Introduction to Fire alarm systems as per NFPAtx

FAS design considerations

1. Introduction to Fire Alarm System

2. Agenda What is Fire Fire Stages Fire system components Fire Standards Types of detectors Basic working principle of detectors Types of wiring

3. Fire Alarm System What is Fire?? Fire is a generic term that refers to flaming combustion, smoldering combustion. According to NFPA 72: Flame: A body or stream of gaseous material involved in the combustion process and emitting radiant energy at specific wavelength bands determined by the combustion chemistry of the fuel. In most cases, some portion of the emitted radiant energy is visible to the human eye.

4. Fire Alarm System Fire Triangle

5. Fire Alarm System Development of Fire As a fire grows it passes through four stages of development 1. Incipient (pre-combustion) 2. Smoldering 3. Open Flame 4. High Heat

6. Fire Alarm System Fire Stages and Detectors Normally Used Detector Incipient Smoldering Heat Flame Ion Photoelectric Heat/Flame High Heat Non-visible Particles Visible Particles

7. Fire Alarm System NFPA 170 Standard for Fire Safety and Emergency Symbols NFPA 170 provides standard symbols used to communicate fire safety, emergency, and associated hazards information. Using easily understood uniform symbols on labels and signs provides consistency, eliminates confusion, and improves communication. Edition in use: 2009, 2012, 2015   NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code NFPA 72 provides the latest safety provisions to meet society's changing fire detection, signaling, and emergency communications demands. In addition to the core focus on fire alarm systems, the Code includes requirements for mass notification systems used for weather emergencies; terrorist events; biological, chemical, and nuclear emergencies; and other threats. Edition in use: 2010, 2013, 2016   NFPA 70 National Electrical Code® Adopted in all 50 states, the NEC is the benchmark for safe electrical design, installation, and inspection to protect people and property from electrical hazards. Edition in use: 2011, 2014, 2017 NFPA 101 Life Safety Code® The Life Safety Code is the most widely used source for strategies to protect people based on building construction, protection, and occupancy features that minimize the effects of fire and related hazards. Unique in the field, it is the only document that covers life safety in both new and existing structures Edition in use: 2009, 2012, 2015 https://www.nfpa.org/

8. Fire Alarm System International Building Code The  International Building Code  (IBC) is the foundation of the complete Family of International Codes®. It is an essential tool to preserve public health and safety that provides safeguards from hazards associated with the built environment. It addresses design and installation of innovative materials that meet or exceed public health and safety goals. Edition in use: 2015, 2018 https://www.iccsafe.org/codes-tech-support/codes/2018-i-codes/ibc/   International Fire Code Internationally, code officials recognize the need for a modern, up-to-date fire code addressing conditions hazardous to life and property from fire, explosion, handling or use of hazardous materials and the use and occupancy of buildings and premises. The International Fire Code is designed to meet these needs through model code regulations that safeguard the public health and safety in all communities, large and small. This comprehensive fire code establishes minimum regulations for fire prevention and fire protection systems using prescriptive and performance-related provisions. It is founded on broad-based principles that make possible the use of new materials and new system designs. This 2018 edition is fully compatible with the Family of International Codes. Edition in use: 2015, 2018 https://www.iccsafe.org/codes-tech-support/codes/2018-i-codes/ifc/

9. Fire Alarm System Power Supply- (Main & Aux.) Initiating Devices Components of Fire Alarm System Indicating Devices

10. Fire Alarm System Fire Alarm Control Panel Provides the Central Annunciation of Alarms or Trouble Conditions Generates Displays and Indicates nature of abnormal condition It is also a means of transmitting an Alarm to a Remote Location

11. Fire Alarm System Power Supply Main Power supply to the control panel is normally the Line Voltage Internal transformers are used to convert Line Voltage to low voltage (24VDC typical) In the event of Main power interruption these systems have auxiliary power sources (Battery Backup) to keep them on-line

12. Fire Alarm System Initiating Devices Automatically transmit an alarm signal when a condition indicative of fire to which they respond occurs Used to sense conditions & generate alarm Signals Most widely used initiating device: Manual Pull Station Others are …….Smoke Detectors …….Heat Detectors …….Flame Detectors …….Sprinkler line Flow Switches

13. Fire Alarm System Different Types of Detectors Spot Detectors Smoke - Ionization and Photo Detectors Heat - Heat Detectors & Rate of Rise Heat Detectors Flame - UV / IR Detectors Beam Detectors Manual Call Points

14. Ionization Smoke Detector Sensing Chamber Reference Chamber Emitter Collector Has many Openings (Air inside the chamber changes very easily) Operates on Ionization Principle It uses a radioisotope such as  americium-241  to produce ionization in air Detects Fire in the Incipient Stage Smoke produced from Clean Burning ISD’s are used in following areas : Control Rooms, Computer Rooms, Record Rooms Fire Alarm System

15. Ionization detector with cover removed Fire Alarm System Inside a basic ionization smoke detector. The black, round structure at the right is the ionization chamber. The white, round structure at the upper left is the  piezoelectric  buzzer that produces the alarm sound

16. Working of Ionization Smoke Detector Fire Alarm System The radioactive  isotope  americium-241 in the smoke detector emits ionizing  radiation  in the form of  alpha particles  into an  ionization chamber  (which is open to the air) and a sealed reference chamber. The air  molecules  in the chamber become  ionized  and these ions allow the passage of a small  electric current  between  charged   electrodes  placed in the chamber. If any smoke particles pass into the chamber the ions will attach to the particles and so will be less able to carry the current. An electronic circuit detects the current drop, and sounds the alarm.

17. Photoelectric Smoke Detector Fire Alarm System Operates on Light Scattering Principle Detects Dense smoldering smoke produced from materials like PVC, Carpets, Cables, etc. PSD’s are used in following areas : Cable Ducts, Garages, AC Ducts etc Lamp Smoke sensor

18. Light scattering smoke detector Fire Alarm System Photoelectric light scattering smoke detectors typically consist of one light source, typically a light emitting diode (LED) and one light sensitive device, typically a photodiode. When smoke particles enter the light path, light collides with these particles and is reflected at the photo-sensitive device, causing the detector to respond.

19. Smoke detector with cover removed Fire Alarm System Optical Smoke Detector 1: Optical chamber 2: Cover 3: Case molding 4: Photodiode (detector) 5: Infrared LED

20. Beam Smoke Detector Fire Alarm System Optical Beam Smoke Detectors are used to provide “wide area” smoke detection. Has a Transmitter & Receiver Used in protected areas having large ceiling heights, where Spot detectors cannot be used. Ranges : 30 - 330 ft between Transmitter and Receiver. 60ft between Projected Beams. Beam Detectors are used in following areas :Warehouses, garages, Shopping Malls, Museums etc.

21. Beam Smoke Detection Fire Alarm System Projected Beam Photoelectric Detection Fire Condition Transmitter Receiver Emits Light Converts Light to electricity. Normal Condition Light Obscuration Method

22. Photoelectric detection Fire Alarm System Light Scattering & Light Obscuration Method

23. Heat Detector Fire Alarm System Typically Thermistor Operated Operates on the principle of increase in ambient temperature Rate of Rise ( ROR ) of temperature is a built in feature Used in areas where heat generation, is the main cause of fire hazard Fixed Temperature Heat Detectors: Activate when surrounding temperature reaches a preset temperature typically : 135°F (57°C) Rate-of-Rise Heat Detectors (ROR): Signal an alarm when the rate of temperature increase exceeds a predetermined value. Typically 12 °F o 15 °F (8.3°C) rise per minute. HD’s are used in following areas: Plant/BMS Rooms, Kitchens, Pantry's, Battery Rooms etc.

24. UV/IR Detectors Fire Alarm System UV Detectors detect the UV radiations from non-hydrocarbon fuels (flames) IR Detectors detect IR radiations from the CO2 generated from hydrocarbon fuels. Very fast response to such fires. Used in hazardous areas & places where flaming Fires are expected. Effective in open areas also. Flame Detectors are used in following areas : Reactors, Powder mixing areas etc.

25. Modules Fire Alarm System Different types of Modules are: M300CJ Control Module M300RJ Relay Module M300MJ / M301MJ / M300DJ Monitor Module M500XJ Isolator Module Manual Call Points Sprinkler Switches

26. Modules Fire Alarm System Control Modules Control module for powering (24VDC) NAC & can selectively activate Notification Appliance Circuits (NAC). M300CJ Control Module: Addressable Control Module XP6-C Control six NAC or spk/tele circuit M500FPJ Fire fighter’s Telephone Module

27. Modules Fire Alarm System Relay Module :- M300RJ This addressable module provides the control panel with a dry-contact output for activating a variety of auxiliary devices as fans, dampers, control equipment. Monitor Module :- M300MJ / M301MJ / M300DJ The is an addressable module that monitors either a Style B (Class B) or Style D (Class A) IDC of dry-contact input devices.

28. Modules Fire Alarm System Isolator Module :- M500XJ M500XJ Fault Isolator Module protect the system against wire-to-wire short circuits on the SLC loops. Supports a maximum of 25 devices in-between isolators

29. Manual Call Points Fire Alarm System Break Glass or Pull down Window types Manually Operated for both safe as well as Hazardous areas Not Individually addressable for Hazardous areas Used in Places where automatic detection cannot be used. Provided in all exits and Staircases for Manual Interface MCP’s are used in following areas : Building Exits / Fire Exits, Lift Lobbies/ Stairwells, Open Areas, Transformer Yards, Process Areas etc.

30. Manual Call Points Fire Alarm System PULL IN CASE OF FIRE FIRE ALARM PULL IN CASE OF FIRE FIRE ALARM PULL FOR FIRE MANUAL PULL STATIONS Single Action, Single Stage Dual Action Single Stage A Single action pull station - Pulling the device handle produces an alarm. A Double action pull station simply requires two actions to activate the device, such as a break glass front and instructions to “Break glass, then pull handle.”

31. Sprinkler Valve Limit Switches Fire Alarm System Monitors the water supply valves Switches are normally monitored by input modules or zones of a fire alarm system If the valve is closed, the switch dry contacts close, activating the input module or zone A supervisory signal is sent to the control panel, notifying personnel that one of the sprinkler gate valves is being tampered. The control panel is not notified until the water is flowing for a predetermined time (typically 30 to 40 seconds [maximum of 90 seconds] Sprinkler System Valve Tamper Switch

32. Sprinkler Valve Limit Switches Fire Alarm System Application: Water sprinkler and spray systems are widely used in the process industries for protection of storage vessels, process plant, loading installations and warehouses.

33. Indicating Devices Fire Alarm System Generate a signal that indicate / notifies that a condition indicative of fire has occurred Primary purpose is to notify occupants that an emergency condition has arisen Widely used indicating devices are Audible – Horns, Bells, Sounders, Sirens, Chimes, Speakers Visual – Strobes

34. Indicating Devices Fire Alarm System Speaker/Strobe Chime/Strobe Horn/Strobe Strobe

35. Sound Levels Fire Alarm System Public Area Audible should be between 75 dba at 10 feet and 120 dba at minimum hearing distance Public Area Audibles shall be at least 15dba above Ambient Sound Level or maximum sound level that lasts over 60 seconds measured 5 Feet AFF.

36. Power Supplies Fire Alarm System FCPS-24S6 / FCPS-24S8 The FCPS series are conventional power supplies. You need to provide one or two inputs to the units to enable their output activations 6 / 8-Amp Power Supply NAC Synchronization with System Sensor, Wheelock and Gentex devices 2 Inputs / 4 Outputs 4 Class B or 4 Class A Output Circuits (With ZNAC-4 option Board)

37. Wire Requirement Fire Alarm System Twisted Pair Shielded Distance in ft - 10,000 - wire type - 12AWG - 8,000 - wire type - 14 AWG - 4,875 - wire type - 16 AWG - 3,225 - wire type - 18 AWG Unshielded, Untwisted wire, inside conduit or not in conduit Distance in ft - 10,000-wire type-18 AWG

38. Thank you!!