Introduction to global warming cleandevelopment

Ees ioe

1. 2.5 Introduction to Global warming, Clean Development Mechanism and Sustainability Issues

2. Global Warming Global warming is the term used to describe a gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to be permanently changing the Earth’s climate.

3. Contd. Global warming is caused by emission of Green House Gas(GHG) due to natural and man made processes which will not allow sunlight to reflect back from earth and cause green house effect causing temperature rise in earth.

4. Global mean surface-temperature change from 1880 to 2016, relative to the 1951– 1980 mean. The black line is the global annual mean, and the red line is the five year local regression line. The blue uncertainty bars show a 95% confidence intervals in Fig(a). Fig(a):- Temperature variation in earth

5. Difference Global Warming is the increase of the Earth’s average surface temperature due to a build-up of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Climate Change is a broader term that refers to long-term changes in climate, including average temperature and precipitation.

6. Kyoto Protocol Kyoto Protocol was adopted at the 3rd session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Conference on Climate Change held in Kyoto, Japan in December 1997. • The Protocol defines the quantified GHG emissions reductions for Annex I Parties. • Kyoto Protocol introduces 3 market mechanisms (Kyoto Mechanisms) Annex I Parties would be able to achieve their emission reduction targets cost-effectively by using these mechanisms. – Joint Implementation (JI) – Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) – International Emission Trading (IET)

7. Carbon trading • A carbon trade is an exchange of credits between nations designed to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide. The carbon trade allows countries that have higher carbon emissions to purchase the right to release more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere from countries that have lower carbon emissions. • The carbon trade originated with the 1997 Kyoto Protocol and is intended to reduce overall carbon dioxide emissions to 5% below 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012.

8. Clean Development Mechanisms(CDM) CDM, defined in Article 12 of the Protocol, allows a country with an emission-reduction or emission limitation commitment under the Kyoto Protocol (Annex B Party) to implement an emission reduction project in developing countries. • Such projects can earn saleable certified emission reduction (CER) credits, each equivalent to one tonne of CO2, which can be counted towards meeting Kyoto targets. Goals of CDM To assist developing countries who host CDM projects to achieve sustainable development To provide developed countries with flexibility for achieving their emission reduction targets, by allowing them to take credits from emission reducing projects undertaken in developing countries

9. Clean Development Mechanisms(CDM)

10. Annex I includes developed nations Non-Annex I refers to developing countries.

11. Credit Emission Reductions (CER) • CDM is source of income for developing countries by carbon trading. • CDM project will be measured in standard units known as ‘Certified Emission Reduction’ (CERs). • These are expressed in tons of CO2 emission avoided. • For example: 5 CERs means – 5 tons of CO2 is reduced. Where, to = Starting year of CDM E0t = Total emission without CDM ECDMt = Total emission with CDM CER = E0t - ECDMt =TOE(tons of equivalent) CO2 reduction(tradable in international market) Fig:- CDM baselines

12. CDM Opportunities in Nepal Renewable energy: CDM can be helpful for power generation and utilizations like Micro hydro power generation, Solar energy power, Biomass based energy, Wind based power generation ,Geo-thermal energy utilization. Transportation: Low GHG emitting vehicles, Bus Rapid Transit Projects, Energy efficiency by using , retrofit technologies Waste Management: Methane recovery, Capturing/Avoiding the landfill gas emissions, Waste to energy and Biological treatment of the biomass Afforestation: Creation of carbon sinks in addition to what is required under regulations, reforestation of degraded land. Bio-fuels: Plant oil production and use for transport application , production of biodiesel based on waste oils or fats from biogenic origin for use as fuel. Energy Efficiency: new technology, retrofits, building energy efficient power generation, distribution, lighting technology.

13. Issues and Constraints of CDM • Low price of CER ( Certified Emission Reduction) and lack of a well established CER market • The slow CDM process • High transaction cost • Lack of institutional capacity • Lack of skilled human resource • Country risk varies –so projects in high risk country may be less competitive • Need to develop capacity on CDM in financial/legal institutions in developing countries

14. Forms of Energy The five main forms of energy are: Heat Chemical Electromagnetic Nuclear Mechanical

15. Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Resources Renewable resources are those resources which can be used to produce energy again and again (example: Solar energy, Geothermal energy, Tidal energy etc )

16. Contd. Non-renewable resources can not be replaced once they are used. • (example: coal, oil, gas etc.)

17. Conventional Energy Sources The conventional sources of Energy includes : Coal, petroleum natural gas, hydropower etc. Since, their uses are practiced for a long time. They are exhaust able except water and cause pollution when used, as they emit smoke and ash. They are very expensive to be maintained, stored and transmitted as they are carried over long distance through transmission grid and lines

18. Non Conventional Energy Sources The resources which are yet in the process of development over the past few years. It includes solar, wind, tidal, biogas, and biomass, geothermal. They are inexhaustible. They are generally pollution free and are less expensive due to local use and easy to maintain. The Non-conventional sources of energy includes : Solar Energy, tidal energy, geo-thermal energy, wind energy, nuclear energy etc.