Introduction to farming system.pptx

Farming system approaches

1. FARMING SYSTEMS JEMMARIE G. SUETOS Subject-in-charge SY: 2020-2021 Suetos , J.G., 2021

2. Few farmers follow recommendation in their entirety because of : Some argue that farmers are at fault Some claim that extension is ineffective Others say that credit is unsuitable Some point out that inputs are not available when needed Rec. tech are simply not appropriate to farmer’s condition Suetos , J.G., 2021 MODULE 1

3. Clarify some concepts (or misconcepts ) about FS from a wide range of perspective - micro-perspective – based on legally and culturally acceptable farm boundaries - macro-perspective – include both external & internal factors to the farm Suetos, J.G., 2021

4. Suetos, J.G., 2021 Note: Farming activity per se involved DECISION (S).

5. Suetos, J.G., 2021 it implies farming

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7. TYPOLOGY OF FARMING SYSTEMS Suetos, J.G., 2021 ATTRIBUTES OF Farming Systems

8. Based on enterprise mix( es ) Monocropping Suetos, J.G., 2021

9. Based on enterprise mix( es ) Diversified farming Suetos, J.G., 2021

10. 2. Based on the Dominant Crop (s), which form the major enterprise Rice-based FS Suetos, J.G., 2021

11. Sugarcane-based FS Suetos, J.G., 2021

12. Coconut – based FS – multi storey cropping Suetos, J.G., 2021

13. Fruit trees – based FS Suetos , J.G., 2021

14. 3. Based on agro – environment Moisture/water source ( rainfed /irrigated) Suetos, J.G., 2021

15. Topography (lowland, hilly land  agroforestry  SALT) Suetos, J.G., 2021

16. 4. Based on the use of inputs in farming High external input (HEI) FS – modern/ scientific agriculture - green revolution - chemical fertilizer, pesticides, HYV seeds Suetos , J.G., 2021

17. Low external input (LEI) FS – purist, which pursue farming chemical free - nature farming - organic farming, etc… - external input come in the form of machines - more liberal minded accept minimal application of chemical inputs - environment & health hazard impact Suetos, J.G., 2021

18. Organic Farming Suetos, J.G., 2021

19. 5. Based on the central or unique feature of the farm Crop centered FS Livestock centered FS Integrated crop & livestock FS Integrated crop & aquaculture FS Integrated livestock & aquaculture FS Suetos, J.G., 2021

20. 6. “Evolving Types” of FS Recreational or hobby FS - prof and businessmen engaged in farming during weekends Agro-tourism-oriented FS - the aim of FS design for agro-tourism is to have free space for “AGROTOURIST” Suetos, J.G., 2021

21. 1. Farm resort Irrigation  swimming pool  water fishpond  or rice field/vegetable Suetos, J.G., 2021 6. “Evolving Types” of FS 2. Open farm - farm level marketing allow/ accept visitors to harvest for themselves  weigh  price

22. Suetos , J.G., 2021 7. Specialized farming system Production of high valued crops – limited space – high valued crops

23. Aquaculture – fingerlings production Aquarium fish Suetos, J.G., 2021

24. Love Birds Farming Suetos , J.G., 2021

25. 8. Others Urban agriculture (Receptacle Farming) - is farming in the city and other highly urbanized area. It is the growing of crops and raising of livestock in a small area within a city for home consumption or for sale in the neighborhood market. Suetos, J.G., 2021

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28. Protected cultivation (green house, net house, net tunnel and black plastic mulch) - means modification of natural environment such as temperature, humidity, light and carbon dioxide to achieve optimum plant growth. - also it means, sparing the crop partially or totally from negative effects of abiotic and biotic agents. The purpose of protecting the crop is to make their availability during off-season. Suetos, J.G., 2021

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31. It is a group of interacting components, operating together for common purposes, capable of reacting as a whole to external stimuli. It is unaffected directly by its own outputs and has a special boundary based on the inclusion of all significant feedbacks. Suetos, J.G., 2021

32. It is an orderly set of interdependent and interacting components, none of which can be modified without causing an unrelated change elsewhere in the system. Example: The vascular system in our bodies Integrated Farming System (Crop + Livestock + Fish) Suetos, J.G., 2021

33. Rice Bran DRAFT POWER Straw & Rice Bran Manure Manure Water Water & Pond Mud CROP (RICE) ANIMAL (CARABAO) FISH (TILAPIA) Food & Money Food & Money Food & Money Family Market Family Market Family Market INTEGRATED FARM CROP + ANIMAL + FISH FARM Suetos , J.G., 2021

34. Is it right to conclude that anything can be a system? YES or NO If YES , the concept would be useless System has properties, summarized in phrase “BEHAVIOUR AS A WHOLE IN RESPONSE TO STIMULI TO ANY PART”. Thus, collection of unrelated item does not constitute a system. Suetos , J.G., 2021

35. Example: A bag of marble is not a system; if a marble is added or subtracted, bag of marble remains and maybe completely unaffected by change. The marbles only behave as a whole if the whole bag is influenced, for example by dropping it, but it bursts the constituent parts will go their own way. Suetos, J.G., 2021

36. Objective or Purpose – single or multiple objectives. Objectives are achieved by employing resources within a framework of constraints. Interaction – is a dynamic, hence, the system will change with different objectives, resource combinations and a new set of constraints Suetos, J.G., 2021

37. Resources – are at the same time, constraints when they occur in limited quantities or when their quality deteriorates Environment – systems also possess as environment. They do not exist in a vacuum but are affected by their surroundings Suetos, J.G., 2021

38. Self-regulating – it is the characteristics of a system to maintain itself in a steady state of equilibrium. If there is a stress, the system will seek another equilibrium state Is accomplish through dynamic interaction of system component parts Suetos, J.G., 2021

39. FEEDS: WEATHER: Starter Mass Warm Environment Growing Mass Ordinary Environment Laying Mass * egg laying capacity is weather temp. sensitive = Hot temp. – sizes of egg decrease, food respired = Comfortable weather, egg sizes bigger, less food is wasted through respiration Suetos, J.G., 2021

40. Seedlings (after transplanting) Vegetative Reproductive Ripening urea (good start) cool weather less urea, more on P & K warm weather = high yield = better grain quality Suetos, J.G., 2021

41. Self-correcting or adjusting – an interaction with the environment in some instances, results in conditions that upset the normal self-regulatory operation of system. Organized complexity – between and among component parts of subsystem of a system, there is organization. System is viewed as an organized whole. The organization in a system is also achieved due to feedback or interaction. Suetos, J.G., 2021

42. POULTRY HOUSE FISH POND Suetos, J.G., 2021

43. Hierarchy – is universal in all systems whether it is physical, biological, political, social system. The order can be ascending or descending, depends on where the starting point is. - macrohierarchy – represented by astronomical universe - microhierarchy system – represented by the terrestrial (earth system) Suetos, J.G., 2021

44. CLASSES OF SEEDS Breeder seeds Foundation seeds Registered seeds Certified seeds Good seeds Suetos , J.G., 2021 Tag color White Red Green Blue Sources Comes directly from plant breeder Grown from breeder seed Grown from foundation seed can be grown by selected farmers Grown from either foundation, registered or certified seed, for commercial planting Seed that maybe produced from varieties not yet approved by NSIC

45. International trade in Agricultural Products Level of focus in agricultural development Suetos, J.G., 2021 Intra-national trade Agricultural System Farming Systems Sub-systems Components Politicians Economists Traders Farmers Agriculturists Merchants Plant & Animal Scientist Agricultural engineers ?

46. Boundaries – identifying system boundaries is important in the study of system analysis as there can be no end in the study of systems system Suetos, J.G., 2021

47. The fact that there is something that can be called an approach implies that there must be:   A philosophical foundation upon in which in rests. Karl Popper’s view appeal most. He argues that all organisms live by hypothesis about solution to the problems they encounter, as the hypothesis are proved wrong they are discarded and new ones evolved until the problem is solved. Suetos, J.G., 2021

48. 2. A set of principles to guide action. The first of which is to identify, classify and describe the system in which one is interested in order to establish their initial state, and most importantly, their purpose. 3. A way of proceeding (a method of operation) After we have decided what system it is we are talking about and how it operates now, if our purpose is to improve it, we must identify and clearly define the problem that stands in the way of achieving the improvement. Suetos , J.G., 2021

49. The next steps are: a) Analyze the problem in relation to system purpose b) Hypothesize a solution c) Synthesize the system under investigation Suetos , J.G., 2021

50. In this last we can proceed in one or all the three ways: Accept the hypothesis as a reasonable estimate of the truth and go ahead and test it in ad hoc way (on-farm research) Test the hypothesis physically in a controlled, scientific way Test the hypothesis in an abstract way by using computer models in which changes in system variables can be manipulated. If the solution is not acceptable then we have to forget about it and go back through the whole process again.   Suetos , J.G., 2021