Introduction to chemical engineering.ppt

Description of chemical engineer

1. Cairo University
Faculty of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Department
Introduction to Chemical Engineering
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION TO THE
INTRODUCTION
September 2008

2. contents
1.General
2.What is a chemical engineer ?
3. What is special about chemical engineers?
4. Chemical engineers ten Greatest
Achievements
5. Where you will get a job ?
6.Summary
7.Course outline

3. CHEM Intro to Chemical Engineering
Part I
Lecture: Monday 8:30-10:00 AM
Lecturer: Dr Ahmad Gaber
Part II
Lecture: ? 8:30-10:00 AM
lecturer: Dr Ahmed Nasr
Assistant:
Dr. Reem el Tony

4. 1. General
•Chemical engineering is one of the big four
branches of engineering: civil, mechanical,
electrical and chemical
•Chemical engineering is well established in
Egypt ( see next slide )
•Chemical engineers are very well
recognized in North America and Europe

5. Chemical Engineering
Departments in Egypt
Cairo University1942
Alexandria University1946
Menya University 1978
Military Technical College 1962
10
th
of Ramadan Technical Institute 1990
Al Sherook Academy 1998

6. Bachelor'sMaster'sDoctor's
Chemical Engineering$46,900$52,100$67,300
Electrical Engineering$45,200$57,200$70,800
Mechanical Engineering$43,300$51,900$64,300
Civil Engineering $36,100$42,300$58,600
Source: "National Association of Colleges and Employers, 1999
Survey"
Note that BS chemical engineers are loosing their salary advantage
USA data: 1999 Entry Level Wages Based on Degree Earned
Bachelor'sMaster'sDoctor's
Chemistry $29,500$38,500$59,300
Source: "ACS Survey of recent graduates, 1998"
USA data: 1998 Entry Level Wages Based on Degree Earned
http://www.aiche.org/careerservices/library/pdf/salary080202.pdf
Please read this article:

7. 2. What is a chemical engineer?
We will answer the question after presnting
two illustrative examples

8. Illustrative example 1
A chemist working in the research and
development (R&D) department in a
pharmaceutical company discovered a process
for producing a new valuable substance C. The
reaction he applied is as follows:
A + B  C + unreacted A + unreacted B
The work of the chemist in the Lab may be
illustrated as follows:

10. Lab Glassware

11. Inputs Process Outputs
10ml A
10ml B
Reaction
70
o
C
Heat Energy
Cooling
Filtration
Drying
Warm tap water
(Filtrate)
Unreacted A + B
Vapors
Product C
19 m / batch
Heat energy
Cold tap water
Solid C

12. Inputs Description of Work in the Lab Outputs
10ml A
10ml B
Heat energy
Tap water
for Cooling
Filteration
Drying
Substance C
Filtrated to Sink
Product D one gram
Tap water to sink
Precipitated C
Glass
rod for
mixing

13. From laboratory scale to
industrial scale
After a lot of discussions and studies (?),
the company decided to build a plant to
produce substance C with a production
capacity of 1 ton/day.
lab scale: 1 gm/day
industrial scale: 1,000,000 gm/day
scale up factor: 1,000,000

14. In the lab,
a glass
beaker is
used as
a reactor

15. Industrial reactor

16. Industrial size
Chemical
Reactor

17. Storage of raw materials
Liquid storage tank

20. Industrial filter
Schematic section of the industrial horizontal tubular filter

22. Industrial dryer
Steam-tube rotary dryer

25. Illustrative example 2
The difference between chemical engineering and chemistry can be
illustrated by considering the example of producing orange
juice. A chemist working in the laboratory investigates methods
to extract the juice of an orange. The simplest mechanism found
is to cut the orange in half and squeeze the orange using a
manual juicer. A more complicated approach found is to peel
and then crush the orange and collect the juice. A company then
hire a chemical engineer to design a plant to manufacture
several thousand tons of orange juice per year. The chemical
engineer investigates all the available methods for making
orange juice and evaluates them according to their economical
viability. Even though the manual juicing method is simple, it is
not economical to employ thousands of people to manually juice
oranges. Thus another, cheaper method is used (possibly the
'peel and crush' technique). The easiest method of manufacture
on a laboratory bench will not necessarily be the most
economical method for a manufacturing plant.

26. Manual orange
juicer

29. 3. What is special about chemical
engineers?

30. Chemical engineers master the process design required for the
production of materials we use in our daily life.
They are involved in all phases of technology development:
IDEA APPLICATION of SCIENCE MANUFACTURE
•Physical, chemical, biological & engineering science
•Economics, business, management science
Chemical engineers are described as the “universal
engineer” because they have a broad knowledge of:

31. Chemical engineers design, test, scale-up, operate,
control, and optimize "unit operations“ of a process,
such as distillation, mixing, and reactions.
Only chemical engineers use chemistry along with
mathematics, physics, biology to solve technical
problems in a safe and economical fashion.
Chemical engineering science uses mass, momentum,
and energy transfer along with thermodynamics and
chemical kinetics to analyze processes and improve them.
Only chemical engineers develop chemical and
biochemical processes that turn raw materials into
valuable products.

32. 4. Chemical engineers ten Greatest Achievements
1.Splitting of the atom and isolating isotopes.
2 . Mass production of cheap plastic.
3 . The development of the "Unit Operations" of the human
reactor
4 . Low price, high volume production of wonder drugs for
the masses.
5. Synthetic fibers.
6 . Liquefied air and its separation into pure constituents.
7 . Environmentally conscious engineering
8 . Chemical fertilizers, food processing, Biotechnology of
food production.
9 . Petroleum processing
10. Synthetic Rubber.

33. CHEMICAL
ENGINEERS
The work of CHEMICAL engineers
combines the skills of both the
chemist and the engineer.
They design, and build facilities involved in the
production of chemical products… drugs, paints,
dyes, industrial supplies (acids, lyes, dangerous
chemicals), fertilizers, solvents, fuels, etc…

34. 5. Where you will get a job ?

35. Products and Processes
•Consumer Products
Food, water, clothing, medicines,
health & beauty aids, fuels,
lubricants
•Commodity Chemicals
Oxygen, water, sulfuric acid,
ammonia, chlorine, lye (soap),
ethylene oxide, plastics, rubber
•Electronic/Optical Matls.
High purity silicon, compound
semiconductors, thin films, optical
polymers
•Special materials
Biomaterials (prostheses), Nylon,
Kevlar, Teflon
•Processes
Large scale chemical plants
continuous processes that make
commodity chemicals at low cost
($100–500 million)
Intermediate scale plants for
specialty chemicals
($10–100 million)
Small scale batch processes for
biomaterials and bioengineering
($1–10 million)

39. SOME SUB-CATAGORIES:
Pharmaceutical Engineering Plastics and Polymer
Engineering Petroleum Engineering…
Chemical engineers provide the skills needed to
develop new polymers for medical devices,
powerful new alloys for aircraft, components for
the development of computer and other
electronics industries. Health care will require new
manufacturing processes for pharmaceutical
products and surgical procedures.
Chemical engineers are in many industrial
sectors

40. 6. Summary
•Chemical engineering is the application of science
, mathematics and economics to the process of
converting raw materials or chemicals into more
useful or valuable forms.
•Chemical Engineering largely involves the design
and maintenance of chemical processes for large-
scale manufacture. Chemical engineers in this
branch are usually employed under the title of
process engineer.

41. (Cnt’d) Summary
The individual processes used by chemical
engineers (eg. distillation or chlorination) are
called unit operations and consist of
chemical reaction, mass-, heat- and
momentum- transfer operations. Unit
operations are grouped together in various
configurations for the purpose of
chemical synthesis and/or chemical separation.

42. (cont’d) Summary
Three primary physical laws underlying chemical
engineering design are Conservation of mass,
Conservation of momentum and
Conservation of energy. The movement of mass and
energy around a chemical process are evaluated using
Mass balances and energy balances which apply
these laws to whole plants or a single unit operation.
In doing so, Chemical Engineers use principles of
thermodynamics, reaction kinetics and
transport phenomena.

43. (cont’d) Summary
Chemical engineers are now engaged in the development
and production of a wide range of products, as well as in
commodity and specialty chemicals. These products
include high performance materials needed for aerospace,
automotive, biomedical, electronic, environmental and
military applications. Examples include ultra-strong fibers,
fabrics, adhesives and composites for vehicles, bio-
compatible materials for implants and prosthetics, gels for
medical applications, pharmaceuticals, and films with
special dielectric, optical or spectroscopic properties for
opto-electronic devices. Additionally, chemical
engineering is often intertwined with biology and
biomedical engineering.

44. 7. Course Outline
1.Introduction
2.History and basic concepts
3.Product design
4.Process design
5.Plant design
6.The sugar industry
7.The petrochemical industry

45. (Contd.) Course Outline
8. Energy, fuels and environmental problems
9. Biotechnology
10. Biomedical engineering applications
11. Cleaner production
12. Overview of the chemical process industry:
past , present and future