Introduction to Computer Fundamentals

Computer Fundamentals

1. Basics Of Information Technology
Introduction to
Computer
Introduction to
Computer
By:
Shivani Chauhan
Lecturer Computer
Government Polytechnic
Kirthal, Baghpat

2. ContentsContents

Introduction to Data and Information

What is Computer?

Characteristics and Applications of Computer

Components of Computer

Classification of Computer

Generation of Computers

Input Devices

Output Devices

Memory

CPU Types

Instruction, Program,

System Software and Application Software

Level of Programming Languages

3. Introduction to Data and InformationIntroduction to Data and Information
WhatisData??

Facts,statisticsusedforreferenceoranalysis.

Numbers,characters,symbols,imagesetc.,whichcanbe
processedbyacomputer.processedbyacomputer.

Datamustbeinterpreted,byahumanormachine,toderive
meaning

Sodataismeaningless

4. 
Yes,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes42,63,96,74,
56,86

111192,111234
Noneoftheabovedatasetshaveanymeaninguntiltheyare
Introduction to Data and InformationIntroduction to Data and Information

Noneoftheabovedatasetshaveanymeaninguntiltheyare
givenaCONTEXTandPROCESSEDintoauseableform

5. DATA CAN TAKE MANYFORMS
•ALPHANUMERICDATA(combinationofnumbersand
letters)
Introduction to Data and InformationIntroduction to Data and Information
•TEXTDATA(sentences&paragraphsusedinwritten
communication)
•IMAGEDATA(graphics,shapes,figuresetc)AUDIO(human
voice&othersounds)

6. WHAT ISINFORMATION

Datathathasbeenprocessedwithinacontexttogiveit
meaning.
"Informationisdatathathasbeenprocessed”.
Introduction to Data and InformationIntroduction to Data and Information

"Informationisdatathathasbeenprocessed”.

"Informationisinterpreteddata"Informationis
meaningful.

7. Data need to be turned into meaningful information
and presented in its most usefulformat

Forexample:Whatdoesthenumber29061996
mean?

Isit:

Abirthday?(29
th
June1996)

Abirthday?(29
th
June1996)

Abankaccountnumber?

Aclubmembershipnumber?

Atelephonenumber?

Withoutprocessingormoreinformationthisdatais
meaningless.

8. DATAPROCESSING
Processofcollection and manipulation ofdata.
A series of operation by computer, to retrieve,or
classifyinformation.
Conversion of raw data into machine readable form.Conversion of raw data into machine readable form.

9. Difference between data andinformationDifference between data andinformation
Data Information
1.Derived from Latin word‘Datum’
2.Data is rawfact.
3.May or may not bemeaningful.
4.Input to any system may betreated asdata.
1.Derived from word‘informare’
2.Processed form ofdata.
3.Alwaysmeaningful.
4.Output after processing system is information.4.Input to any system may betreated asdata.
5.Understanding isdifficult
6.Data may not be inorder.
7.Example: surveydata
4.Output after processing system is information.
5.Understanding iseasy.
6.Information should be inorder.
7.Example: surveyanalysisreport

10. What is acomputer?What is acomputer?

Computer.. Latin word..Compute

Anelectronicmachine,operatingunderthecontrolof
instructionsstoredinitsownmemorythatcanaccept
data,manipulatethedataaccordingtospecifiedrules,data,manipulatethedataaccordingtospecifiedrules,
producesinformationfromtheprocessing)andstorethe
resultsforfutureuse

11. 
Acomputerisaprogrammablemachinewithtwo
principalcharacteristics:
•
Itrespondstoaspecificsetofinstructionsinawell-defined
manner.
•
Itcanexecute aprerecorded listof
What is acomputer?What is acomputer?
•
Itcanexecute aprerecorded listof
instructions(aprogram).

Acomputersystemincludesacomputer,peripheral
devices,andsoftware.

12. A computer has fourfunctions:
a.
acceptsdata Input
b.
processesdata Processing
What is acomputer?What is acomputer?
b.
processesdata Processing
c.
producesoutput Output
d.
storesresults Storage

13. Four Functions
Input(Data):

istherawinformationenteredintoacomputerfromtheinputdevices.Itisthe
collectionofletters,numbers,imagesetc.
Process:

istheoperationofdataaspergiveninstruction.Itistotallyinternalprocessof
What is acomputer?
Four Functions
What is acomputer?
Four Functions

istheoperationofdataaspergiveninstruction.Itistotallyinternalprocessof
thecomputersystem.
Output:

istheprocesseddatagivenbycomputerafterdataprocessing.Outputisalso
calledasResult.Wecansavetheseresultsinthestoragedevicesforthefuture
use.
Storage:

istheareawheredatacanbeleftonapermanentbasis.

14. Block diagram of computerBlock diagram of computer

15. Characteristics of ComputersCharacteristics of Computers

16. 
Speed-Acomputerworkswithmuchhigherspeedandaccuracycomparedto
humanswhileperformingmathematicalcalculations.Computerscanprocessmillions
ofinstructionspersecond.Thetimetakenbycomputersfortheiroperationsis
microsecondsandnanoseconds.
Accuracy-Computersperformcalculationswith100%accuracy.Errorsmayoccur
Characteristics of ComputersCharacteristics of Computers

Accuracy-Computersperformcalculationswith100%accuracy.Errorsmayoccur
duetodatainconsistencyorinaccuracy.

Diligence-Acomputercanperformmillionsoftasksorcalculationswiththesame
consistencyandaccuracy.Itdoesn’tfeelanyfatigueorlackofconcentration.Its
memoryalsomakesitsuperiortothatofhumanbeings.

17. 
Versatility-Versatilityreferstothecapabilityofacomputertoperformdifferentkindsof
workswithsameaccuracyandefficiency.

Reliability-Acomputerisreliableasitgivesconsistentresultforsimilarsetofdatai.e.,if
wegivesamesetofinputanynumberoftimes,wewillgetthesameresult.
Characteristics of ComputersCharacteristics of Computers

Automation-Computerperformsallthetasksautomaticallyi.e.itperformstaskswithout
manualintervention.

Memory-Acomputerhasbuilt-inmemorycalledprimarymemorywhereitstoresdata.
SecondarystorageareremovabledevicessuchasCDs,pendrives,etc.,whicharealso
usedtostoredata.

18. Computersplayaroleineveryfieldoflife.Theyareusedinhomes,
business,educationalinstitutions,researchorganizations,medicalfield,
governmentoffices,entertainment,etc.

Home-Computersareusedathomesforseveralpurposeslikeonlinebillpayment,
watchingmoviesorshowsathome,hometutoring,socialmediaaccess,playinggames,
internetaccess,etc.Theyhelptoavailworkfromhomefacilityforcorporateemployees.
Computershelpthestudentcommunitytoavailonlineeducationalsupport.
Applications of ComputersApplications of Computers

MedicalField-Computersareusedinhospitalstomaintainadatabaseofpatients’history,
diagnosis,X-rays,livemonitoringofpatients,etc.Surgeonsnowadaysuseroboticsurgical
devicestoperformdelicateoperations,andconductsurgeriesremotely.Virtualreality
technologiesarealsousedfortrainingpurposes.

Entertainment-Computershelptowatchmoviesonline,playgamesonline;actasavirtual
entertainerinplayinggames,listeningtomusic,etc.Videoscanbefedfromcomputersto
fullscreentelevisions.Photoeditorsareavailablewithfabulousfeatures.

19. 
Industry-Computersareusedtoperformseveraltasksinindustrieslikemanaging
inventory,designingpurpose,creatingvirtualsampleproducts,interiordesigning,video
conferencing,Onlinemarketing,Stockmarketsetc.

Education-Computersareusedineducationsectorthroughonlineclasses,online
examinations,referringe-books,onlinetutoring,etc.Theyhelpinincreaseduseofaudio-
visualaidsintheeducationfield.

Government-Ingovernmentsectors,computersareusedindataprocessing,maintaininga
Applications of ComputersApplications of Computers

Government-Ingovernmentsectors,computersareusedindataprocessing,maintaininga
databaseofcitizensandsupportingapaperlessenvironment.Thecountry’sdefence
organizationshavegreatlybenefittedfromcomputersintheiruseformissiledevelopment,
satellites,rocketlaunches,etc.

Banking-Inthebankingsector,computersareusedtostoredetailsofcustomersand
conducttransactions,suchaswithdrawalanddepositofmoneythroughATMs.Bankshave
reducedmanualerrorsandexpensestoagreatextentthroughextensiveuseofcomputers.

20. 
Business-Computersaretotallyintegratedintobusiness.Themainobjectiveofbusinessis
transactionprocessing,whichinvolvestransactionswithsuppliers,employeesorcustomers.
Peoplecananalyzeinvestments,sales,expenses,marketsandotheraspectsofbusiness
usingcomputers.

Training-Manyorganizationsusecomputer-basedtrainingtotraintheiremployees,tosave
moneyandimproveperformance.Videoconferencingthroughcomputersallowssavingof
timeandtravellingcostsbybeingabletoconnectpeopleinvariouslocations.
Applications of ComputersApplications of Computers

Arts-Computersareextensivelyusedindance,photography,artsandculture.Thefluid
movementofdancecanbeshownliveviaanimation.Photoscanbedigitizedusing
computers.

ScienceandEngineering-Computerswithhighperformanceareusedtostimulate
dynamicprocessinScienceandEngineering.Supercomputershavenumerousapplications
inareaofResearchandDevelopment(R&D).Scientistsusecomputerstoplotandanalyze
datatohaveabetterunderstandingofearthquakes.

21. Components of ComputersComponents of Computers

22. 
InputUnit-Thisunitcontainsdeviceswiththehelpofwhichweenterdataintothe
computer.Thisunitcreatesalinkbetweentheuserandthecomputer.Theinputdevices
translatetheinformationintoaformunderstandablebythecomputer.

CPU(CentralProcessingUnit)-CPUisconsideredasthebrainofthecomputer.CPU
performsalltypesofdataprocessingoperations.Itstoresdata,intermediateresults,and
instructions(program).Itcontrolstheoperationofallpartsofthecomputer.
CPUitselfhasthefollowingthreecomponents−
Components of ComputersComponents of Computers
CPUitselfhasthefollowingthreecomponents−
1.
ALU(ArithmeticLogicUnit)
2.
MemoryUnit
3.
ControlUnit

OutputUnit-Theoutputunitconsistsofdeviceswiththehelpofwhichwegetthe
informationfromthecomputer.Thisunitisalinkbetweenthecomputerandtheusers.
Outputdevicestranslatethecomputer'soutputintoaformunderstandablebytheusers.

23. CPU (Central Processing Unit)

Itisamajorcomponentofthecentralprocessingunitofthea
computersystem.

Anarithmeticlogicunit(ALU)isadigitalcircuitusedto
Components of ComputersComponents of Computers

Anarithmeticlogicunit(ALU)isadigitalcircuitusedto
performarithmeticandlogicoperations.

Itdoesallprocessesrelatedtoarithmeticandlogicoperationsthat
needtobedoneoninstructionwords.

Insomemicroprocessorarchitectures,theALUisdividedintothe
arithmeticunit(AU)andthelogicunit(LU).

24. CPU (Central Processing Unit)

ItincludesRAM,ROMandsecondaryStorage.

Theyarealsocalledasprimaryandsecondarymemory.
Components of ComputersComponents of Computers

Ittemporarilystoresdata,programs,andintermediateandfinal
resultsofprocessing.

So,itactsasatemporarystorageareathatholdsthedata
temporarily,whichisusedtorunthecomputer.

25. CPU (Central Processing Unit)

Controlunitconsistsofcircuitrywhichmakesuseofelectrical
signalstoinstructthecomputersystemforexecutingalreadystored
instructions.
Components of ComputersComponents of Computers

Ittakesinstructionsfrommemoryandthendecodesandexecutes
theseinstructions.So,itcontrolsandcoordinatesthefunctioningof
allpartsofthecomputer.

TheControlUnit'smaintaskistomaintainandregulatetheflowof
informationacrosstheprocessor.Itdoesnottakepartinprocessing
andstoringdata.

26. 
ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONALITY/ DATA HANDLING

ACCORDING TOPURPOSE

ACCORDING TOSPEED/SIZE
Classification of ComputersClassification of Computers

27. Classification of ComputersClassification of Computers
I. ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONALITY/ DATA HANDLING
1. ANALOG COMPUTER

Analogcomputersaredesignedtoprocessanalogdata.

Analogdataiscontinuousdatathatchangescontinuouslyandcannot
havediscretevalues.havediscretevalues.

Ananalogcomputerisaformofcomputerthatusesthecontinuously-
changeableaspectsofphysicalfactsuchaselectrical,mechanical,or
hydraulicquantitiestomodeltheproblembeingsolved.

Speedometerandmercurythermometerareexamplesofanalog
computers.

28. Classification of ComputersClassification of Computers
I. ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONALITY/ DATA HANDLING
1. ANALOG COMPUTER

Analogcomputersarethefirstcomputersbeingdeveloped.

Theyarewidelyusedforcertainengineeringandscientific
applications.applications.

AnalogComputersdonotrequireanystoragecapabilitybecausethey
measureandcomparequantitiesinasingleoperation.

Theyareusedformeasuringtemperature,speedandcurrent.

29. Classification of ComputersClassification of Computers
I.ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONALITY/ DATA HANDLING
1. ANALOG COMPUTER

30. Classification of ComputersClassification of Computers
I.ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONALITY/ DATA HANDLING
2. DIGITAL COMPUTER

Acomputerthatcanperformcalculationsandlogicaloperationswith
quantitiesrepresentedasdigits,usuallyinthebinarynumbersystem
of0and1.of0and1.

Bymanipulatingcombinationsofbinarydigits,itcanperform
mathematicalcalculations,organizeandanalyzedata.

In1937,atBellLabs,GeorgeStibitzinventedthefirstcalculator
basedonbinarycircuitstoperformcomplexmathematicalformulas.

Examples-IBMPC,Apple,DigitalWatchesetc.

31. Classification of ComputersClassification of Computers
I.ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONALITY/ DATA HANDLING
2. DIGITAL COMPUTER

32. Classification of ComputersClassification of Computers
I. ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONALITY/ DATA HANDLING
3. HYBRID COMPUTER

Acomputerthatprocessesbothanaloganddigitaldata.

HybridComputerisadigitalcomputerthatacceptsanalogsignals,
convertsthemtodigitalandprocessthemindigitalform.convertsthemtodigitalandprocessthemindigitalform.

Thatmeans,itacceptsacontinuouslyvaryinginputwhichisthen
convertedintoasetofdiscretevaluesfordigitalprocessing.

Ahybridcomputermayuseorproduceanalogordigitaldata.

Theyareusedformeasuringtemperature,speedandcurrent.

33. Classification of ComputersClassification of Computers
I.ACCORDING TO
FUNCTIONALITY/ DATA
HANDLING
3. HYBRID COMPUTER

Example:

Example:
1.
Computerusedinhospitalsto
measuretheheartbeatofpatient.
2.
Devicesusedinpetrolpump.

34. Classification of ComputersClassification of Computers
II. ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
1. GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTER

Ageneralpurposecomputerisabletoperformcommoncomputingtasks,
giventheappropriateapplicationandrequiredtime.giventheappropriateapplicationandrequiredtime.

Itisadigitalcomputerthatisusedtosolveawiderangeofscientificand
technical,economicandotherproblems.

Examples-Personalcomputersincludingdesktops,notebooks,
smartphonesandtablets.

35. Classification of ComputersClassification of Computers
II. ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
2. SPECIAL PURPOSE COMPUTER

Theyaredesignedtobetaskspecific.

Theyarealsoknownasdedicatedcomputersbecausetheyare
dedicatedtoperformasingletaskoverandoveragain.dedicatedtoperformasingletaskoverandoveragain.

Theyperformonlyonefunctionandthereforecutdownonthe
amountofmemoryneeded.

Theyarefastinprocessingastheyhavetoperformonlytask.

Examples-Trafficlightscontrolsystem,videogames,digitalwatch,
navigationalsysteminaircraftetc.

36. Classification of ComputersClassification of Computers
III. ACCORDING TO SPEED/SIZE
1. SUPERCOMPUTER

Supercomputersarethebiggestandfastestcomputers.

Theyaredesignedtoprocesshugeamountofdata.

Asupercomputercanprocesstrillionsofinstructionsinasecond.It

Asupercomputercanprocesstrillionsofinstructionsinasecond.It
hasthousandsofinterconnectedprocessors.

Supercomputersareparticularlyusedinscientificandengineering
applicationssuchasweatherforecasting,scientificsimulationsand
nuclearenergyresearch.

ThefirstsupercomputerwasdevelopedbyRogerCrayin1976.

37. Classification of ComputersClassification of Computers
III. ACCORDING TO SPEED/SIZE
1. SUPERCOMPUTER

Characteristicsorapplicationsofsupercomputers:
1.
Ithastheabilitytodecryptyourpasswordtoenhanceprotection
forsecurityreasons.
Itproducesexcellentresultsinanimations.
2.
Itproducesexcellentresultsinanimations.
3.
Itisusedforvirtualtestingofnuclearweaponsandcritical
medicaltests.
4.
Ithelpsinscientificresearchareasbyaccuratelyanalysingdata
obtainedfromexploringthesolarsystem,satellites,andmovement
ofEarth.

38. Classification of ComputersClassification of Computers
III. ACCORDING TO SPEED/SIZE
1. SUPERCOMPUTER

39. Classification of ComputersClassification of Computers
III. ACCORDING TO SPEED/SIZE
2. MAINFRAME COMPUTER

Mainframecomputersaredesignedto supporthundredsor
thousandsofuserssimultaneously.Theycansupportmultiple
programsatthesametime.Itmeanstheycanexecutedifferent
processessimultaneously.processessimultaneously.

Therearefewerchancesoferrororbugsduringprocessingin
mainframecomputers.Ifanyerroroccursitcanfixitquicklywithout
affectingtheperformance.

Ithastheabilitytoprotectthestoreddataandotherongoing
exchangeofinformationanddata.

40. Classification of ComputersClassification of Computers
III. ACCORDING TO SPEED/SIZE
2. MAINFRAME COMPUTER

Inhealthcare,itenabledhospitalstomaintainarecordoftheir
millionsofpatientsinordertocontactthemfortreatmentorrelatedto
theirappointment,medicineupdatesordiseaseupdates.theirappointment,medicineupdatesordiseaseupdates.

Inthefieldofdefence,itallowsthedefencedepartmentstosharea
largeamountofsensitiveinformationwithotherbranchesofdefence.

Inthefieldofeducation,ithelpsbiguniversitiestostore,manage
andretrievedatarelatedtotheircourses,admissions,students,
teachers,employeesandaffiliatedschoolsandcolleges.

41. Classification of ComputersClassification of Computers
III. ACCORDING TO SPEED/SIZE
2. MAINFRAME COMPUTER

42. Classification of ComputersClassification of Computers
III. ACCORDING TO SPEED/SIZE
3. MICRO COMPUTER

Microcomputerisalsoknownasapersonalcomputer.

Itisageneral-purposecomputerthatisdesignedforindividualuse.

Ithasamicroprocessorasacentralprocessingunit,memory,storage

Ithasamicroprocessorasacentralprocessingunit,memory,storage
area,inputunitandoutputunit.

Laptopsanddesktopcomputersareexamplesofmicrocomputers.

Theyaresuitableforpersonalworkthatmaybemakingan
assignment,watchingamovie,oratofficeforofficework.

43. Classification of ComputersClassification of Computers
III. ACCORDING TO SPEED/SIZE
3. MICRO COMPUTER

Characteristicsofamicrocomputer:
1.
Itisthesmallestinsizeamongalltypesofcomputers.
2.
Alimitednumberofsoftwarecanbeused.
3.
Itisdesignedforpersonalworkandapplications.Onlyoneuser
canworkatatime.
4.
Itislessexpansiveandeasytouse.
5.
Itdoesnotrequiretheusertohavespecialskillsortrainingtouse
it.

44. Classification of ComputersClassification of Computers
III. ACCORDING TO SPEED/SIZE
4. MINI COMPUTER

Itisamidsizemultiprocessingcomputer.Itconsistsoftwoormore
processorsandcansupport4to200usersatonetime.

Minicomputersareusedininstitutesanddepartmentsfortaskssuch

Minicomputersareusedininstitutesanddepartmentsfortaskssuch
asbilling,accountingandinventorymanagement.

Aminicomputer liesbetweenthemainframeand
microcomputerasitissmallerthanmainframebutlargerthana
microcomputer.

45. Classification of ComputersClassification of Computers
III. ACCORDING TO SPEED/SIZE
4. MINI COMPUTER

46. Other Categories of ComputersOther Categories of Computers
1.
Server-Aserverisacomputerthatprovidesdatato
othercomputers.Aserverisapieceofcomputerhardwareor
software(computerprogram)thatprovidesfunctionalityforother
programsordevices,called"clients".programsordevices,called"clients".
Aserverisacomputerorsystemthatprovidesresources,data,
services,orprogramstoothercomputers,knownasclients,overa
network.

47. Other Categories of ComputersOther Categories of Computers
1.
Server

48. Other Categories of ComputersOther Categories of Computers
2.Workstation-Aworkstationisaspecialcomputerdesignedfor
technicalorscientificapplications.Intendedprimarilytobeusedby
onepersonatatime.
Workstation,ahigh-performancecomputersystemthatisWorkstation,ahigh-performancecomputersystemthatis
basicallydesignedforasingleuserandhasadvancedgraphics
capabilities,largestoragecapacity,andapowerfulmicroprocessor
(centralprocessingunit).

49. Other Categories of ComputersOther Categories of Computers
2. Workstation

50. 1.
FirstGeneration:1940-1956.Vacuumtubebased.
2.
SecondGeneration:1956-1963.Transistorbased.
3.
ThirdGeneration:1963-1971.IntegratedCircuitbased.
4.
FourthGeneration:1971-1980.VLSImicroprocessorbased.
Generation of ComputersGeneration of Computers
4.
FourthGeneration:1971-1980.VLSImicroprocessorbased.
5.
FifthGeneration:1980-onwards.ULSImicroprocessorbased.

51. 1.First Generation (1940-1956)

J.P.EckertandJ.W.Mauchyinventedthefirstsuccessfulelectroniccomputercalled
ENIAC,ENIACstandsfor“ElectronicNumericIntegratedAndCalculator”.

Thefirstgenerationcomputersweredevelopedbyusingvacuumtube.
Generation of ComputersGeneration of Computers

Thesetubes,likeelectricbulbs,producedalotofheatandtheinstallationsusedtofuse
frequently.Therefore,theywereveryexpensiveandonlylargeorganizationswereable
toaffordit.

52. 1.First Generation (1940-1956)

Theinputofthissystemwasbasedonpunchedcardsandpapertape;however,the
outputwasdisplayedonprintouts.

Thefirstgenerationcomputersworkedonbinary-codedconcept(i.e.,languageof0-
Generation of ComputersGeneration of Computers
1).Examples:ENIAC,EDVAC,etc.

Thesecomputerscouldcalculateinmilliseconds.

53. 1.First Generation (1940-1956)
Disadvantages:

Thesewereverybiginsize,weightwasabout30tones.

Thesecomputerswerebasedonvacuumtubes.

Thesecomputerswereverycostly.
Generation of ComputersGeneration of Computers

Itcouldstoreonlyasmallamountofinformation.

Verylessworkefficiency.

Limitedprogrammingcapabilitiesandpunchcardswereusedtotakeinputs.

54. 1.First Generation (1940-1956)
Generation of ComputersGeneration of Computers

55. 2.Second Generation (1956-1963)

Theperiod1956to1963isroughlyconsideredastheperiodofSecond
GenerationofComputers.

Theyweredevelopedbyusingtransistortechnology.

Thesizewassmaller.

Thecomputingtimetakenbythecomputersofthesecondgenerationwaslesser.
Generation of ComputersGeneration of Computers

Thecomputingtimetakenbythecomputersofthesecondgenerationwaslesser.
Few Examples are:

Honeywell 400

IBM 7094

CDC 1604

56. 2.Second Generation (1956-1963)
Advantages:

Duetothepresenceoftransistorsinsteadofvacuumtubes,thesizeofelectron
componentdecreased.Thisresultedinreducingthesizeofacomputerascomparedto
firstgenerationcomputers.

Lessenergyandnotproduceasmuchheatasthefirstgeneration.
Generation of ComputersGeneration of Computers

Lessenergyandnotproduceasmuchheatasthefirstgeneration.

Assemblylanguageandpunchcardswereusedforinput.

Lowcostthanfirstgenerationcomputers.

Betterspeed,calculatedatainmicroseconds.

Betterportabilityascomparedtofirstgeneration

57. 2.Second Generation (1956-1963)
Disadvantages:

Acoolingsystemwasrequired.

Constantmaintenancewasrequired.
Generation of ComputersGeneration of Computers

Constantmaintenancewasrequired.

Onlyusedforspecificpurposes.

58. 2.Second Generation (1956-1963)
Generation of ComputersGeneration of Computers

59. 3.Third Generation (1963-1971)

The period 1963 to 1971 is roughly considered as the period of Third Generation of
computers.

The third generation computers were developed by using the Integrated Circuit (IC)
technology.

IC was invented by Robert Noyceand Jack KilbyIn 1958-1959.

IC was a single component containing number of transistors.
Generation of ComputersGeneration of Computers

IC was a single component containing number of transistors.

The computing time taken by the computers of the third generation was lesser.
Few Examples are:

PDP-8

PDP-11

ICL 2900

60. 3.Third Generation (1963-1971)
Advantages:

Thesecomputerswerecheaperascomparedtosecond-generationcomputers.

Theywerefastandreliable.

UseofICinthecomputerprovidesthesmallsizeofthecomputer.

ICnotonlyreducethesizeofthecomputerbutitalsoimprovestheperformanceofthe
Generation of ComputersGeneration of Computers

ICnotonlyreducethesizeofthecomputerbutitalsoimprovestheperformanceofthe
computerascomparedtopreviouscomputers.

Thisgenerationofcomputershasbigstoragecapacity.

Insteadofpunchcards,mouseandkeyboardareusedforinput.

Theyusedanoperatingsystemforbetterresourcemanagementandusedtheconceptof
time-sharingandmultipleprogramming.

Thesecomputersreducethecomputationaltimefrommicrosecondstonanoseconds.

61. 3.Third Generation (1963-1971)
Disadvantages:

IC chips are difficult to maintain.

The highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacturing of IC chips.

Air conditioning is required.
Generation of ComputersGeneration of Computers

62. 3.Third Generation (1963-1971)
Generation of ComputersGeneration of Computers

63. 4.Fourth Generation (1971-1980)

Theperiod1971to1980isroughlyconsideredasthefourthgenerationofcomputers.

Thefourthgenerationcomputersweredevelopedbyusingmicroprocessortechnology.

Amicroprocessorisusedinacomputerforanylogicalandarithmeticfunctiontobe
performedinanyprogram.
GraphicsUserInterface(GUI)technologywasexploitedtooffermorecomforttousers.
Generation of ComputersGeneration of Computers

GraphicsUserInterface(GUI)technologywasexploitedtooffermorecomforttousers.

By coming to fourth generation, computer became very small in size, it became portable.

The machine of fourth generation started generating very low amount of heat.

It is much faster and accuracy became more reliable.

The production cost reduced to very low in comparison to the previous generation.

It became available for the common people as well.

64. 4.Fourth Generation (1971-1980)
FewExamplesare:

IBM4341

DEC10
Advantages:

Fastestincomputationandsizegetreducedascomparedtothepreviousgenerationof
Generation of ComputersGeneration of Computers

Fastestincomputationandsizegetreducedascomparedtothepreviousgenerationof
computer.

Heatgeneratedisnegligible.

Smallinsizeascomparedtopreviousgenerationcomputers.

Lessmaintenanceisrequired.

Alltypesofhigh-levellanguagecanbeusedinthistypeofcomputers.

65. 4.Fourth Generation (1971-1980)
Disadvantages:

The Microprocessor design and fabrication are very complex.

Air conditioning is required in many cases due to the presence of ICs.

Advance technology is required to make the ICs.
Generation of ComputersGeneration of Computers

66. 4.Fourth Generation (1971-1980)
Generation of ComputersGeneration of Computers

67. 4.Fifth Generation (1980-onwards)

Theperiod1980totilldateandbeyond,roughlyconsideredastheperiodoffifth
generationofcomputers.

Thecomputersofthefifthgenerationhadhighcapabilityandlargememory
capacity.

Workingwithcomputersofthisgenerationwasfastandmultipletaskscouldbe
Generation of ComputersGeneration of Computers

Workingwithcomputersofthisgenerationwasfastandmultipletaskscouldbe
performedsimultaneously.

Someofthepopularadvancedtechnologiesofthefifthgenerationinclude
Artificialintelligence,Quantumcomputation,Nanotechnology,Parallel
processing,etc.

68. 4.Fifth Generation (1980-onwards)

Thisgenerationisbasedonartificialintelligence.

Theaimofthefifthgenerationistomakeadevicewhichcouldrespondtonatural
languageinputandarecapableoflearningandself-organization.

ThisgenerationisbasedonULSI(UltraLargeScaleIntegration)technologyresulting
intheproductionofmicroprocessorchipshavingtenmillionelectroniccomponent.
Generation of ComputersGeneration of Computers
intheproductionofmicroprocessorchipshavingtenmillionelectroniccomponent.
FewExamplesare:

Desktop

Laptop

NoteBook

69. 4.Fifth Generation (1980-onwards)

Advantages:

It is more reliable and works faster.

It is available in different sizes and unique features.

It provides computers with more user-friendly interfaces with multimedia features.
Generation of ComputersGeneration of Computers

Disadvantages:

They need very low-level languages.

They may make the human brains dull and doomed.

70. 4.Fifth Generation (1980-onwards)
Generation of ComputersGeneration of Computers

71. Following are some of the important input devices which are used in a computer −

Keyboard

Mouse

Joy Stick

Light pen

Track Ball
INPUT DEVICESINPUT DEVICES

Track Ball

Scanner

Graphic Tablet

Microphone

Magnetic Ink Card Reader(MICR)

Optical Character Reader(OCR)

Bar Code Reader

Optical Mark Reader(OMR)

72. INPUT DEVICESINPUT DEVICES
1. Keyboard

Keyboardisthemostcommonandverypopularinputdevicewhichhelpstoinput
datatothecomputer.Thelayoutofthekeyboardislikethatoftraditionaltypewriter,
althoughtherearesomeadditionalkeysprovidedforperformingadditionalfunctions.

Keyboardsareoftwosizes84keysor101/102keys,butnowkeyboardswith104
keysor108keysarealsoavailableforWindowsandInternet.

73. INPUT DEVICESINPUT DEVICES
2. Mouse

Mouseisthemostpopularpointingdevice.Itisaveryfamouscursor-controldevice
havingasmallpalmsizeboxwitharoundballatitsbase,whichsensesthe
movementofthemouseandsendscorrespondingsignalstotheCPUwhenthemouse
buttonsarepressed.

Generally,ithastwobuttonscalledtheleftandtherightbuttonandawheelispresent
betweenthebuttons.Amousecanbeusedtocontrolthepositionofthecursoronthe
screen,butitcannotbeusedtoentertextintothecomputer.

74. INPUT DEVICESINPUT DEVICES
3. Light Pen

Lightpenisapointingdevicesimilartoapen.Itisusedtoselectadisplayedmenu
itemordrawpicturesonthemonitorscreen.Itconsistsofaphotocellandanoptical
systemplacedinasmalltube.

Whenthetipofalightpenismovedoverthemonitorscreenandthepenbuttonis
pressed,itsphotocellsensingelementdetectsthescreenlocationandsendsthe
correspondingsignaltotheCPU.

75. INPUT DEVICESINPUT DEVICES
4. Joystick

Joystickisalsoapointingdevice,whichisusedtomovethecursorpositionona
monitorscreen.Itisastickhavingasphericalballatitsbothlowerandupperends.
Thelowersphericalballmovesinasocket.Thejoystickcanbemovedinallfour
directions.

Thefunctionofthejoystickissimilartothatofamouse.Itismainlyusedin
ComputerAidedDesigning(CAD)andplayingcomputergames.

76. INPUT DEVICESINPUT DEVICES
5. Track Ball

Trackballisaninputdevicethatismostlyusedinnotebookorlaptopcomputer,
insteadofamouse.Thisisaballwhichishalfinsertedandbymovingfingersonthe
ball,thepointercanbemoved.

Sincethewholedeviceisnotmoved,atrackballrequireslessspacethanamouse.A
trackballcomesinvariousshapeslikeaball,abutton,orasquare.

77. INPUT DEVICESINPUT DEVICES
6. Scanner

Scannerisaninputdevice,whichworksmorelikeaphotocopymachine.Itisused
whensomeinformationisavailableonpaperanditistobetransferredtothehard
diskofthecomputerforfurthermanipulation.

Scannercapturesimagesfromthesourcewhicharethenconvertedintoadigitalform
thatcanbestoredonthedisk.Theseimagescanbeeditedbeforetheyareprinted.

78. INPUT DEVICESINPUT DEVICES
7. Digitizer

DigitizerisalsoknownasTabletorGraphicsTabletasitconvertsgraphicsand
pictorialdataintobinaryinputs.Agraphictabletasdigitizerisusedforfineworksof
drawingandimagemanipulationapplications.

Theycanbeusedbythecomputertocreateapictureofwhateverthecamerahad
beenpointedat.

79. INPUT DEVICESINPUT DEVICES
8. Microphone

Microphoneisaninputdevicetoinputsoundthatisthenstoredinadigitalform.

Themicrophoneisusedforvariousapplicationssuchasaddingsoundtoa
multimediapresentationorformixingmusic.

80. INPUT DEVICESINPUT DEVICES
9. Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR)

MICRinputdeviceisgenerallyusedinbanksastherearelargenumberofchequesto
beprocessedeveryday.Thebank'scodenumberandchequenumberareprintedon
thechequeswithaspecialtypeofinkthatcontainsparticlesofmagneticmaterialthat
aremachinereadable.

ThisreadingprocessiscalledMagneticInkCharacterRecognition(MICR).The
mainadvantagesofMICRisthatitisfastandlesserrorprone.

81. INPUT DEVICESINPUT DEVICES
10. Optical Character Reader (OCR)

OCRisaninputdeviceusedtoreadaprintedtext.

OCRscansthetextoptically,characterbycharacter,convertsthemintoamachine
readablecode,andstoresthetextonthesystemmemory.

82. INPUT DEVICESINPUT DEVICES
11. Bar Code Readers

BarCodeReaderisadeviceusedforreadingbarcodeddata(dataintheformoflight
anddarklines).Barcodeddataisgenerallyusedinlabellinggoods,numberingthe
books,etc.Itmaybeahandheldscannerormaybeembeddedinastationaryscanner.

BarCodeReaderscansabarcodeimage,convertsitintoanalphanumericvalue,
whichisthenfedtothecomputerthatthebarcodereaderisconnectedto.

83. INPUT DEVICESINPUT DEVICES
12. Optical Mark Reader (OMR)

OMRisaspecialtypeofopticalscannerusedtorecognizethetypeofmarkmadeby
penorpencil.Itisusedwhereoneoutofafewalternativesistobeselectedand
marked.

Itisspeciallyusedforcheckingtheanswersheetsofexaminationshavingmultiple
choicequestions.

84. OUTPUT DEVICESOUTPUT DEVICES
1. Monitors
Monitors,commonlycalledasVisualDisplayUnit(VDU),arethemainoutputdevice
ofacomputer.Itformsimagesfromtinydots,calledpixelsthatarearrangedina
rectangularform.Thesharpnessoftheimagedependsuponthenumberofpixels.
There are two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors.

Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT)

Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT)

Flat-Panel Display

85. OUTPUT DEVICESOUTPUT DEVICES
2. Printers
Printerisanoutputdevice,whichisusedtoprintinformationonpaper.
Therearetwotypesofprinters−
1.ImpactPrinters
2.Non-ImpactPrinters
1.ImpactPrinters1.ImpactPrinters
Impactprintersprintthecharactersbystrikingthemontheribbon,whichisthenpressedon
thepaper.
CharacteristicsofImpactPrintersarethefollowing−
•Verylowconsumablecosts
•Verynoisy
•Usefulforbulkprintingduetolowcost
•Thereisphysicalcontactwiththepapertoproduceanimage

86. OUTPUT DEVICESOUTPUT DEVICES
Dot Matrix Printer

Inthemarket,oneofthemostpopularprintersisDotMatrixPrinter.Theseprintersarepopular
becauseoftheireaseofprintingandeconomicalprice.Eachcharacterprintedisintheformofpattern
ofdotsandheadconsistsofaMatrixofPinsofsize(5*7,7*9,9*7or9*9)whichcomeouttoforma
characterwhichiswhyitiscalledDotMatrixPrinter.
Advantages

Inexpensive

Inexpensive

Widely Used

Other language characters can be printed
Disadvantages

Slow Speed

Poor Quality

87. OUTPUT DEVICESOUTPUT DEVICES
2. Non-impact Printers
Non-impact printers print the characters without using the ribbon. These printers print a complete page at
a time, thus they are also called as Page Printers.
These printers are of two types −

Laser Printers

Inkjet Printers
Characteristics of Non-impact PrintersCharacteristics of Non-impact Printers

Faster than impact printers

They are not noisy

High quality

Supports many fonts and different character size

88. OUTPUT DEVICESOUTPUT DEVICES
Laser Printers

These are non-impact page printers. They use laser lights to produce the dots needed to form the
characters to be printed on a page.
Advantages

Very high speed

Very high quality output
Good graphics quality

Good graphics quality

Supports many fonts and different character size
Disadvantages

Expensive

Cannot be used to produce multiple copies of a document in a single printing
Example –
HP LaserJet printer

89. OUTPUT DEVICESOUTPUT DEVICES
Inkjet Printers

Inkjetprintersarenon-impactcharacterprintersbasedonarelativelynewtechnology.Theyprint
charactersbysprayingsmalldropsofinkontopaper.Inkjetprintersproducehighqualityoutputwith
presentablefeatures.

Theymakelessnoisebecausenohammeringisdoneandthesehavemanystylesofprintingmodes
available.Colorprintingisalsopossible.SomemodelsofInkjetprinterscanproducemultiplecopies
ofprintingalso.
Advantages

High quality printing

More reliable
Disadvantages

Expensive as the cost per page is high

Slow as compared to laser printer

Example –
HP Deskjet1112 printer, Epson L130 single function printer, Epson L361 printer.

90. OUTPUT DEVICESOUTPUT DEVICES
INKJET PRINTER LASER PRINTER
It is cheap in price. It is expensive than Inkjet Printers.
They have nozzle from which ink is sprayed onto paper and it
gets printed.
They do not have nozzle.
Ink in the cartridges is in liquid form, which dries if not used
for a long time.
Ink is in the form of toner (powder), it does not dries up even
if you don’t use it for a long time.
Ink should be refilled in a short span of time, which makes it
quite expensive.
Ink in these printers lasts long. So, there is no need to refill the
bar again and again.
At last, buying these printers in not expensive but using it over
time costs more and more.
Buying these laser printers, is expensive at first but using it
over time it costs less than Inkjet Printers.
If you are student or if you print assignments, projects or print
colourful pictures, then one can prefer Inkjet printers.
If you want to print only text like documents or PDFs or want
to print normal pages, then one can prefer Laser printers.

91. MEMORYMEMORY

92. MEMORYMEMORY

Amemoryisjustlikeahumanbrain.

Itisusedtostoredataandinstructions.

Computermemoryisthestoragespaceinthecomputer,wheredataistobe
processedandinstructionsrequiredforprocessingarestored.

Thememoryisdividedintolargenumberofsmallpartscalledcells.Eachlocation
orcellhasauniqueaddress,whichvariesfromzerotomemorysizeminusone.orcellhasauniqueaddress,whichvariesfromzerotomemorysizeminusone.

Forexample,ifthecomputerhas64kwords,thenthismemoryunithas64*1024
=65536memorylocations.Theaddressoftheselocationsvariesfrom0to65535.

93. PRIMARY MEMORYPRIMARY MEMORY
Primary Memory (Main Memory)

Primarymemoryholdsonlythosedataandinstructionsonwhichthecomputeris
currentlyworking.

Ithasalimitedcapacityanddataislostwhenpowerisswitchedoff.

Itisgenerallymadeupofsemiconductordevice.

Itisgenerallymadeupofsemiconductordevice.

Thesememoriesarenotasfastasregisters.

Thedataandinstructionrequiredtobeprocessedresidesinthemainmemory.

ItisdividedintotwosubcategoriesRAMandROM
.

94. PRIMARY MEMORYPRIMARY MEMORY
Characteristics of Main Memory

These are semiconductor memories.

It is known as the main memory.

Usually volatile memory.

Data is lost in case power is switched off.

Data is lost in case power is switched off.

It is the working memory of the computer.

Faster than secondary memories.

A computer cannot run without the primary memory.

95. PRIMARY MEMORYPRIMARY MEMORY
Random Access Memory (RAM) –

RAM(RandomAccessMemory)istheinternalmemoryoftheCPUforstoring
data,program,andprogramresult.Itisaread/writememorywhichstoresdata
untilthemachineisworking.Assoonasthemachineisswitchedoff,datais
erased.

Itisalsocalledasreadwritememoryorthemainmemoryortheprimarymemory.

Itisalsocalledasreadwritememoryorthemainmemoryortheprimarymemory.

TheprogramsanddatathattheCPUrequiresduringexecutionofaprogramare
storedinthismemory.

Itisavolatilememoryasthedataloseswhenthepoweristurnedoff.

RAMisfurtherclassifiedintotwotypes-
SRAM(StaticRandomAccessMemory)and
DRAM(DynamicRandomAccessMemory).

96. PRIMARY MEMORYPRIMARY MEMORY
Static RAM (SRAM)

Thewordstaticindicatesthatthememoryretainsitscontentsaslongaspowerisbeingsupplied.
However,dataislostwhenthepowergetsdownduetovolatilenature.SRAMchipsuseamatrixof
6-transistorsandnocapacitors.Transistorsdonotrequirepowertopreventleakage,soSRAMneed
notberefreshedonaregularbasis.

Thereisextraspaceinthematrix,henceSRAMusesmorechipsthanDRAMforthesameamount
ofstoragespace,makingthemanufacturingcostshigher.SRAMisthususedascachememoryand
hasveryfastaccess.hasveryfastaccess.
Characteristic of Static RAM

Long life

No need to refresh

Faster

Used as cache memory

Large size

Expensive

High power consumption

97. PRIMARY MEMORYPRIMARY MEMORY
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

DRAM,unlikeSRAM,mustbecontinuallyrefreshedinordertomaintainthedata.Thisisdonebyplacing
thememoryonarefreshcircuitthatrewritesthedataseveralhundredtimespersecond.DRAMisusedfor
mostsystemmemoryasitischeapandsmall.AllDRAMsaremadeupofmemorycells,whicharecomposed
ofonecapacitorandonetransistor.
Characteristics of Dynamic RAM

Short data lifetime

Short data lifetime

Needs to be refreshed continuously

Slower as compared to SRAM

Used as RAM

Smaller in size

Less expensive

Less power consumption

98. PRIMARY MEMORYPRIMARY MEMORY

99. PRIMARY MEMORYPRIMARY MEMORY
Read Only Memory (ROM) –

ROMstandsforReadOnlyMemory.Thememoryfromwhichwecanonlyreadbutcannotwriteonit.
Thistypeofmemoryisnon-volatile.Theinformationisstoredpermanentlyinsuchmemoriesduring
manufacture.

AROMstoressuchinstructionsthatarerequiredtostartacomputer.Thisoperationisreferredto
asbootstrap.

ROMchipsarenotonlyusedinthecomputerbutalsoinotherelectronicitemslikewashingmachineand
microwaveoven.microwaveoven.

Storescrucialinformationessentialtooperatethesystem,liketheprogramessentialtobootthe
computer.

Itisnotvolatile.

Alwaysretainsitsdata.

Used in embedded systems or where the programming needs no change.

Used in calculators and peripheral devices.

ROM is further classified into following types-
PROM,EPROM, andEEPROM.

100. PRIMARY MEMORYPRIMARY MEMORY
TypesofReadOnlyMemory(ROM)–

PROM(Programmableread-onlymemory) –Itcanbeprogrammedbyuser.Onceprogrammed,
thedataandinstructionsinitcannotbechanged.PROMisread-onlymemorythatcanbemodified
onlyoncebyauser.TheuserbuysablankPROMandentersthedesiredcontentsusingaPROM
program.InsidethePROMchip,therearesmallfuseswhichareburntopenduringprogramming.It
canbeprogrammedonlyonceandisnoterasable.

EPROM(ErasableProgrammablereadonlymemory)–Itcanbereprogrammed.Toreprogram

EPROM(ErasableProgrammablereadonlymemory)–Itcanbereprogrammed.Toreprogram
it,eraseallthepreviousdata.EPROMcanbeerasedbyexposingittoultra-violetlightfora
durationofupto40minutes.Usually,anEPROMeraserachievesthisfunction.During
programming,anelectricalchargeistrappedinaninsulatedgateregion.Thechargeisretainedfor
morethan10yearsbecausethechargehasnoleakagepath.Forerasingthischarge,ultra-violet
lightispassedthroughaquartzcrystalwindow(lid).Thisexposuretoultra-violetlightdissipates
thecharge.Duringnormaluse,thequartzlidissealedwithasticker.

101. PRIMARY MEMORYPRIMARY MEMORY

EEPROM(Electricallyerasableprogrammablereadonlymemory)–Thedatacanbeerasedby
applyingelectricfield,noneedofultravioletlight.Wecaneraseonlyportionsofthechip.
EEPROMisprogrammedanderasedelectrically.Itcanbeerasedandreprogrammedaboutten
thousandtimes.Botherasingandprogrammingtakeabout4to10ms(millisecond).InEEPROM,
anylocationcanbeselectivelyerasedandprogrammed.EEPROMscanbeerasedonebyteata
time,ratherthanerasingtheentirechip.Hence,theprocessofreprogrammingisflexiblebutslow.

UVEPROM- Ultra-VioletErasableProgrammableReadOnlyMemory(UV-EPROM)isaspecial
typeofProgrammableRead-OnlyMemory(PROM)thatcanbeerasedbyexposingittoultraviolet
lightandprogrammedagainwithnewdata.

102. PRIMARY MEMORYPRIMARY MEMORY

103. SECONDARYMEMORYSECONDARYMEMORY
SECONDARY MEMORY

Thesecondarystoragedeviceswhicharebuiltintothecomputerorconnectedtothe
computerareknownasasecondarymemoryofthecomputer.Itisalsoknownasexternal
memoryorauxiliarystorage.

Thesecondarymemoryisaccessedindirectlyviainput/outputoperations.Itisnon-
volatile,sopermanentlystoresthedataevenwhenthecomputeristurnedofforuntilthis
dataisoverwrittenordeleted.TheCPUcan'tdirectlyaccessthesecondarymemory.First,
thesecondarymemorydataistransferredtoprimarymemorythentheCPUcanaccessitthesecondarymemorydataistransferredtoprimarymemorythentheCPUcanaccessit
.
These are some characteristics of secondary memory, which distinguish it from primary
memory −

It is non-volatile, i.e. it retains data when power is switched off

It is large capacities to the tune of terabytes

It is cheaper as compared to primary memory

104. SECONDARYMEMORYSECONDARYMEMORY
SECONDARY MEMORY
DependingonwhethersecondarymemorydeviceispartofCPUornot,therearetwo
typesofsecondarymemory–fixedandremovable.

105. SECONDARYMEMORYSECONDARYMEMORY
SECONDARY MEMORY
1.HardDisk-

Harddiskdriveismadeupofaseriesofcirculardiskscalledplattersarrangedone
overtheotheralmost½inchesapartaroundaspindle.

Disksaremadeofnon-magneticmateriallikealuminiumalloyandcoatedwith10-
20nmofmagneticmaterial.20nmofmagneticmaterial.

Theharddiskislocatedwithinadriveunitonthecomputer'smotherboardand
comprisesoneormoreplatterspackedinanair-sealedcasing.

Thedataiswrittenontheplattersbymovingamagneticheadovertheplattersas
theyspin.

Thedatastoredonacomputer'sharddrivegenerallyincludestheoperatingsystem,
installedsoftware,andtheuser'sfilesandprograms,includingpictures,music,
videos,textdocuments,etc.

106. SECONDARYMEMORYSECONDARYMEMORY
SECONDARY MEMORY
1.HardDisk-

107. SECONDARYMEMORYSECONDARYMEMORY
SECONDARY MEMORY
2.Opticalstoragemedia-
Inopticalstoragemediainformationisstoredandreadusingalaserbeam.Thedatais
storedasaspiralpatternofpitsandridgesdenotingbinary0andbinary1.
Examples:CDsandDVDs
2.1CDDrive2.1CDDrive

CDstandsforCompactDisk.CDsarecirculardisksthatuseopticalrays,usually
lasers,toreadandwritedata.

Theyareverycheapasyoucanget700MBofstoragespaceforlessthanadollar.
CDsareinsertedinCDdrivesbuiltintoCPUcabinet.

Theyareportableasyoucanejectthedrive,removetheCDandcarryitwithyou.

108. SECONDARYMEMORYSECONDARYMEMORY
SECONDARY MEMORY
2.1 CD Drive
There are three types of CDs −

CD-ROM (Compact Disk –Read Only Memory)− The data on these CDs are
recorded by the manufacturer. Proprietary Software, audio or video are released on
CD-ROMs.CD-ROMs.

CD-R (Compact Disk –Recordable)− Data can be written by the user once on
the CD-R. It cannot be deleted or modified later.

CD-RW (Compact Disk –Rewritable)− Data can be written and deleted on these
optical disks again and again.

109. SECONDARYMEMORYSECONDARYMEMORY
SECONDARY MEMORY
2.2DVDDrive

DVDstandsforDigitalVideoDisplay.

DVDareopticaldevicesthatcanstore15timesthedataheldbyCDs.

Theyareusuallyusedtostorerichmultimediafilesthatneedhighstoragecapacity.

ADVDholds4.7GBto17GBofdata.
TypesofDVDs:TypesofDVDs:
DVDscanbedividedintothreemaincategorieswhichareasfollows:

DVD-ROM(Read-Only):ThesetypesofDVDscomewithmediaalreadyrecordedonthem,such
asmovieDVDs.Asthenamesuggests,dataonthesediscscannotbeerasedoradded,sothesediscs
areknownasaread-onlyornon-writableDVD.

DVD-R(Writable):ItallowsyoutorecordorwriteinformationtotheDVD.However,youcan
writeinformationonlyonceasitbecomesaread-onlyDVDonceitisfull.

DVD-RW(RewritableorErasable): Thistypeofdiscscanbeerased,written,orrecorded
multipletimes.

110. SECONDARYMEMORYSECONDARYMEMORY
SECONDARY MEMORY
3. Magnetic tape

Magnetictapeisamediumformagneticrecording,madeofathin,magnetisablecoatingonalong,
narrowstripofplasticfilm.

ItwasdevelopedinGermanyin1928,basedonmagneticwirerecording.Devicesthatrecordand
playbackaudioandvideousingmagnetictapearetaperecordersandvideotapeplaybackaudioandvideousingmagnetictapearetaperecordersandvideotape
recordersrespectively.

Adevicethatstorescomputerdataonmagnetictapeisknownasatapedrive.

111. SECONDARYMEMORYSECONDARYMEMORY
SECONDARY MEMORY
4. Pen Drive

Pendriveisacompactsecondarystoragedevice.

ItisalsoknownasaUSBflashdrive,thumbdriveorajumpdrive.

ItconnectstoacomputerviaaUSBport.

Itiscommonlyusedtostoreandtransferdatabetweencomputers.Forexample,youcanwritea
reportusingacomputerandthencopyortransferitinthependrive.Later,youcanconnectthispen
drivetoacomputertoseeoredityourreport.

Pendrivedoesnothavemovableparts;itcomprisesanintegratedcircuitmemorychipthatstores
thedata.Thischipishousedinsideaplasticoraluminiumcasing.

Thedatastoragecapacityofthependrivegenerallyrangesfrom2GBto128GB.

Furthermore,itisaplugandplaydeviceasyoudon'tneedadditionaldrives,software,orhardware
touseit.

112. SECONDARYMEMORYSECONDARYMEMORY
SECONDARY MEMORY
5. OTG

USBOTGisshortforUSBOn-The-Go.WithaUSBOTGcable,youcanconnectyoursmart-
phoneortablettootherdevices.ThecablehasaconnectorforyourphoneononesideandaUSB-A
connectorontheotherside.IfyouusearegularUSBcabletoconnectyourphonetoacomputer,
thephoneisthestoragedeviceandyourcomputerthemaindevice.WithanOTGcable,yoursmart-
phoneisthemaindevice.

UniversalSerialBus(USB)isanindustrystandardthatestablishesspecificationsforcablesand
connectorsandprotocolsforconnection,communicationandpowersupply(interfacing)between
computers,peripheralsandothercomputers.

USB(UniversalSerialBus)isthemostpopularconnectionusedtoconnectacomputertodevices
suchasdigitalcameras,printers,scanners,andexternalharddrive

113. CPU TypesCPU Types
•ThecomputerCPUalsoreferredtoastheprocessoristhemostimportant
componentofacomputer.ACPUisalsoreferredtoasthe“brain”ofthecomputer.
•ACPUdoalltheinstructionsandcalculationsthatitreceivedbytheinputdevices
ofthecomputer.AfterreceivingthedataCPUprocessestheminthedesiredwayto
giveoutput.
•TheCPUsaredifferentiatedbythenumberofcoresithas.Intheolderdays,CPUs
onlyhadonecorewhichlimitedthemtoonlyinasingletask.onlyhadonecorewhichlimitedthemtoonlyinasingletask.
•WiththeevolutionintechnologynumberofCPUcoresarealsoincreasedtomake
computersfasterandefficient.

114. CPU TypesCPU Types
1.Single-coreCPU
•ItistheoldesttypeofCPUwhichisavailableandemployedinmostofthepersonalandofficial
computers.
•Thesingle-coreCPUcanexecuteonlyonecommandatatimeanditsnotefficientinmulti-tasking.
•Itsignifiesthatthereisamarkabledeclinationinperformanceifmorethanasingleapplicationis
executed.
•Ifoneoperationisstarted,thesecondprocessshouldwaituntilthefirstoneisfinished.
2.Dual-coreCPU
•ItisasingleCPUthatcomprisesoftwostrongcoresandfunctionslikedualCPUactinglikeone.
•UnliketheCPUwithasinglecore,theprocessormustswitchbackandforthwithinavariablearray
ofdatastreamsandiformorethreadisexecuted,thedual-coreCPUmanagesthemultitasking
effectively.
•Toutilizethedual-coreCPUeffectively,therunningprogramsandoperatingsystemshouldhavea
uniquecodecalledsimultaneousmulti-threadingtechnologyembeddedinit.

115. CPU TypesCPU Types
3.Quad-coreCPU
•Thequad-coreCPUisarefinedmodelofmultiplecoreCPUfeaturesanddesignedwithfourcoreson
asingleCPU.
•Itdoesn’tsignifyanysingleoperationwhichisfourtimesfasterrapidthanothers.
•SuchtypesofCPUareusedbypeoplewhoneedtoexecutemultipledifferentprogramsatthesame
timelikegamers.
4.Hexa-Coreprocessors
•Itisanothermultiplecoreprocessorwhichisavailablewithsixcoresandcanexecutethetaskwhich•Itisanothermultiplecoreprocessorwhichisavailablewithsixcoresandcanexecutethetaskwhich
worksrapidlythanthequad-coreanddual-coreprocessors.
•Forusersofthepersonalcomputer,theprocessorsofHexa-coreissimple,
•TheIntelislaunchedwithcorei7in2010withHexa-coreprocessor.Butheretheusersof
smartphonesuseonlyquad-coreanddual-coreprocessors.
•Nowadays,smartphonesareavailablewithhexa-coreprocessors.

116. CPU TypesCPU Types
5.Octa-coreprocessors
•Thedual-coreisbuiltwithtwocores,fourcoresarebuilt-inquad-core.
•Hexacomeswithsixcoreswheretheoctaprocessorsaredevelopedwitheightindependentcoresto
executeaneffectivetaskthatisefficientandevenactsrapidlythanquad-coreprocessors.
•Trendingocta-coreprocessorscomprisesofadualsetofquad-coreprocessorsthatdividesdifferent
activitiesbetweenthevarioustypes.
6.Deca-coreprocessor6.Deca-coreprocessor
•Deca-coreisavailablewithtenindependentsystems.
•Theyaredeployedtoexecuteandmanagethetaskthatissuccessfulthanotherprocessorsthatare
developeduntilnow.
•OwningaPC,oranydevicemadewithadeca-coreprocessoristhebestoption.
•Itisfasterthanotherprocessorsandverysuccessfulinmulti-tasking.
•Deca-coreprocessorsaretrendingwithitsadvancedfeatures.
•MostofthesmartphonesarenowavailablewithDecacoreprocessorswithlow-costandneverbecome
outdated.

117. Hardware and SoftwareHardware and Software
Hardware
•Thetermhardwarereferstomechanicaldevicethatmakesupcomputer.Computerhardwareconsistsof
interconnectedelectronicdevicesthatwecanusetocontrolcomputer’soperation,inputandoutput.
ExamplesofhardwareareCPU,keyboard,mouse,harddisk,etc.
HardwareComponents
•Computerhardwareisacollectionofseveralcomponentsworkingtogether.Somepartsareessentialand
othersareaddedadvantages.ComputerhardwareismadeupofCPUandperipheralsasshowninimage
below.

118. Hardware and SoftwareHardware and Software
Software
•Asetofinstructionsthatdrivescomputertodostipulatedtasksiscalledaprogram.Softwareinstructions
areprogrammedinacomputerlanguage,translatedintomachinelanguage,andexecutedbycomputer.
•Softwareisacollectionofinstructions,procedures,documentationthatperformsdifferenttasksona
computersystem.wecansayalsoComputerSoftwareisaprogrammingcodeexecutedonacomputer
processor.
•Thecodecanbemachine-levelcodeorthecodewrittenforanoperatingsystem.Examplesofsoftware
areMsWord,Excel,PowerPoint,GoogleChrome,Photoshop,MySQLetc.areMsWord,Excel,PowerPoint,GoogleChrome,Photoshop,MySQLetc.
•Aninstructionisanordergiventoacomputerprocessorbyacomputerprogram.
•Computerinstructionsareasetofmachinelanguageinstructionsthataparticularprocessor
understandsandexecutes.Acomputerperformstasksonthebasisoftheinstructionprovided.
Softwarecanbecategorizedintotwotypes−
1.Systemsoftware
2.Applicationsoftware

119. Hardware and SoftwareHardware and Software
Software
1.SystemSoftware
•Systemsoftwareoperatesdirectlyonhardwaredevicesofcomputer.Itprovidesaplatformtorunan
application.Itprovidesandsupportsuserfunctionality.Examplesofsystemsoftwareincludeoperating
systemssuchasWindows,Linux,Unix,etc.
•Systemsoftwareisasoftwarethatprovidesplatformtoothersoftwares.Someexamplescanbeoperating
systems,antivirussoftwares,diskformattingsoftwares,Computerlanguagetranslatorsetc.Theseare
commonlypreparedbythecomputermanufacturers.Thesesoftwaresconsistsofprogramswritteninlow-commonlypreparedbythecomputermanufacturers.Thesesoftwaresconsistsofprogramswritteninlow-
levellanguages,usedtointeractwiththehardwareataverybasiclevel.Systemsoftwareservesas
theinterfacebetweenthehardwareandtheendusers.
The most important features of system software include :
1. Closeness to the system
2. Fast speed
3. Difficult to manipulate
4. Written in low level language
5. Difficult to design

120. Hardware and SoftwareHardware and Software
Software
2.ApplicationSoftware
•Anapplicationsoftwareisdesignedforbenefitofuserstoperformoneormoretasks.Examplesof
applicationsoftwareincludeMicrosoftWord,Excel,PowerPoint,Oracle,etc.
•Applicationsoftwareproductsaredesignedtosatisfyaparticularneedofaparticularenvironment.All
softwareapplicationspreparedinthecomputerlabcancomeunderthecategoryofApplicationsoftware.
Application software may consist of a single program, such as Microsoft's notepad for writing and editing
a simple text. It may also consist of a collection of programs, often called a software package, which work
together to accomplish a task, such as a spreadsheet package.together to accomplish a task, such as a spreadsheet package.
Features of application software are as follows −
•More interactive
•Easy to design
•Slow in speed
•Generally written in high-level language
•Easy to understand
•Easy to manipulate and use

121. Hardware and SoftwareHardware and Software
Difference Between Hardware and Software:
HARDWARE SOFTWARE
Hardware is a physical parts computer that cause
processing of data.
Software is a set of instruction that tells a computer
exactly what to do.
It is manufactured. It is developed and engineered.
Hardware can not perform any task without software.software can not be executed without hardware.
As Hardware are physical electronic devices, we can see
and touch hardware.
We can see and also use the software but can’t actually
touch them.and touch hardware. touch them.
It has four main categories: input device, output devices,
storage, and internal components.
It is mainly divided into System software, Programming
software and Application software.
Hardware is not affected by computer viruses. Software is affected by computer viruses.
It can not be transferred from one place to another
electrically through network.
But, it can be transferred.
If hardware is damaged, it is replaced with new one.
If software is damaged, its backup copy can be
reinstalled.
Ex: Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Printer, CPU, Hard disk,
RAM, ROM etc.
Ex: Ms Word, Excel, Power Point, Photoshop, MySQL
etc.

122. Programming LanguageProgramming Language
Computer Program

Acomputerprogramisacollectionofinstructionsthatcanbeexecutedby
acomputertoperformaspecifictask.

Aprogramisasetofinstructionsthathelpcomputertoperformtasks.Thissetof
instructionsisalsocalledasscripts.

Programsareexecutedbyprocessorwhereasscriptsareinterpreted.

Thelanguagesthatareusedtowriteaprogramorsetofinstructionsarecalled
"Programminglanguages".
Programminglanguagesarebroadlycategorizedintothreetypes−
1.Machinelevellanguage
2. Assembly level language
3. High-level language

123. Programming LanguageProgramming Language
1. Machine Level Language

Machinelanguageislowestlevelofprogramminglanguage.

Ithandlesbinarydatai.e.0’sand1’s.Itdirectlyinteractswithsystem.

Machinelanguageisdifficultforhumanbeingstounderstandasitcomprises
combinationof0’sand1’s.

Thereissoftwarewhichtranslateprogramsintomachinelevellanguage.Thereissoftwarewhichtranslateprogramsintomachinelevellanguage.

ExamplesincludeoperatingsystemslikeLinux,UNIX,Windows,etc.Inthis
language,thereisnoneedofcompilersandinterpretersforconversionandhence
thetimeconsumptionisless.However,itisnotportableandnon-readableto
humans.

124. Programming LanguageProgramming Language
2. Assembly Level Language

Assemblylanguageisamiddle-levellanguage.

Itconsistsofasetofinstructionsinaspecificformatcalledcommands.

Itusessymbolstorepresentfieldofinstructions.

Itisveryclosetomachinelevellanguage.

Thecomputershouldhaveassemblertotranslateassemblylevelprogramto

Thecomputershouldhaveassemblertotranslateassemblylevelprogramto
machinelevelprogram.

ExamplesincludeADA,PASCAL,etc.Itisinhuman-readableformatandtakes
lessertimetowriteaprogramanddebugit.However,itisamachinedependent
language.
Assembly Language Machine Code
SUB AX, BX 0010101110000011
MOV CX, AX 100010111001000
MOV DX, 0 10111010000000000000000

125. Programming LanguageProgramming Language
3. High-level Language

High-levellanguageusesformatorlanguagethatismostfamiliartousers.

Theinstructionsinthislanguagearecalledcodesorscripts.

Thecomputerneedsacompilerandinterpretertoconverthigh-levellanguageprogramto
machinelevellanguage.

ExamplesincludeC++,Python,Java,etc.

Itiseasytowriteaprogramusinghighlevellanguageandislesstime-consuming.

Itiseasytowriteaprogramusinghighlevellanguageandislesstime-consuming.
Debuggingisalsoeasyandisahuman-readablelanguage.

Maindisadvantagesofthisarethatittakeslotoftimeforexecutionandoccupiesmore
spacewhencomparedtoAssembly-orMachine-levellanguages.
Followingisasimpleexampleforahighlevellanguage−
ifage<18{
printf("Youarenoteligibletovote");
}else{
printf("Youareeligibletovote");}

126. Programming LanguageProgramming Language
Machine-level language Assembly language
The machine-level language comes at the lowest
level in the hierarchy, so it has zero abstraction
level from the hardware.
The assembly language comes above the machine
language means that it has less abstraction level
from the hardware.
It cannot be easily understood by humans. It is easy to read, write, and maintain.
Differences between Machine-Level language and Assembly language
The machine-level language is written in binary
digits, i.e., 0 and 1.
The assembly language is written in simple English
language, so it is easily understandable by the
users.
It does not require any translator as the machine
code is directly executed by the computer.
In assembly language, the assembler is used to
convert the assembly code into machine code.
It is a first-generation programming language.It is a second-generation programming language.

127. Programming LanguageProgramming Language
Machine-level language High-Level language
It is a machine-friendly language, i.e., the computer
understands the machine language, which is represented
in 0 or 1.
It is a user-friendly language as this language is written in
simple English words, which can be easily understood by
humans.
The low-level language takes more time to execute.It executes at a faster pace.
It requires the assembler to convert the assembly code It requires the compiler to convert the high-level
Differences between Machine-Level language and High-Level language
It requires the assembler to convert the assembly code
into machine code.
It requires the compiler to convert the high-level
language instructions into machine code.
The machine code cannot run on all machines, so it is not
a portable language.
The high-level code can run all the platforms, so it is a
portable language.
It is memory efficient. It is less memory efficient.
Debugging and maintenance are not easier in a low-level
language.
Debugging and maintenance are easier in a high-level
language

128. Thank youThank you