductivityConductivity NonconductorsNonconductors Conduct in Conduct in
solution and solution and
moltenmolten

8. 88
Why Is Carbon Unique?Why Is Carbon Unique?
1. 1. Forms Forms fourfour covalent bonds covalent bonds
2. 2. Bonds covalently to: H, O, N, P, S, Bonds covalently to: H, O, N, P, S,
and and all other nonmetals (except noble all other nonmetals (except noble
gases)gases)
3. 3. Carbon atoms join to form: Carbon atoms join to form:
 Chains and RingsChains and Rings
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
C
H
2
CH
2

9. 99
Why Is Carbon Unique?Why Is Carbon Unique?
4. 4. Carbon can form multiple Carbon can form multiple
bonds to bonds to itself, oxygen, and itself, oxygen, and
nitrogen. nitrogen. Example:Example:
C-C (single bond)C-C (single bond)
C=C (double bond)C=C (double bond)
C=C C=C (triple bond)(triple bond)

10. 1010
5. 5. Many carbon compounds exist in the Many carbon compounds exist in the
form form of isomers.of isomers.
 Isomers are compounds with the Isomers are compounds with the
same same molecular formula but different molecular formula but different
structures.structures.
 An isomer example: A, B, and C all An isomer example: A, B, and C all
are are CC
44HH
1010 but have different structures. but have different structures.
 Example:Example:
Why Is Carbon Unique?Why Is Carbon Unique?

11. 1111
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
CH
2
CHCH
2
CH
3
CHCHCH
3
A
B
C

12. 1212
Families of Compounds: HydrocarbonsFamilies of Compounds: Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and
hydrogen.hydrogen.
They are nonpolar molecules and They are nonpolar molecules and
consequently are not soluble in water but consequently are not soluble in water but
are soluble in typical nonpolar organic are soluble in typical nonpolar organic
solvents like toluene or pentane.solvents like toluene or pentane.
Hydrocarbons are constructed of chains or Hydrocarbons are constructed of chains or
rings of carbon atoms with sufficient rings of carbon atoms with sufficient
hydrogens to fulfill carbons need for four hydrogens to fulfill carbons need for four
bonds.bonds.

13. 1313
HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons
AliphaticAliphatic
-nonbenzenoid rings-nonbenzenoid rings
-Example:-Example:
Alkanes, alkenes, Alkanes, alkenes,
alkynes & their alkynes & their
derivativederivative
-
AromaticAromatic
Benzene ringBenzene ring
Example:Example:
Benzene (CBenzene (C
66HH
66))
Naphthalene (CNaphthalene (C
1010HH
88))
ClassificationClassification

14. 1414

15. 1515
Functional GroupFunctional Group
Part of an organic molecule where Part of an organic molecule where
chemical reactions take placechemical reactions take place
Composed of an atom or group of Composed of an atom or group of
atoms atoms
Replace a H in the corresponding Replace a H in the corresponding
alkanealkane
Provide a way to classify organic Provide a way to classify organic
compoundscompounds
Let’s see some example in the next Let’s see some example in the next
slideslide

16. 1616
Functional GroupFunctional Group
Functional groupFunctional group
Class of organic Class of organic
compoundcompound
ExamplesExamples
C-C C-C (single bond)(single bond) AlkaneAlkane CHCH
4 4 methane, Cmethane, C
22HH
6 6
ethaneethane
C=C C=C (double bond)(double bond) AlkeneAlkene CHCH
22=CH=CH
2 2 etheneethene
C=C C=C (triple bond)(triple bond) AlkyneAlkyne CHCH
2 2 ethyneethyne
(benzene (benzene
ring)ring)
AreneArene CC
66HH
55CHCH
3 3
methylbenzenemethylbenzene
- OH- OH Alcohol and PhenolAlcohol and Phenol CHCH
33OHOH
methanolmethanol
-O--O- EtherEther CH3-O-CH3CH3-O-CH3
-halogen, -F, -Cl, -halogen, -F, -Cl,
-Br-Br
HaloalkaneHaloalkane CHCH
33CHCH
22ClCl
chloroethanechloroethane

17. 1717
Functional GroupFunctional Group
Functional groupFunctional group Class of organic Class of organic
compoundcompound
ExamplesExamples
AldehydeAldehyde ethanalethanal
KetoneKetone

propanonepropanone
-COOH-COOH Carboxylic acidCarboxylic acidCHCH
33COOH COOH
ethanoic acidethanoic acid
-COO--COO- EsterEster CHCH
33COOCHCOOCH
33
-NH-NH
22 AmineAmine CHCH
33NHNH
2 2
methylaminemethylamine
-CONH-CONH
22 AmideAmide CHCH
33CONHCONH
2 2
ethanamideethanamide
C
O
CH
3CCH
3
O
CH
O
CH
3CH
O

18. 1818
Homologous series:
series of compounds with similar chemical
properties, each member differs from the
previous one by the addition of a –CH2-
group.
The general characteristics of a homologous
series are:
1) same functional group and similar chemical
properties.
2)differs from the next in the series by a –
CH2- group.
3)may be prepared by similar methods.
4) The physical properties- show a progressive
change with increasing relative molecular
mass.
5) contain the same elements and can be
represented
by the same general formula.
General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

19. 1919
General FormulaeGeneral Formulae
CnH2n+1CNH2
O
Homologous seriesHomologous series General formulaGeneral formula
AlkanesAlkanes CC
nnHH
2n+22n+2
CycloalkanesCycloalkanes CC
nnHH
2n2n
AlkenesAlkenes CC
nnHH
2n2n
CycloalkenesCycloalkenes CC
nnHH
2n-22n-2
AlkynesAlkynes CC
nnHH
2n-22n-2
HaloalkanesHaloalkanes CC
nnHH
2n+1 2n+1 X (X= Cl, Br, X (X= Cl, Br,
I)I)AlcoholsAlcohols CC
nnHH
2n+1 2n+1 OHOH
CC
nnHH
2n+22n+2OO

20. 2020
General FormulaeGeneral Formulae
CnH2n+1CNH2
O
Homologous seriesHomologous series General formulaGeneral formula
AldehydeAldehyde CC
nnHH
2n2nOO
KetonesKetones CC
nnHH
2n2nOO
Carboxylic acids Carboxylic acids CC
nnHH
2n2nOO
22
CC
nnHH
2n+1 2n+1 COOHCOOH
EstersEsters CC
nnHH
2n2nOO
22
AmineAmine CC
nnHH
2n+1 2n+1 NHNH
22
AmideAmide CC
nnHH
2n+1 2n+1 CONHCONH
22

21. 2121
The general formula for an organic
compound can also be written by using
the symbol R to represent the alkyl
group, C
n
H
2n+1
or the phenyl group, C
6
H
5
.
(R’ and R’’ represent two alkyl groups.
The alkyl groups can be the same or
different.)
The phenyl group (- C
6
H
5
) has the
structural formula of:
General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

22. 2222
General FormulaeGeneral Formulae
Homologous seriesHomologous series General formulaGeneral formula
AlkanesAlkanes RHRH
AldehydesAldehydes RCHORCHO
KetonesKetones R’COR’’R’COR’’
AlcoholsAlcohols ROHROH
Carboxylic acidsCarboxylic acids RCOOHRCOOH
EstersEsters R’COOR’’R’COOR’’
AminesAmines RNHRNH
22
AmidesAmides RCONHRCONH
22

23. 2323
Systematic NamingSystematic Naming
●
The IUPAC (International Union of
Pure and Applied Chemistry) is
responsible for chemistry names.
●
In the IUPAC system, the chemical
name of an organic compounds has
three parts:
●
prefix, parent and suffix
1)The prefix of the chemical name gives
information about the substituent
present,
2) the parent gives the number of carbon
atoms present in the molecule
3) the suffix gives the name of the
homologous series.

24. 2424
Systematic NamingSystematic Naming
Example:
IUPAC name for BrCH
2
CH
2
COOH is
Prefix: bromo
Parent: propan
Suffix: oic
3–bromopropanoic
acid

25. 2525
Saturated compounds (alkanes) have
the maximum number of hydrogen
atoms attached to each carbon atom
Unsaturated compounds have fewer
hydrogen atoms attached to the
carbon chain than alkanes
Unsaturated compounds contain
double or triple bonds
Saturated and Unsaturated
Compounds

26. 2626
Molecules contain one or more carbon-
carbon double (C=C) or triple (C C) bonds
≡
≡

There are three classes of unsaturated
hydrocarbons:
1. alkenes and cycloalkenes, CnH2n
2. alkynes and cycloalkynes, CnH2n-2
3. aromatic hydrocarbons
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

27. 2727
Alkanes, CAlkanes, C
nn
HH
2n+22n+2
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
H
109.5
o
Contain C and H onlyContain C and H only
Contain single bonds C-CContain single bonds C-C
Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C) atomHave 4 bonds to every carbon (C) atom
Are nonpolarAre nonpolar

28. 2828
Alkanes, CAlkanes, C
nn
HH
2n+22n+2
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
H
109.5
o
The bonding around each carbon atom is The bonding around each carbon atom is
tetrahedral, so all bond angles are 109.5°. tetrahedral, so all bond angles are 109.5°.
As a result, the carbon atoms in higher As a result, the carbon atoms in higher
alkanes are arranged in zig-zag rather than alkanes are arranged in zig-zag rather than
linear patterns. linear patterns.

29. 2929
IUPAC IUPAC
NameName
# #
CarbonCarbon
Molecular Molecular
formulaformula
Structural formulaStructural formula
/Condensed formula/Condensed formula
MethMethanan
ee
11 CHCH
44
CHCH
44
EthEthaneane 22 CC
22HH
66
CHCH
33CHCH
33
PropPropaneane 33 CC
33HH
88
CHCH
33CHCH
22CHCH
33
ButButaneane 44 CC
44HH
1010
CHCH
33CHCH
22CHCH
22CHCH
33
PentPentaneane 55 CC
55HH
1212
CHCH
33CHCH
22CHCH
22CHCH
22CHCH
33
HexHexaneane 66 CC
66HH
1414
CHCH
33CHCH
22CHCH
22CHCH
22CHCH
22CHCH
33
HeptHeptanan
ee
77 CC
77HH
1616
CHCH
33CHCH
22CHCH
22CHCH
22CHCH
22CHCH
22CHCH
33
OctOctaneane 88 CC
88HH
1818 CHCH
33CHCH
22CHCH
22CHCH
22CHCH
22CHCH
22CHCH
22CHCH
33
NonNonaneane 99 CC
99HH
2020
CHCH
3 3 CHCH
2 2 CHCH
22CHCH
22CHCH
22CHCH
22CHCH
22CHCH
22CHCH
33
DecDecaneane 1010 CC
1010HH
2222 CHCH
33CHCH
22CHCH
22CHCH
22CHCH
22CHCH
22CHCH
22CHCH
22CHCH
22CHCH
33
General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

30. 3030
Alkane- IUPAC NamesAlkane- IUPAC Names
Before learning the IUPAC rules Before learning the IUPAC rules
for naming alkanes, the names and for naming alkanes, the names and
structures of eight alkyl groups structures of eight alkyl groups
must be learned.must be learned.
These alkyl groups are historical These alkyl groups are historical
names accepted by the IUPAC and names accepted by the IUPAC and
integrated into modern integrated into modern
nomenclature.nomenclature.

31. 3131
AlkylAlkyl Groups Groups
 An alkyl group is an alkane with An alkyl group is an alkane with
one one hydrogen atom removed. It is hydrogen atom removed. It is
named by named by replacing thereplacing the ane ane of the of the
alkane name with alkane name with --ylyl..
 Methane becomes a methyl group.Methane becomes a methyl group.
orCH
3
HC
H
H
H
HC
H
H

32. 3232
All six hydrogens on ethane are All six hydrogens on ethane are
equivalent. Removing one H equivalent. Removing one H
generates the ethyl group.generates the ethyl group.
C
H
CH
H
H
H
H
CH
3
CH
2
CH
3
CH
2
C
2
H
5

33. 3333
Synthetic polymers provide a wide variety of items that we use every day.

34. 3434
the bottom line……….
…………… .be enthusiastic!

35. 35
Thank you
Questions and
Comments
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
H
109.5
o