INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH AND ILLNESS for 1st SEM BSc NURSING

Introduction to health and illness... an unit of Nursing Foundation 1 for First Sem BSc Nursing students. The given content is from the book of author Celstina Francis. Content is uploaded for easy understandability and learning. Thank you

1. INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH AND ILLNESS

2. DEFINITION - HEALTH

3. DEFINITION - HEALTH A dynamic state of being, in which the developmental and behavioral potential of an individual are realized to the fullest extent possible . ( ANA,1980 )

4. CONCEPTS OF HEALTH

5. BIOMEDICAL CONCEPT Germ theory of disease Due to disease causing organism Emphasis one to one relationship between causal agent and disease. DISEASE -----MAN--DISEASE

6. Greek word Oikos which means house. Health is a dynamic equilibrium or adjustment between man and his environment. ECOLOGICAL CONCEPT

7. ECOLOGICAL CONCEPT

8. PSYCHOSOCIAL CONCEPT Mental wellbeing Sound mind----sound body

9. HOLISTIC CONCEPT Individuals health is one whole having sound mind in a sound body in a sound family, society and in a sound environment Multi dimensional process

10. DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH

11. PHYSICAL DIMENSION Related to body and its functions Physical state of perfect functioning of the body

12. MENTAL DIMENSION State of balance between individual and the surrounding world ,a state of harmony between oneself and others, a co-existence between the realities of the self and that of other people and that of the environment.

13. SOCIAL DIMENSION The quantity and quality of an individuals interpersonal ties and the extend of involvement with the community

14. EMOTIONAL DIMENSION Feelings .Ability to recognise, accept and express feelings of oneself and others

15. SPIRITUAL DIMENSION Refers to the individuals striving for finding meaning and purpose in life . It is something that embedded in morality principle, purpose in life, achieving highest goals of life.

16. VOCATIONAL DIMENSION Gives an individual a sense of achievement, purpose and self realization

17. ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSION Two dimensions : Internal environment ( each and every components, harmonious functioning with inhuman system)and external environment( extraneous factors)

18. OTHER DIMENSIONS Mental Cultural Educational Nutritive curative Preventive Promotive Philosophical

19. DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH Biological Life style Environment Socioeconomic Health services Heath policies and health programmes Other factors

20. MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS Introduced by Abraham Maslow A theory of motivation which states that human decision making is under girded by a hierarchy of psychological needs. What motivates human behaviour ???

21. According to Maslow lower need is met, the next need on the hierarchy becomes our focus of attention

22. MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

23. Suggested that people are motivated to fulfilled basic needs before moving to other needs. Lowest level is basic needs and top levels are complex needs Maslow believed that these needs are similar to instincts and play major role in motivating behaviour Maslow termed the highest level of the pyramid as growth needs

24. Characteristics of self actualized people Acceptance and realism Problem centering Spontaneity Autonomy and solitude Continued freshness of appreciation Peak experiences

25. COMPARISON MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS Physiological Love and belonging Self actualisation BASIC HUMAN NEEDS Physical Emotional Social needs

26. HEALTH ILLNESS CONTINUUM Envisioned by John W Travis in 1972 Defined as the range of a person’s total health

27. Continuum illustrates human being in a dynamic state to left or right from neutral point External and internal environment bring changes Positive health- healthy Negative health (signs and symptoms- treatment) High level wellness used to measure a person’s perceived level of wellness

28. DUNN introduced high level wellness model or grid (1961) Health is an ongoing process towards a person’s highest potential of functioning. Process that helps a person to know who and what he or she is: Recognising self as separate individual Belonging Growing and developing Making personal changes to fit self and others

29. Quadrants of wellness grid by Dunn’s

30. High level wellness in a favourable environment = Healthy and favourable environment Emergent High level wellness in an unfavourable environment = Awareness on health but unfavourable environment Protected poor health in a favourable environment = Illness and favourable environment Poor health in an unfavourable environment = Illness and unfavourable environment

31. MODELS OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS Health belief model by Rosenstock,Hochbaum , Kegels (individual perceptions, modifying factors, likelihood of action) Health promotion model by Noja J Pender( individual characteristics and experiences, behaviour specific cognitions and affects, behavioral outcomes) Holistic health model

32. FACTORS INFLUENCING HEALTH Rising health care costs Physical factors Ageing Psychological factors Environmental factors (physical, biological, psychological) Host factors ( Demographic , biological, social and economical, lifestyle) Agent factors (Biological, nutritional, physical, mechanical, social ,absence or excess of factors)

33. ILLNESS Illness is defined individually by each person who experiences an alteration in health Illness is the product of the disharmonious interaction between mind, body, emotions and spirit

34. CAUSES FOR DEVELOPING ILLNESSES Caused by microorganism Bacteria Viruses Fungi Parasites Direct contact Person to person Animal to person Mother to unborn child Indirect contact Insect bites

35. RISK FACTORS FOR DEVELOPING ILLNESSES Risk is the potential of losing something of value Risk factor is a variable associated with the development of disease Risk groups (susceptible population): Groups of individuals, who are exposed to or associated with the risk factors and therefore they are art high risk of morbidity or mortality, either because of constitution or of the environment physically, biologically or socio culturally.

36. RISK GROUPS Depending upon situation: Physical situation (poor living condition, over crowding, lack of sanitation) Biological situation (Age wise- Low birth weight babies , infants, toddlers ,elderly), Sex wise – female sin reproductive age),Physiological state- pregnancy, malnutrition), Genetic factors – strong family history) Socio cultural situation ( class, habits, customs--)

37. ILLNESS- TYPES ACUTE ILLNESS Sudden onset, short time. Depend on the cause may or may not require intervention Some acute illness are serious Eg . Appendicitis

38. CHRONIC ILLNESS Lasts for an extended period (6 months) Different physical and mental alterations Caused by alterations in normal anatomy and physiology Eg : Lung disease, arthritis

39. TERMINAL ILLNESS Critical cases, cannot be cured or treated adequately and life expectancy of the person is estimated to 6 months or less Disease will progress and death occur regardless of treatment

40. AGE RELATED ILLNESS Disease of the elderly Due to neuro degeneration, decreased host immune response and complex changes Eg : Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, Cancer

41. ILLNESS BEHAVIOUR A complex process that involves the ways, person monitor their bodies, define and interpret their symptoms, take remedial measures and use health care services

42. STAGES OF ILLNESS BEHAVIOUR Edward Suchman (1972) identified 5 stages of illness behaviour This pattern involves how a person seeks , finds and complete the health care

43. SYMPTOM EXPERIENCES First stage ------- a person comes to believe that something is wrong Eg . Pain, fever, cough Known of symptoms of an illness that is Physical, cognitive, emotional

44. ASSUMPTION OF THE SICK ROLE Accept sick role Do self treatment Persistant or potential threat influence to seek medical care

45. MEDICAL CARE CONTACT Acknowledge the illness , seeks explain the symptom, causes, duration Take treatment if sickness Denying of diagnosis

46. ASSUMING A DEPENDENT ROLE Patient’s decision to accept diagnosis and follow the treatment Need informations or not regarding treatment and progress Disrupt activities in daily living , society, family

47. RECOVERY OR REHABILITATION Start gaining normal health Recovery depends on the severity of sickness Prompt health education

48. STAGES OF ILLNESS BEHAVIOUR SYMPTOM EXPERIENCE ASSUMPTION OF SICK ROLE MEDICAL CARE CONTACT ASSUMING A DEPENDENT ROLE RECOVERY / REHABILITATION

49. EMOTIONAL RESPONSES TO ILLNESS Fear Anxiety Stress Over dependency or feeling of helplessness

50. IMPACT OF ILLNESS ON PATIENT AND FAMILY Behavioral changes (Anxiety, shock, denial) Impact on family roles (Alteration in life and Role changes affecting performance)

51. Impact on body images ( Maladaptation , affect physical characteristics) Impact on self concept (Restricted life, social isolation, devalued life, emotions) Impact on family dynamics (Level of functioning before and after varies)

52. THANK YOU…….