Introduction to history: definition, issues, sources, and methodology

Introduction to history:
definition, issues, sources, and methodology

1. READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY MS. ZYRAMAE C. OMAYON, LPT GEC 1002 PART TIME INSTRUCTOR CHIRST THE KING COLLEGE OF CALBAYOG CITY, INC.

2. Chapter 1 Introduction to history: definition, issues, sources, and methodology

3. Learning Outcomes: Understand the meaning of history as an academic discipline and to be familiar with the underlying philosophy and methodology of the discipline. Know the difference between primary and secondary sources. Examine and assess critically the value of historical evidences and sources. Appreciate research method in history. Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology

4. What we’ll discuss? I. Definition of History II. Questions and Issues in History III. Historical Sources IV. History and the Historian Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology

5. HISTORY Derived from the Greek word “ historia ” which means “knowledge acquired through inquiry and investigation”. Historia became known as the account of the past of the person or of a group of people through written documents and historical evidences. Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology I. DEFINITION OF HISTORY

6. HISTORY “ Ang Kasaysayan ay mga pangyayari na may saysay para sa grupo ng taong sinasaysayan nito ”. Zeus Salazar 2000. Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology I. DEFINITION OF HISTORY

7. Division of History PRE HISTORY- The period before written history. HISTORY - period when man started to write and record events using a system of writing. Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology I. DEFINITION OF HISTORY

8. HISTORY as a narrative History that has been taught and written is always intended for a certain group or audience. 1. When illustrados wrote history, they intend it for the Spaniards for them to realize that Filipinos are people of their own intellect and culture. 2. When American historian depicted the Filipino people as uncivilized in their publications, they intend it for their fellow American to justify their colonization of the islands and fulfill what they called as the “white man’s burden”. Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology I. DEFINITION OF HISTORY

9. Importance of history Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology I. DEFINITION OF HISTORY Understanding the Past: Helps us learn about past events, cultures, and civilizations. Building Identity: Shapes personal, national, and cultural identity. Fostering Patriotism: Strengthens appreciation for a nation's struggles and achievements. Inspiring Progress: Motivates innovation by understanding historical advancements. Cultural Preservation: Protects traditions, values, and cultural heritage. Informing Decision-Making: Guides leaders and individuals in making informed choices. Provides lessons from past successes and failures

10. HISTORIAN a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Its duty is to write about the lives of important individuals like monarchs, heroes, saints and nobilities. Writings about wars, revolutions and other important breakthroughs. Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology I. DEFINITION OF HISTORY

11. What counts as history? Traditional Historians lived with the mantra of “no document, no history” . “How about me?” Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology I. DEFINITION OF HISTORY

12. What counts as history? Valid historical sources were not limited to written documents. Giving premium to written documents essentially invalidates the history of other civilizations that do not keep written documents. Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology I. DEFINITION OF HISTORY

13. What counts as history? Restricting historical evidence as exclusively written is also discrimination against other social classes who were not recorded in paper. Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology I. DEFINITION OF HISTORY

14. Other historical sources Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology Oral Traditions- epics, songs, artifacts, architecture and memory. Collaborating with other disciplines in studying history. I. DEFINITION OF HISTORY

15. History VS Historiography Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology History is the study of the past, the events that happened in the past, and the causes of such events. Historiography is the history itself. It is the study of how a history is written, who wrote it, and what factors influenced how it was written I. DEFINITION OF HISTORY

16. History VS Historiography Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology Historian- Study the past to unravel its mysteries. Focuses on presenting factual information about a historical figure based on their research and analysis. Historiographer- Study how historians interpret the past. Examines how the understanding of a historical figure has changed over time, considering different interpretations and perspectives from various scholars. I. DEFINITION OF HISTORY

17. Historiography Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology Lets the students have a better understanding of history. Does not only get to learn historical facts, but they are also provided with the understanding of the facts’ and the historian’s contexts. Teaches the student to be critical in the lessons presented. I. DEFINITION OF HISTORY

18. Bethink! Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology “Learning of past mistakes can help people to not repeat them. Being reminded of a great past can inspire people to keep their good practices to move forward.”

19. Two Philosophical school of thoughts Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology Positivism & Postcolonialism II. QUESTIONS AND ISSUES IN HISTORY

20. Two Philosophical school of thoughts Positivism Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology emerged between the 18th and 19th century Requires empirical and observable evidence before one can claim that a particular knowledge is true. “no document, no history” Positivist are objective and impartial in their arguments and historical research. II. QUESTIONS AND ISSUES IN HISTORY

21. Two Philosophical school of thoughts Positivism Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology emerged between the 18th and 19th century Requires empirical and observable evidence before one can claim that a particular knowledge is true. “no document, no history” Positivist are objective and impartial in their arguments and historical research. II. QUESTIONS AND ISSUES IN HISTORY

22. Two Philosophical school of thoughts Positivism Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology Key Principles: Reality is objective and can be measured. Knowledge is based on facts and scientific evidence, not subjective opinions. The social world can be studied just like the natural world through experiments and observation. II. QUESTIONS AND ISSUES IN HISTORY

23. Two Philosophical school of thoughts Postcolonialism Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology Emerged in the early 20 th century when formerly colonized nations grappled with the idea of creating their identities against the shadows of their colonial past. 1) Tell the history of the nation that will highlight their identity free from that of colonial discourse & 2) criticize the methods, effects and idea of colonialism. II. QUESTIONS AND ISSUES IN HISTORY

24. Two Philosophical school of thoughts Postcolonialism Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology A reaction and an alternative to the colonial history that colonial powers created. History is always written by victors, a hero versus villain story line. II. QUESTIONS AND ISSUES IN HISTORY

25. Two Philosophical school of thoughts Postcolonialism Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology Key Principles: Analyzes how colonial rule shaped the social, political, and cultural landscapes of colonized regions. Challenges Western-centric narratives and highlights indigenous perspectives. Advocates for decolonization of knowledge, culture, and politics. II. QUESTIONS AND ISSUES IN HISTORY

26. Quiz Time! Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology Direction: Write your answer clearly and thoughtfully . Define History in your own words. Why is it essential for college students to study Philippine history? How does it help you as a Filipino citizen? Which school of thought do you prefer: positivism or post-colonialism?

27. HISTORICAL SOURCES Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology Primary Source are sources produced at the same time as the event, period, or subject being studied . An original object or document; first hand information First hand testimony or eyewitness. III. HISTORICAL SOURCES

28. HISTORICAL SOURCES Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology Primary Source enable the researcher to get as close as possible to what actually happened during an historical event or time period. Benefits for Researchers : Authenticity : They provide unaltered and raw perspectives on historical events. Firsthand Insights: They reveal how people at the time thought, felt, and reacted. Contextual Understanding : They capture the nuances of historical settings. III. HISTORICAL SOURCES

29. his autobiography shares Nelson. HISTORICAL SOURCES Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology Example of Primary Source – Autobiographies Long Walk to Freedom by Nelson Mandela III. HISTORICAL SOURCES his autobiography shares Nelson Mandela's journey, detailing his early life, his role in the fight against apartheid, his imprisonment, and eventual release. It's a primary source that gives an intimate view of his struggle and commitment to justice and equality.

30. his autobiography shares Nelson. HISTORICAL SOURCES Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology Example of Primary Source – Diaries and Journals Diarios y Memorias of Jose Rizal III. HISTORICAL SOURCES these writings include his personal diaries, letters, and reflections. Rizal wrote these himself during various periods of his life, particularly during his travels in Europe, his time in exile in Dapitan , and his final years before his execution in 1896.

31. his autobiography shares Nelson. HISTORICAL SOURCES Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology Example of Primary Source – Speeches “I shall return”. Douglas MacArthur III. HISTORICAL SOURCES “I shall return” was a vow made by General Douglas MacArthur in 1942 to return to the Philippines. He fulfilled his promise in 1944 with his famous “I have returned” speech. 

32. his autobiography shares Nelson. HISTORICAL SOURCES Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology Example of Primary Source – First-hand accounts or stories " The Philippine Revolution " by Apolinario Mabini III. HISTORICAL SOURCES a significant work that offers an in-depth analysis of the events surrounding the Philippine Revolution (1896–1898) and the formation of the First Philippine Republic  

33. his autobiography shares Nelson. HISTORICAL SOURCES Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology Example of Primary Source – Sound Recordings and Interview, Photographs, and Videos “Martial Law " Radio Broadcasts and Recordings III. HISTORICAL SOURCES A live broadcast of the proclamation of the Martial Law by then President Ferdinand Marcos on September 23, 1972.

34. his autobiography shares Nelson. HISTORICAL SOURCES Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology Example of Primary Source – Letters Letter from a soldier for his Family. III. HISTORICAL SOURCES

35. his autobiography shares Nelson. HISTORICAL SOURCES Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology Historical document such as the declaration of Independence or the Constitution are primary documents, They were drafted and signed. Other primary sources would be: Birthday Certificate Government records Deeds Court Documents Military records Tax records Census records art III. HISTORICAL SOURCES

36. HISTORICAL SOURCES Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology Secondary Source are sources produced by an author who used primary sources. Analyzed a scholarly question and often use primary source as evidence. Written after some time of the event. III. HISTORICAL SOURCES

37. HISTORICAL SOURCES Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology Secondary Source are materials that interpret, analyze, or summarize primary sources . Unlike primary sources, which offer direct, unmediated access to historical events, secondary sources provide contextualization and analysis based on primary materials. These sources often present the broader picture of events, offering interpretations and reflections on past occurrences. III. HISTORICAL SOURCES

38. HISTORICAL SOURCES Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology Usually, the author of Secondary Source will have studied the primary sources of an historical period or event and will then interpret the evidence found in these sources. Second-hand information. III. HISTORICAL SOURCES

39. HISTORICAL SOURCES Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology Example of Secondary Source are almanacs, encyclopedia, history books like textbooks, biographies, essays, etc. These materials can be primary and secondary source- Articles, newspapers, magazines, books III. HISTORICAL SOURCES

40. HISTORICAL SOURCES Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology Both sources are important but needs a thorough scrutinization to come up with historical truth. Historical sources should undergo an external and internal criticism. III. HISTORICAL SOURCES

41. HISTORICAL SOURCES Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology EXTERNAL CRITICISM is the practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by examining its physical characteristics; consistency with the historical characteristic of the time when it was produced; and the materials used for the evidence. Physical Examination such as quality of paper, type of ink, language and words, etc. III. HISTORICAL SOURCES

42. HISTORICAL SOURCES Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology INTERNAL CRITICISM is the examination of the truthfulness and factuality of the evidence. Content of the source Examines the author, its context, the agenda behind its creation, the knowledge which informed it, and its intended purpose. III. HISTORICAL SOURCES

43. HISTORICAL SOURCES Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology Validating historical sources is important because the use of unverified, falsified and untruthful historical sources can lead to equally false conclusions. Without thorough criticisms of historical evidences, historical deceptions and lies will be highly probable. III. HISTORICAL SOURCES

44. HISTORICAL SOURCES Chapter 1- Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology III. HISTORICAL SOURCES The hoax Code of Kalantiaw

45. QUIZ TIME Direction: Classify the sources if it’s Primary or Secondary Source. 1. A letter written by José Rizal to his family while he was in exile in Dapitan , discussing his observations on life and his political views. 2. A history book titled "History of the Filipino People" by Teodoro Agoncillo , which provides an analysis of the Philippine Revolution based on various historical documents. 3. A speech delivered by Emilio Aguinaldo on the declaration of Philippine independence in Kawit , Cavite on June 12, 1898. 4. A documentary film about the Martial Law era in the Philippines, featuring interviews with survivors and archival footage of the events. 5. A diary written by Andrés Bonifacio during the early days of the Philippine Revolution, describing his personal experiences and revolutionary activities.

46. QUIZ TIME Direction: Classify the sources if it’s Primary or Secondary Source. 6. A book titled "The Life and Death of Macario Sakay ," which analyzes the life and role of Macario Sakay in the Philippine Revolution, using historical documents, letters, and reports. 7. A photograph of General Antonio Luna leading Filipino forces during the Philippine-American War. 8. A news article written in 1942 reporting on the arrival of Japanese forces in the Philippines during World War II, detailing the reactions of Filipinos. 9. A report issued by the Philippine government after the EDSA People Power Revolution of 1986, analyzing the political transition and the implications of the movement. 10. An autobiography written by Ninoy Aquino in which he recounts his life, his thoughts on dictatorship, and his return to the Philippines from exile.

47. QUIZ TIME Direction: TRUE OR FALSE History is the Study of the Past Historical Sources that were not written should not be used in writing history. History has no use for the present, thus, the saying “past is past” is true. A Post-colonialist will say “no document, no history”. History is limited to the story of a hero versus a villain. Only primary sources may be used in writing history. External criticism is done by examining the physical characteristics of a source. Internal criticism is done by looking at a source’s quality of paper and type of ink, among others. Oral history are not valid historical source or knowledge Historia is a Latin word which means “knowledge acquired through inquiry and investigation

48. thank you