Introduction to Computer Science and hardware.ppt

Introduction a Hardware and sofftware computing - old version

1. WELCOME TO THE
PRESENTATION
ON
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
NOT IN 2022
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2. WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
Acomputerisanelectronicdevice,operating
underthecontrolofinstructions(software)
storedinitsownmemoryunit,thatcan
acceptdata(input),manipulatedata
(process),andproduceinformation(output)
fromtheprocessing.Generally,thetermis
usedtodescribeacollectionofdevicesthat
functiontogetherasasystem.
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3. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
Can be divided into generations.
First Generation (1945 –1954)
Second Generation (1955 –1964)
Third Generation (1965 –1974)
Fourth Generation (1975 -)
Fifth Generation
Pic’s
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4. TYPES OF COMPUTERS
On the basis of Computing Power & Size:
Laptop / Palmtop
Micro Computer / Desktop
Mini Computer / Mainframe
Super Computer
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5. DEVICES THAT COMPRISE A COMPUTER
SYSTEM
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Printer
(output)
Monitor
(output)
Speaker
(output)
Scanner
(input)
Mouse
(input)
Keyboard
(input)
System unit
(processor, memory…)
Storage devices
(CD-RW, Floppy,
Hard disk, zip,…)

6. WHAT DOES A COMPUTER DO?
Computerscanperformfourgeneraloperations,which
comprisetheinformationprocessingcycle.
Input
Process
Output
Storage
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7. DATA AND INFORMATION
Allcomputerprocessingrequiresdata,whichisacollectionof
rawfacts,figuresandsymbols,suchasnumbers,words,images,
videoandsound,giventothecomputerduringtheinputphase.
Computersmanipulatedatatocreateinformation.Information
isdatathatisorganized,meaningful,anduseful.
DuringtheoutputPhase,theinformationthathasbeencreated
isputintosomeform,suchasaprintedreport.
Theinformationcanalsobeputincomputerstorageforfuture
use.
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8. WHY IS A COMPUTER SO
POWERFUL?
The ability to perform the information
processing cycle with amazing speed.
Reliability (low failure rate).
Accuracy.
Ability to store huge amounts of data and
information.
Ability to communicate with other computers.
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9. HOW DOES A COMPUTER KNOW
WHAT TO DO?
It must be given a detailed list of instructions,
called a compute programor software, that tells
it exactly what to do.
Before processing a specific job, the computer
program corresponding to that job must be
stored in memory.
Once the program is stored in memory the
compute can start the operation by executing the
program instructions one after the other.
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10. WHAT ARE THE PRIMARY
COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER ?
Input devices.
Central Processing Unit
(containing the control
unit and the
arithmetic/logic unit).
Memory.
Output devices.
Storage devices.
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11. INPUT DEVICES
Keyboard.
Mouse.
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12. THE KEYBOARD
Themostcommonlyusedinputdeviceisthe
keyboardonwhichdataisenteredby
manuallykeyinginortypingcertainkeys.A
keyboardtypicallyhas101or105keys.
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13. THE MOUSE
Isapointingdevicewhichisusedtocontrol
themovementofamousepointeronthe
screentomakeselectionsfromthescreen.A
mousehasonetofivebuttons.Thebottomof
themouseisflatandcontainsamechanism
thatdetectsmovementofthemouse.
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14. THE CENTRAL
PROCESSING UNIT
Thecentralprocessingunit(CPU)contains
electroniccircuitsthatcauseprocessingto
occur.TheCPUinterpretsinstructionstothe
computer,performsthelogicalandarithmetic
processingoperations,andcausestheinput
andoutputoperationstooccur.Itis
consideredthe“brain”ofthecomputer.
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15. MEMORY
MemoryalsocalledRandomAccessMemoryor
RAM(temporarymemory)isthemainmemoryof
thecomputer.Itconsistsofelectronic
componentsthatstoredataincludingnumbers,
lettersofthealphabet,graphicsandsound.Any
informationstoredinRAMislostwhenthe
computeristurnedoff.
ReadOnlyMemoryorROMismemorythatis
etchedonachipthathasstart-updirectionsfor
yourcomputer.Itispermanentmemory.
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16. OUTPUT DEVICES
Outputdevicesmaketheinformation
resultingfromtheprocessingavailablefor
use.Thetwooutputdevicesmorecommonly
usedaretheprinterandthecomputer
screen.
Theprinterproducesahardcopyofyour
output,andthecomputerscreenproducesa
softcopyofyouroutput.
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17. STORAGE DEVICES
Auxiliarystoragedevicesareusedtostore
datawhentheyarenotbeingusedin
memory.Themostcommontypesofauxiliary
storageusedonpersonalcomputersare
floppydisks,harddisksandCD-ROMdrives.
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18. FLOPPY DISKS
Afloppydiskisaportable,inexpensive
storagemediumthatconsistsofathin,
circular,flexibleplasticdiskwithamagnetic
coatingenclosedinasquare-shapedplastic
shell.
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19. Thedisk’sstoragelocationsaredividedintopie-
shapedsectionscalledsectors.
Asectorsiscapableofholding512bytesofdata.
Atypicalfloppystoresdataonbothsidesandhas80
tracksoneachsidewith18sectorspertrack.
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20. HARD DISKS
Anotherformofauxiliarystorageisaharddisk.A
harddiskconsistsofoneormorerigidmetalplates
coatedwithametaloxidematerialthatallowsdatato
bemagneticallyrecordedonthesurfaceofthe
platters.
Theharddiskplattersspinatahighrateofspeed,
typically5400to7200revolutionsperminute(RPM).
Storagecapacitesofharddisksforpersonal
computersrangefrom10GBto120GB(onebillion
bytesarecalledagigabyte).
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21. COMPACT DISCS
Acompactdisk(CD),alsocalledanopticaldisc,isa
flatround,portablestoragemediumthatisusually
4.75inchindiameter.
ACD-ROM(readonlymemory),isacompactdiscthat
usedthesamelasertechnologyasaudioCDsfor
recordingmusic.Inadditionitcancontainothertypes
ofdatasuchastext,graphics,andvideo.
ThecapacityofaCD-ROMis650MBofdata.
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22. ADVANTAGES OF USING COMPUTERS
Speed:Computers can carry out instructions in less
than a millionth of a second.
Accuracy:Computers can do the calculations without
errors and very accurately.
Diligence:Computers are capable of performing any
task given to them repetitively.
Storage Capacity:Computers can store large volume
of data and information on magnetic media.
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23. COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Computersoftwareisthekeytoproductiveuseof
computers.Softwarecanbecategorizedintotwo
types:
Operatingsystemsoftware
Applicationsoftware.
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24. OPERATING SYSTEM
SOFTWARE
Operatingsystemsoftwaretellsthecomputer
howtoperformthefunctionsofloading,storing
andexecutinganapplicationandhowtotransfer
data.
Today,manycomputersuseanoperatingsystem
thathasagraphicaluserinterface(GUI)that
providesvisualcluessuchasiconsymbolstohelp
theuser.MicrosoftWindows98isawidelyused
graphicaloperatingsystem.DOS(DiskOperating
System)isanolderbutstillwidelyusedoperating
systemthatistext-based.
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25. OPERATING SYSTEM FUNCTION
File Management
Memory Management
Process Management
Device Management
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26. APPLICATION
SOFTWARE
ApplicationSoftwareconsistsofprograms
thattellacomputerhowtoproduce
information.Someofthemorecommonly
usedpackagesare:
Wordprocessing
Electronicspreadsheet
Database
Presentationgraphics
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27. WORD PROCESSING
WordProcessingsoftwareisusedtocreateandprint
documents.Akeyadvantageofwordprocessing
softwareisthatuserseasilycanmakechangesin
documents.
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28. ELECTRONIC SPREADSHEETS
Electronicspreadsheetsoftwareallowstheuserto
add,subtract,andperformuser-definedcalculations
onrowsandcolumnsofnumbers.Thesenumberscan
bechangedandthespreadsheetquicklyrecalculates
thenewresults.
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29. DATABASE SOFTWARE
Allowstheusertoenter,retrieve,andupdatedatain
anorganizedandefficientmanner,withflexible
inquiryandreportingcapabilities.
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30. PRESENTATION GRAPHICS
Presentationgraphicsoftwareallowstheuserto
createdocumentscalledslidestobeusedinmaking
thepresentations.Usingspecialprojectiondevices,
theslidesdisplayastheyappearonthecomputer
screen.
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31. NETWORKING
A Computer Network is interconnection of Computers
to share resources.
Resources can be : Information, Load, Devices etc.
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32. TYPES OF NETWORKS
On the basis of Size:
Local Area Network (LAN)
Its a network of the computers locally i.e. in
one room, one building.
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Its a network of the computers spread widely
geographically.
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33. BENEFITS OF COMPUTER NETWORKS
Information Sharing
Device Sharing
Load Sharing
Mobility
Fast Communication
Anywhere Anytime Banking
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34. A LOOK INSIDE…
Identify all the major components:
Power Supply
Motherboard
Memory
Card Slots
Cards (sound, video, network)
CPU, heatsink and fan
Drives (floppy, hard and CD-ROM)
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35. THE NEW TECHNOLOGY
A.I. is the future? What is this?
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