introduction to clinical biochemistry (f).ppt.pdf

Introduction to clinical biochemistry

1. Fundamental of Biochemistry: Objective
●Biochemistryisabasicsciencewhichdealswithstudythe
natureandbehaviourofchemicalconstituentsofliving
matterandthebiochemicalreactionsandprocessesthey
undergo.
●Anydeficitorderangementinitsfunctionleadsto
disease.
●Thus,theknowledgeofitsprincipleshelpsdefinethe
healthstatus–aidingindiagnosis,treatmentand
monitoring of disease.

2. Introduction to clinical biochemistry in Medical
Lab Science
●Clinicalbiochemistryisthat branchoflaboratorymedicineinwhichchemicaland
biochemical methods are applied to the study of disease
●Clinicalbiochemistry playsacrucialroleintheidentificationandmonitoringof
disease.
●Bymeasuringthelevelsofbiochemicalmarkersinbodilyfluids,healthcare
professionalscandetectthepresenceofdisease,monitoritsprogression,and
evaluate the effectiveness of treatments.
●Itprovidestudentswithadvancedknowledgeofbiochemicalbasisofdisease,
specializedlaboratorytestingandassociatedanalyticalmethodsand
interpretationandcommunicationofbiochemicaldataasappliedinthecurrent
clinical biochemistry laboratory.
●ClinicalBiochemistry:istheapplicationpartofBiochemistryfordiagnosisofthe
clinical condition by determining various constituents in different body fluids

3. Purpose of Clinical Chemistry Tests
•Theresultsofqualitativeandquantitativeanalysisofbodyfluidsassist
thecliniciansinthediagnosis,treatmentandpreventionofthedisease
anddrugmonitoring,tissueandorgantransplantation,forensicinvestigations
and so on.
•Advancesintechnologyandinstrumentationhavemadeclinical
biochemistrymoreaccessibleandreliable,allowingforfasterandmore
accurate diagnoses.

4. Purpose of Clinical Chemistry Tests
•Note:-Moderndaymedicalpracticeishighlydependentonthe
laboratoryanalysisofbodyfluids,especiallytheblood.Thedisease
manifestations are reflected in the composition of blood and other tissues.
•Hence,thedemarcationofabnormalfromnormalconstituentsofthe
body is another aim of the study of clinical biochemistry.
•• Determination can be qualitative or quantitative.
•• Quantitative determination of urea and creatinine in blood and urine help
in the assessment of kidney functioning..
•determination inorganic substances like Na, K, Ca, Cl...etc. or may be
enzymes or hormones in order to diagnose a disease by many methods as
manual , kit and automated .

8. Techniques used
Aspeciesoftechniqueshavebeenusedinclinical
chemistry laboratory for sample testing
Most Fundamental Methods Include:
Electrophoresis
Chromatography
Spectrophotometry
Mass spectrometry
Fluorometry
Nephelometry
Turbidimetry
Biochip(Protein and DNA Chip/Array)
Biosensor

15. Safety measures in clinical biochemistry
laboratory
Safetyisanimportantaspectofanyclinicallaboratory.Everyclinical
laboratorymusthaveaformalsafetyprogramtoensureasafeand
healthy working environment.
Personalequipmentsshouldnotbekeptontheworkingbench.Working
area should be disinfected before and after performing the work.
Hazardsinaclinicallaboratorycanbebroadlyclassifiedintochemical
hazards, electrical hazards, fire hazards & biohazards.

18. ELECTRICAL HAZARD AND ITS MANAGEMENT
•Electrical equipment should not be handled with wet hands, nor should
electrical equipment be used after liquid has been spilled on it.
•The equipment must be turned off immediately and dried thoroughly.
•Use of extension cords is Prohibited.
•Bodily damage by electric shock: The symptoms are fainting and asphyxia
•Before doing anything else, put off the main switch.
•Begin giving mouth to mouth respiration immediately

19. ●
BIOHAZARDSCanbeinfectiousagentsthemselvesoritems
(solutions,specimensorobjects)contaminatedwithanythingthat
cancausediseaseinhumansregardlessofitssource.Tooperatea
clinicallaboratorysafely,itisessentialtopreventtheexposureof
laboratoryworkerstoinfectiousagentssuchasthehepatitisBvirus
(HBV) andthehuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
●
Useproperbiohazarddisposaltechniques(e.g.,RedBag).Never
leave a discarded tube or infected material unattended or unlabeled.
●
Periodicallycleanoutfreezeranddry-icecheststoremovebroken
ampules and tubes of biological specimens

21. CHEMICAL HAZARDS AND ITS MANAGEMENT
●Common chemical hazards found in a lab are Explosives, Compressed gases, Flammables,
Oxidizers, Toxic materials, and Corrosive materials.
●FLAMMABLES: Substances which have a flash point or ignition point belowroomtemperature. E.g.
Oil and Gasoline, Ether etc. Storage rooms, cabinets and containersshould be specially designed
for such flammable liquids.
●COMBUSTIBLES: Flash point at or above room temperature. It is better to chooseacombustible
product over a flammable product if all other considerations are equal. Clearing agents offer this
choice.
●EXPLOSIVES: Picric acid forms dangerous salts with certain metals which explodewhen wet (5).
Avoid them altogether. Certain silver solutions, on ageing, explode byshaking. So never store these
solutions after use.
●OXIDATIVES: Oxidatives promote combustion in other materials, but are harmlessthemselves.
They have a risk of fire hazard when in contact with suitable material. E.g. Sodium iodate , Mercuric
oxides , Organic peroxides.
●TOXIC MATERIALS: Causes death by ingestion, skin contact or inhalation, at certain specific
concentration. E.g. Methanol- toxic, Formalin- toxic by ingestionandinhalation, Chromic acid,
Osmium tetroxide and Uranyl nitratehighly toxic.
●COMPRESSED GAS: Gas at room temperature (20°C) and pressure, packagedas apressurized
gas by compression or refrigeration and is usually quite heavy. Thepotential hazard of compressed
gases occurs when sudden rupturing of the container causes it to become a dangerous projectile. E.
g. Propane & Acetylene bottles.
●CORROSIVE MATERIALS: Causes destruction of living tissue or irreversiblealteration and destroy
materials e.g. Bleach, Battery Acid, Ammonia &HydrochloricAcid.
●IRRITANTS: Reversible inflammatory effects at the site of contact. Eyes, skinandrespiratory
passages are affected. Formalin is a skin and respiratory irritant.
●SENSITIZER: Causes allergic reaction. Sensitization lasts for life &gets worse withsubsequent
exposure. Formalin is a prime example.

22. Acid/Alkali splashes on the skin: Wash thoroughly; bath the affected skin with cotton wool soaked in 5%
aqueous sodium carbonate if acid and 5%acetic acid or undiluted vinegar, if alkali.
Acid/Alkali splashes in the eye: Water spray from a wash bottle or rubber bulb into the medial corner of the eye .
Put 4 drops of 2% Aqueous Sodiumbicarbonate into the eye, if acid, and saturated solution of boric acid, if alkali.
Swallowing acid: Make the patient drink some 5% soap solution immediately. Makehim gargle with the soap
solution. Give him 3 or 4 glasses of ordinary water. If thelips and tongue are burned by the acid, rinse thoroughly
with water. Bathe with2%aqueous sodium bicarbonate.
Swallowing alkalies: Make the patient drink 5% solution of acetic acid or lemon juice or dilute vinegar. Make him
gargle with the same acid solution. Give him3 or 4glasses of ordinary water. If the lips and tongue are burned by
the alkali, rinsethoroughly with water; bathe with 5% acetic acid.
Poisoning :Send for a physician or qualified nurse,specifying the toxic substanceinvolved. Place the victim in
the open air while waiting for the physician. Burns caused by heat: They fall into two categories Severe burns: If
the victim is on fire, roll him in a blanket or overall to smoothentheflames. Inform the physician. Lay the victim on
the ground. Do not remove hisclothing. Cover him if he is cold. Do not apply any treatment to the burns. This
must be left to the physician. Minor burns: Plunge the affected part into cold water or ice-water to soothe the
pain. Apply Mercurochrome or Acriflavine ointment to the burn. Apply dry gauze dressingloosely. If the burn
becomes infected or does not heal, refer the patient to a physician. Never tear off the blisters that form over the
burns.