Introduction to Child Health and Child Health Nursing [Autosaved] - Copy.ppt

child health nursing

1. History of Child Health Nursing
Bandana Yadav
M.Sc. Nursing,1
st
Year (B-2023)
B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan

2. Terminologies
Pediatric:Theterm“pediatrics”isderived
fromtheGreekwords.“Pedia”meanschild
,“iatrike”meanstreatmentand“ics”means
branchofscience.
Thus,pediatricsmeansthescienceofchild
careandscientifictreatmentofchildhood
diseases.
2

3. Terminologies(Contd…)
PediatricNursing/childHealthNursing:
Pediatricnursingisspecializedbranchof
nursingthatisconcernedwiththecareof
childrennotonlyduringillnessbutalsoduring
healthycondition.
Itistheartandscienceofgivingnursingcare
tochildrenfrombirththroughadolescentwith
emphasisonthephysicalgrowth,mental,
emotionalandpsycho-socialdevelopment.
3

4. Terminologies(Contd…)
•It is the art and science of giving nursing
care to children from birth through
adolescent with emphasis on the physical
growth, mental, emotional and psycho-
social development.
4

5. Terminologies(Contd…)
•PediatricNurse:Apediatricnurseisanursing
professionalwhoisspecializedinpediatric
nursingandprimarilyworksinthefieldof
pediatrics.
•Thepediatricnurse’sresponsibilityisnotonlyto
providecaretopediatricpopulation,butalsoto
incorporateparentsandotherfamilymembers
intothechild’scare.
5

6. Concept of Child Health and Child
Health Nursing
Conceptofchildhealth
Pediatricscanbedefinedasthebranchofmedical
sciencethatdealswiththecareofchildrenfrom
conceptiontoadolescenceinhealthandillness.
Itisconcernedwithpreventive,promotive,
curativeandrehabilitativecareofchildren.
6

7. Concept(Contd…)
Achildisuniqueindividual,heorsheisnota
miniatureadult,notalittlemanorwoman.
Thechildhoodperiodisvitalbecauseof
socializationprocessbythetransmissionof
attitude,customsandbehavior.Family’scultural
andreligiousbelief,educationallevelandwaysof
livinginfluencethepromotionandmaintenance
ofchildhealth.
7

8. Concept(Contd…)
8
Childrenarevulnerabletodisease,death
anddisabilityowingtotheirage,sex,place
ofliving,socio-economicstatusandother
variables.
Theyneedappropriatecareforsurvival
andhealthydevelopment.

9. Concept of Child Health Nursing
1.Healthofthechildrenhasbeenconsideredasa
vitalimportancetoallsocietiesbecausechildren
arethebasicresourceforthefutureofhuman
kind.
2.Nursingcareofchildrenisconcernedforboththe
healthofthechildrenandfortheillnessesthat
affectstheirgrowthanddevelopment.
9

10. Concept(Contd…)
3.Theincreasingcomplexityofmedicaland
nursingsciencehascreatedaneedfor
specialareaofchildcare,i.e.childhealth
nursing.
4.Childhealthnursingisthespecializedarea
ofnursingpracticeconcerningthecareof
childrenduringwellnessandillness.
10

11. Concept(Contd…)
5.It includes preventive, promotive, curative
and rehabilitative care of children.
6.It emphasize on all round development of
body, mind and spirit of the growing
individual.
7.Thus, child health nursing involves in giving
assistance, care and support to the growing
and developing children to achieve their
individual potential for functioning with
fullest capacity.
11

12. Goals of Child Health Nursing
To provide skillful, intelligent, need based
comprehensive care to the children in healthy
and sickness.
To interpret the basic needs of the children to
their parents and family members and to guide
them in child care.
12

13. Goal(Conti…)
To promote growth and development of
children towards optimum state of health for
functioning at the peak of their capacity in
future.
To prevent disease and alleviate suffering in
children.
13

14. Qualities of Child Health Nurse
•Be friendly, honest, gentle, diligent and
humorous.
•Be a loving person and have liking for the
children.
•Patience, pleasant appearance and ability to
understand and the child’s behaviour.
•Able to provide safety and security to the
children.
14

15. Qualities(Contd…)
•Havegoodobservation,judgementand
communicationabilitybasedonscientific
knowledgeandexperience.
•Bewellinformed,skillful,responsible,
truthfulandtrustworty.
15

16. Historical Overview of Child Health
and Child Health Nursing
Themodernchildcareispartofagreathistorical
pageantry.Childhealthnursescangainabetter
understandingofthecurrentandfuturestatusof
childhealthnursing.
16

17. History(Contd…)
•Studyofpediatricsbeganinthelastof
1800sundertheinfluenceofPrussianborn
physician,Abrahan Jacobi(1830-
1919)referredas“thefatherofpediatrics”.
•Beforepediatricsbecameaspeciality,
newbornsweredeliveredbymidwivesand
caredforinthehome
17

18. History(Contd…)
Theendofthe19
th
centuryisoften
regardedas‘’thedarkagesofpediatrics’’.
Thefirsthalfofthe20
th
centuryisregarded
as‘’thedawnofimprovedhealthcarefor
children’’.
18

19. Child care in Pre-Historic
Period(Before 3000 BC)
Therewasnowrittendocumentsto
validatethepracticeofpeopleregarding
childcare.
Itisquitenaturaltoassumethatindividual
ofeachgenerationfollowedtheprescribed
patternoflifetaughtbytheirparents.
19

20. Pre-Historic Period(Contd…)
•Althougheverytribediffersfromtheother
intheircustoms,childrenwerereared
accordingtotraditionspasseddownfrom
thepreviousgeneration.
20

21. Pre-Historic Period(Contd…)
•Thesocietyruledthatmalformedandsick
childrenwoulddraintheresourcesofthe
group.Thesickchildwaskilledorleftbehind.
•Sometimesinfantswerekilledsimplybecause
theywerefemales,whocouldnotcontributeas
muchproductivelabourtothegroupasmales
could.Thispracticeistermedasfemale
infanticide.
21

22. Pre-Historic Period(Contd…)
•Themedicalpracticewasacombinationof
indigenouscustoms,magic,andsuperstition.
Mostoftheancientsocietybelievedthat
diseasewascausedbytheangerofgodand
supernaturalpowerexistedinthenature.
•Allhumanactivitiesweregovernedbythat
power,forwhichtheyusedtoworshiptoget
freefromsickness.
22

23. Child Care in Early Civilization
Period (3000 BC to 1350 AD)
Theconceptoftheimportanceofchildto
societygraduallimprovedinsteadofliabilitythe
childslowlybecameanassettosociety.
Earlycivilizationbroughtchangeinthecourse
ofhumanlife.Peoplestartedre-habitinginthe
fertileland.Inearlycivilizationbroughtchange
inthecourseofhumanlife.
23

24. Child Care in Early Civilization
Period (Contd…)
•Peoplestartedre-habitinginthefertileland.
Inearlycivilizationofegypt,ChinaandIndia
childrenwererearedaccordingtotradition
passeddownfrompreviousgeneration.
•Themedicalpracticewasacombinationof
indigenouscustoms,medicine,and
superstition.Localpractitionersusedtotreat
childrenwithdiet,ritualsandsuperstition
alongwithherbs.
24

25. Child Care in Early Modern
World(1350-1800AD)
Duetotheemergenceofthemiddleclassand
worldtradealongwiththedevelopmentof
internationalcommerce,thereweretremendous
changesseenintheareaofchildcare.
Buttheincidenceofchildmorbidityand
mortalitywasstillhighduetoanincrementof
childlabourandovercrowding,unsanitary
workingconditionsandpoormanagementof
workplace. 25

26. Child Care in Early Modern World
(Contd…)
Despitethis,rousseauwrotehisfamousbook
thatincludedasectionabouttherightof
childrenandanotheronhygieneandnutrition
ofinfants.
Healsomentionedthatchildrenarenot
miniatureadults.Thefirstbookonpediatricin
Italianwaswrittenbybagallarder’s‘littlebook
onadiseaseofchildren’’in1472.
26

27. Child Care in the Early Modern
World (Contd…)
Renaissancebroughttermendouschangesinthecourse
ofhumanlife.In16
th
centurytwogreatmedicalbooks
werepublished.‘’TheBookofchildren’’byThomas
Phare(fatherofEnglishpediatrics)and’’TheChildren’s
Book’’byfelixwurtzinGermany.
Theyfoundtherewerelotsofhazardouspracticesin
feeding,clothingandrearing.Rarelyinfantwerebreast
feed,insteadinfantreceiveddifferenttypesofsoupsand
sugarsolutionsorwater.
27

28. Child care in the Modern world
(1800-1900AD)
Theindustrialrevolutionbroughtaremarkable
changeinthewayofpeople’slivingandalotof
developmenthappenedinthefieldofscience
andtechnology.
Peoplemadegreatprogresswithregardto
diseaseandtreatment.Knowledgeabouthuman
bodyandthecausesofdisasehelpedtoinvent
newmedicalinterventionintreatingchildren
duringillness.
28

29. Child Care in The Modern
(Contd…)
•Likewise,greatattentionwasgiventoreduce
unhealthychildcarepracticessuchasencouraging
breastfeedinginsteadofsugarwaterorsoups.
29

30. Child Care in The Modern World
(Contd…)
ThefirstpediatrichospitalwastheChildren’s
HospitalofPennsylvania(UnitedState),
foundedin1855.Abrahampediatric
departmentinseveralNewYorkhospitaland
wasoneofthefounderoftheAmerican
pediatricsocietyin1888.
Jacobiisbestrecognizedforhis
achievementsininfantnutrition.Hestudied
breastfeedingandsafebreastmilksubstitutes.
30

31. Child Care in The Modern
(Contd…)
•Afterthesafetyofpasteurization(Louis
Pasteur)wasproven,hefoughttodispelthe
oldbeliefthatrawmilkwasbeneficial.He
advisedparentstoboilmilkuntilbubbles
appearedandadvocateddilutingmilk.He
supportedthattheboiledmilkwasthoughtto
havesavedmorelivesthananymeasure
besidesantibiotics.
31

32. Child Care Practice in Nepal
•InalmostallethnicgroupsofNepal,thebirth
ofachildisawelcomeevent.Ineveryethnic
group,amalechildisvaluedasfuturebread
winnerandconsiderednecessaryforthe
continuationofthefamilylineage.
•Peoplestillbelieveintraditionalhealersbut
alsoprefermoderntreatment.
32

33. Child Care Practice in Nepal
(Contd…)
•Thesuperstitiousbeliefstillexiststhroughout
thecountry,especiallyinruralareaandillness
isconsideredtobecausedbytheevileyes.
•So,theyusuallyworshipgodexpectingforthe
curewhenachildfallssick.
•Becauseofvariousfactorslikeignorance,
poverty,lackoftransportationandtimepeople
donotgotohealthcentreuntillitistoolate.
33

34. Child Care Practice in Nepal
(Contd…)
•Provisionofeffectivehealthserviceandeasy
accesstothesefacilitiesareessentialto
improvechildhealthcareandcreationof
awareness.
34

35. Child Care Practice (Contd…)
•NepalPediatricSociety(NEPAS)was
establishedin1981A.D.byagroupof
pediatriciansworkinginNepal,whichisthe
professionalsocialwelfareorganizationofthe
pediatriciansofNepalcommitedtostrivefor
theoveralldevelopmentofthechildrenof
nepal.
•Atpresent,childhealthpractitionersengagein
researchrelatedtochildren.
35

36. Child Care Practice(Contd…)
•TheofficialjournalofNepalPediatricSociety
i.e.namelyjournalofNepalPediatricSociety
wasestablishedbyINASPin2007A.D.
•Itisapediatricjournalwhichpublishesarticles
relatedtoallaspectsofhealthcareinneonates,
childrenandadolescents.
36

37. Child Care Practice (Contd…)
•PediatricNursesAssociation(PNAN)was
establishedin2018whichisaprofessional
organizationofpediatricnurseswithmission
ofpromotingchildhealthandwellbeing
throughtheadvancementofpediatricnursing
education,researchandpractice.
37

38. Development of Pediatric Nursing
Care in Nepal
•Therewerenoseparatepediatrichospitals
forthecareandtreatmentofchildrenbefore
1963ADinNepal.
•ChildrenweretreatedinasmallunitofBir
hospitalbuttherewerenospecialized
pediatricianandpediatricnurses.
•AftertheestablishmentofKantichildren
hospitalinMaharajgunj,nursesworkedinthat
hospital.
38

39. Kanti Children Hospital
•Kantichildrenhospitalisoneofthe
governmenthospitalofNepalunderMoHP.
•Intheyear1963AD,50beddedhospitalwas
establishedwiththesupportofUSSR
Governmentasageneralhospital.
•In1970AD,thishospitalwasupgradedto100
beddedandwasconvertedtothekanti
children’sHospitalasareferralcenter.In2015
AD,ithas320beds.
39

40. Kanti Children Hospital (Contd…)
•Thehospitalprovidesmedical,surgical
emergencycare,pediatricandneonatalcare,
intensivecareaswellassub-specialitieslike
cadiology,nephrology,endocrinology,
respiratoryandasthma,neurologyaswellas
HIV,malnutritionandoncologyOPD,child
psychiatricserviceandunderfiveclinics.
40

41. Kanti Children Hospital (Contd…)
•Thisistheonlytertiarycarepediatrichospital
andaclinicallearningsiteforpediatric
medicine,pediatricsurgeryaswellaspediatric
nursinginNepal.
•Gradually,otherprivatepediatrichospitalalso
startedinchildhealthservices.
41

42. Development of Pediatric Nursing
Education in Nepal
•InNepal,Nursingeducationhasstartedin
2013B.S.(1956A.D.)asProficiency
CertificateLevel(PCL)Nursing.
•Sincethenchildhealthnursingwas
incorporatedincurriculumascompulsory
subject.
42

43. Development of Pediatric Nursing
Education in Nepal
•InNepal,Nursingeducationhasstartedin2013
B.S.(1956A.D.)asProficiencyCertificate
Level(PCL)Nursing.Sincethenchildhealth
nursingwasincorporatedincurriculumas
compulsorysubject.
•In1985A.D.(2004),TU,InstituteofMedicine
initiatedPostBasicBachelorinNursing(PBBN)
withspecialityinChildHealthNursing.Itwas
continuedfornext3batchesthenChildHealth
NursingincludedinNursingConcept.
43

44. Development of Pediatric Nursing
(Contd…)
•Different Universities like BPKIHS
(1996),KU(2004),TU(2005) are running
•4 years B.Sc. Nursing program which has
included Child Health Nursing as a
compulsory subject in their curriculum.
44

45. Development of Pediatric
(Contd…)
•By the year 2001 AD, TU IOM and by the year
2015 AD, NAMS, Bir Hospital Nursing Campus
started 2 years Master in Child Health Nursing.
•By the year 2011 AD, BPKIHS started 3 years
M.Sc. Nursing in Pediatric Nursing.
45

46. Development of Pediatric(Contd…)
•By the year 2013 AD, TU IOM, started
speciality in Child Health Nursing in PBBN
course.
•By the year 2021 AD, NAMS, Kanti Children’s
Hospital started 3 years Bachelor in Pediatric
Critical Care Nursing.
46

47. Present Status of Child Health in
Nepal
•PopulationofNepalhasapproximately
29,033,914(july2016).Amongtham30.93%
areunder14yearsofage.remarkable
reductionshavebeenseeninchildmortality
ratesinNepaloverthelastdecades.
•Theburdenofchildmortalityisstillhighin
Nepal.
47

48. Present Status(Contd…)
•Aftermuchprioritizationandinvestmentin
childhealthprogramssuchasnutrition,
immunization,managementofchildhood
illness,andmaternalandnewbornsurvival
programs,stilltheprogressisfarfrom
expectation.
48

49. Present Status (Contd…)
•Biannualdistributionofvitamin‘’A’’andA
Albendazole,Iodinefortificationofsalt,Iron
fortificationinthewheatflour,routine
immunization.
•Supplementaryimmunizationactivitiesand
manyotheractivitieshavehelpedinachieving
improvedchilshealthinNepal.
49

50. TRENDS IN CHILD HEALTH
CARE
Historically,theconceptofpediatricswas
limitedtothecurativeaspectsofdiseases
peculiartothechildren.
Hippocrates(460-370BC)mademany
significantobservationsondiseasefoundin
childrenanddevotedagreatpartofhis
treatizetochildren.
50

51. Trends(Contd…)
Galenofrome(1200-1300AD)wroteonthe
careofRome(1200-1300AD)wroteonthe
careofinfantsandchildren.RhazesofArab
(850-923AD)devotedmuchofhistreatizeto
thesubjectofchildhoodillness.
Thefirstbookprintedonpediatricswasin
Italian(1472)byBagallarder’s“LittleBookon
diseaseinChildren.‘’thefirstEnglishbook
onchildren’sdiseasewas‘’Bookof
Children’’.WrittenbyThomasPhaer
(1545AD).
51

52. Trends (Contd…)
Theworld’sfirstpadiatrician’sweretwo
indians,KashyapaandJeevaka,ofsixth
centuryBC.
Theirpioneeringworksonchildcareand
childhooddiseaseareasrelevanttodayas
manyofthemodernconceptsofchildhealth.
Sushruta,alsowrotemanyaspectsofchild
rearingandcharkawroteaboutcareand
managementofnewborn.
52

53. Trends(Contd…)
Childhealthcarehaschangeddramaticallyin
recentyearsduetoadvancesinmedical
knowledgeandunder-standingofemotional
responseofchildren.
Advancementofdifferentaspectofhuman
developmentinfluencesthechanging
conceptofhealth.
53

54. Trends (Contd…)
•Modernconceptofchildhealthemphasizes
oncontinuouscareof‘wholechild’.
AccordingtoUnitedNationsInternational
Children’sEmergencyFund(UNICEF),assistance
formeetingtheneedsofchildrenshouldno
longerberestrictedtoonlyoneaspectlike
nutrition,butitshouldbebroad-basedand
gearedtotheirlong-termpersonal
developmentensuringholistichealthcareof
children.
54

55. Trends (Contd…)
Indevelopedcountrieschildhealthcareextendedup
toadolescent,whereasindevelopingcountriesand
inIndia,childcareisextendedupto10to12years
ofage.
Recentlyspecialemphasisisgivenonadolescent
healththroughreproductiveandchildhealth(RCH)
packageserviceinourcountry.
Specialattentionisgivenonthechildrenat–risklike,
orphans,destitute,disastrous,pavementdwellers,
slum,childlaboursandhandicappedchildren.
55

56. Trends (Contd…)
•Movementagainstgenderbias,female
fetocide,childabuseandneglectand
maltreatmentareinhighlightatpresent.
•Interestofthepoliticalleadersand
undrestandingtheimportanceofchildhealth,
constitutionofnationalhealthpolicyfor
childrenandimplementationofvarioushealth
programsforimprovementofchildhealthare
greatachievementsforchildren.
56

57. Trends (Contd…)
•Populationcontrolandfamilywelfare
approach,improvementsofeducaationalstatus
speciallywomeneducationandwomen
empowerment,involevementofgovernment
andnongovernmentorganizations
•politicalcommitmentandspecialbudgetary
allocationforchildhealthnactivities,
internationalguodancebyWorldHealth
Organizationsforimprovementofchildhealth
arepromisingaspectstowardssurvival,health
57

58. Trends (Contd…)
•Growthofsubspecialitiesforthe
superspecializedcareofchildrenisrecent
trend.
•Thesubareasareneonatology,perinatology,
pediatricsurgery,pediatriccardiology,
pediatricneurology,pediatrichematology,
pediatricnephrology,preventivepediatrics,
childpsychology,childpsychiatry,pediatric
intensivecareunit,neonatalintensivecare
unit,etc.
58

59. Trends (Contd….)
Medicalscienceisadvancinginevery
moment.
So,childhealthwillalsoprogressbyvarios
movementstowardstheaimstoimprovethe
survivalandwellbeingofallchildren,.
AsperWHOthemeoftheyear2005,‘
healthymothersandhaelthychildren’
59

60. REFERENCES
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1
st
edition.Medhavipublication;2012.
•SharmaRimpal.Essentialofpediatricnursing.
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edition.Jaypeepublication;2013
•WongPerry,HockenberryandLowdermilk
Wilson.MaternalChildNursingCare.3
rd
edition.MosbyElsevierPublications
•GhaiOP.EssentialPediatrics.NewDelhi:7
th
edition.CBSPublishers&Distributors;2009.
60

61. •KliegmanMRobert.Nelsonsessentialsof
Pediatrics.5
th
edition.Elsevierpublication;
2007
•AcharyaS.ComprehensiveTextbookofC
hildHealthNuring(pediatricNursing)
SamikshaPublication.Pvt.LTD.
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