Introduction to Genetic Engineering.pdf

Biotechnology

1. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF
GENETIC ENGINEERING

2. CONTENT
•INTRODUCTION
•BASIC PRINCIPLES
•PROCESS
•APPLICATION

3. INTRODUCTION
•Basic principle of recombinant
•DNA technology
•Manipulation and alteration of genes
•Artificially copying a piece of DNA from one organism and joining this copy of DNA into the
DNA of another organism

5. BASIC PRINCIPLES
1.Isolation of the gene to be cloned
2.Insertion of the gene into a vector (piece of DNA) which allow it to be taken by bacteria and
replicate within them as the cells grow and divide.
3.Transfer of the recombinant vector into bacterial cells by transformation or infection with
viruses.
4.Selection of the cells containing the desired recombinant vector.
5.Growth of the bacteria, that can be continued indefinitely, to give the required cloned DNA.
6.Expression of the gene to get the desired product.

6. PROCESS

10. APPLICATION
1.ThroughrecombinantDNAtechniques,researcherscanproducebacteriawhichcansynthesise
humaninsulin,humangrowthhormone,α-interferon,hepatitisBvaccines,andothermedically
usefulsubstances.
2.Plantcanbecorrectedbyreplacingthedysfunctionalgeneswithnormallyfunctioninggenes.
3.Geneticallymodifiedorganisms(GMOsortransgenicorganisms)containgenesfromdifferent
organismsandarethesourcesof:DNA,RNAandProrein.
4.GMOcanbemadesuchthataDNApiececanbeeasilyreplicated,thusprovidingalargesourceof
thatDNA.Forex,ageneassociatedwithbreastcancercanbecutintothegenomeofE.coli,
allowingtherapidproductionofthegenesothatitmaybesubsequenced,studiedandmanipulated
withoutrequiringrepeatedtissuedonationfromhumanvolunteers.

11. •5.RNA:
•AntisenseRNAisssRNAthatiscomplementrytothemRNAthatwillcodeforaprotein.Incells,itis
madetocontroltargetgenes.TheuseofantisenseRNAforpreventingdieasescausedbythe
productionofaparticularproteinisincreasing.
•6.Protein:
•Sincemicrobesreplicaterapidly,itcanbeadvantageoustousethemformanufacturingthedesired
proteins.Giventherightpromoters,bacteriawillexpressgenesforproteinsnotnaturallyfoundin
bacteriasuchascytokine.
•Geneticallyengineeredcellsareusedtomakevariousproteinsessentialforhumans.Ex,insulin,or
humangrowthhormone.