Introduction to computer and its generations lecture 1.ppt

Computer Generation

1. INTRODUCTION &
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
PREPARED BY: UMBER ISMAIL
LECTURE # 01 (ICT)

2. Topics To be Discussed
Computer Definition
Parts of Computer
Components of Computer
Generations of Computer
Types of Computer

3. What is Computer?
“A computer is an electronic device that manipulates
information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and
process data.”
You may already know that you can use a computer to type
documents, send email, play games, and browse the Web.
You can also use it to edit or create spreadsheets,
presentations, and even videos.

4. Functionalities Of A Computer
Any digital computer carries out five functions in gross terms.
–Takes Data as Input
–Stores the data/Instructions in its memory and use them when required.
–Processes the data and coverts it into useful Information.
–Generates the Output.
–Control all the above four steps.

5. Computer Components
Any kind of computers consists of:
HARDWARE SOFTWARE

6. Hardware
“Physical Components of Computer is Called Hardware”
Input
Memory
Processing Unit
Output Unit
Storage Unit

7. Software
“Set of instructions/ Programs given to the computer to
solve a specific tasks”
Intangible components
Types
System Software (Windows OS, Drivers etc.)
Application Software (MS Word, MS Excel, Chrome etc.)

8. What is Generation?
Technology
Shape
Size
Programming Languages
Input
Output
Environment

9. Father Of Computer
CharlesBabbage,aBritishMathematics
professor,isregardedastheFatherof
Computers.HewasborninEnglandin
1792asthesonofarichbankerfrom
Devon.HewasinspiredbyNapier's
logarithmtablesandNapier'slogsand
bones.Hebegantodesigna"difference
engine"in1821whichwasaverylarge
andcomplicatedmachineintendedfor
doing logarithmiccalculations
automatically.

10. Generations of Computer
FiveGenerationsofcomputers:-
1.FirstGeneration(1946-1955)
2.SecondGeneration(1956-1965)
3.ThirdGeneration(1966-1975)
4.FourthGeneration(1976-1985)
5.FifthGeneration(1986-onward)

11. First Generation Computer(1946-1955)
FirstgenerationcomputerusesVacuumtubes,
Magnetictapedrivesandmagneticcore
memoriesweredeveloped.ENIAC(Electronic
NumericIntegratorAndCalculator)wasthefirst
electronicdigitalcomputer.Itusesabout18,000
vacuumtubes.Itssizewastoomuchlarge.This
wasveryhardtoreadandwriteprogramsby
everyperson.Thefirstgenerationcomputer
producestoomuchheat.

13. Material Used
Vacuum Tubes
Magnetic Drum
4,000 bits
Hard Wire Programs in computers

14. First generation languages
(abbreviated as 1GL)
Representtheveryearly,
primitivecomputerlanguages
thatconsistedentirelyof1'sand
0's-theactuallanguagethatthe
computerunderstands(machine
language).ThisLanguageis
alsoknownasBinarylanguage.

15. Advantages
The advantages of the earliest computers are:-
It is that they could perform thousands of calculations each
second, making it possible decode messages in a useful time
period (a few hours).
The "father" of these computer had originally planned these
machines to try and prove mathematical conjectures, but this
type of application couldn't be considered until after the war.

16. Disadvantages
The disadvantages are:-
They were very expensive.
They contained thousands of valves (vacuum tubes)
making them unreliable.
The major limitations for early computers was that
memory was practically non-existant, only punched
tape, delay line memory and mercury memory were
available.

17. Second Generation Computer (1956-1965)
Secondgenerationcomputerusesanewelectronic
devicecalledTransistorintheplaceofVacuumtube.
Storagecapacityofcomputeralsoincreaseduringthis
generation.Secondgenerationcomputersalsostarted
showingthecharacteristicsofmoderndaycomputers
withutilitiessuchasprinters,diskstorageand
operatingsystems.Manyfinancialinformationwas
processedusingthesecomputers.

19. Material Used
•Transistors
•MagneticCores
•32,000bits
•PunchCards

20. Second generation languages (2GL)
Representastepupfromthe
firstgenerationlanguages.
Allowfortheuseofsymbolic
namesinsteadofjust
numbers.Secondgeneration
languagesareknownas
assemblylanguages.Code
writteninanassembly
languageisconvertedinto
machinelanguage(1GL).

21. Advantages
•Smaller in size as compared to first generation computers.
•More reliable.
•Less heat generated.
•These computers were able to reduce computational times
from milliseconds to microseconds.
•Less prone to hardware failures.
•Better portability.
•Wider commercial use.

22. Disadvantages
•Air-conditioningrequired.
•Frequentmaintenancerequired.
•Manualassemblyofindividualcomponentsinto
afunctioningunitwasrequired.
•Commercialproductionwasdifficultandcostly.

23. Third Generation Computer(1966-1975)
InthirdgenerationcomputertransistorwerereplacedwithIntegrated
Circuit(IC)whichisacombinationofnumberoftransistorandother
electroniccomponentsfusedtogetheronsinglecrystal.Thisgeneration
machineusesmagnetictapeandmagneticdiskassecondarystorage
device.

25. Material Used
•SiliconChips
•Cores,IC’s
•128,000bits
•KeyboardEntry

26. Third generation languages (3GL)
Withthelanguagesintroducedbythethird
generationofcomputerprogramming,wordsand
commands(insteadofjustsymbolsandnumbers)
werebeingused.Theselanguagestherefore,had
syntaxthatwasmucheasiertounderstand.Third
generationlanguagesareknownas"highlevel
languages"andincludeC,C++,Java,and
Javascript,amongothers.

27. Advantages
•Smaller in size as compared to previous generation computers.
•Lower heat generated than second generation computers.
•These computers were able to reduce computational times from
microseconds to nanoseconds.
•Maintenance cost is low because hardware failures are rare.
•Easily portable.
•Less power requirement than previous generation computers.
•Human labourand cost involved reduced drastically.
•Commercial production was easier and cheaper.

28. Disadvantages
•Air-conditioning required in many cases.
•Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacture
of IC chips.

29. Fourth generation computer(1976-1985)
InfourthgenerationcomputerICwerereplacedwithMicroprocessors.A
microprocessorchipconsistofentirecentralprocessingunitinasingle
chip.Computingspeedincreased.Duetothereductionofcostandthe
availabilityofthecomputerspoweratasmallplaceallowedeveryday
usertobenefit.

31. Material Used
•Microprocessors
•IC’s,LSI’s
•100millionbits
•Readprogramsoffdisks

32. Fourth generation languages (4GL)

Thesyntaxusedin4GLisveryclosetohuman
language,animprovementfromthepervious
generationoflanguages.4GLlanguagesaretypically
usedtoaccessdatabasesandincludeSQLand
ColdFusion,amongothers

33. Advantages
•Smallestinsizebecauseofhighcomponentdensity.
•Heatgeneratedisnegligible.
•Noairconditioningrequiredinmostcases.
•Muchfasterincomputationthanpreviousgenerations.
•Hardwarefailureisnegligibleandhenceminimalmaintenanceisrequired.
•Easilyportablebecauseoftheirsmallsize.
•Cheapestamongallgenerations.


34. Disadvantages
•HighlysophisticatedtechnologyrequiredforthemanufactureofLSI
chips.

35. Fifth generation computer(1986-onward)
InfifthgenerationcomputerVLSItechnologywere
replacedbyUltralargeScaleIntegration(ULSI)
technology.Thistechnologyhelpedtodevelopedvery
smallbutextremelypowerfulandfastcomputerswhich
cometobeknownasROBOTS.Thefifthgeneration
computerswillbeunderArtificial-Intelligence.Theidea
offifthgenerationcomputerwasintroducedbyJapan’s
MinistryofInternationalTradeandIndustryin1982.

37. Fifth generation languages (5GL)

Fifthgenerationlanguagesare
currentlybeingusedforneural
networks.Anueralnetworkisa
formofartificalintelligencethat
attemptstoimitatehowthe
humanmindworks.

38. Advantages
•Thesecomputersaremorereliable,worksfaster
thanothercomputers.
•Theyareeasilyportable.
•Thesecomputersareavailableindifferentsizeswith
differentfeatures,withdifferentaffordableprices.
•Havingextrahighprocessingspeed.
•Havingcapabilitiesofparallelprocessing.
•WIRELESS!!!

39. Disadvantages
IfComputerhavetheirownbrainthentheycanharmthe
humanity.

40. Vacuum Tubes
•FirstGenerationElectronic
ComputersusedVacuumTubes
•Vacuumtubesareglasstubeswith
circuitsinside.
•Vacuumtubeshavenoairinsideof
them,whichprotectsthecircuitry

42. Transistors
•UsesSilicondevelopedin
1948wonaNobelprizefor
on-offswitch.
•Second Generation
ComputersusedTransistors,
startingin1956.
•Replacedvacuumtubeswith
Transistors

44. Integrated Circuits
•ThirdGenerationComputers
usedIntegratedCircuits(chips).
•IntegratedCircuitsare
transistors,resistors,and
capacitorsintegratedtogether
intoasingle“chip”

46. Microprocessor
•The4004had2,250transistors
four-bitchunks(four1’sor0’s)
108KhzCalled“Microchip”
•Gettingsmallerandsmaller,but
wearestillusingmicrochip
technology.
•Itisusedinfourthgeneration
computers.

47. First
Generation
Second
Gen.
Third
Gen.
Fourth Gen.
Technology Vacuum
Tubes
Transistors Integrated
Circuits
(multiple
transistors)
Microchips (millions of
transistors)
Size Filled Whole
Buildings
Filled half a
room
Smaller Tiny - Palm Pilot is as
powerful as old building sized
computer



Difference

48. Artificial Intelligence
Fifthgenerationcomputingdevices,basedonartificial
intelligence,arestillindevelopment,thoughtherearesome
applications,suchasvoicerecognition,thatarebeingused
today.Artificialintelligenceincludes:
•GamesPlaying
•ExpertSystems
•NaturalLanguage
•NeuralNetworks
•Robotics

50. THANK YOU
Now The House Is Open 4
Queries????