INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT LECTURE.ppt

Slide presentation on human development

1. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

2. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
The scientific study of how people change and
remain the same across the lifespan.
It involves:
Quantitative changes: improvements in height,
age, weight
Qualitative changes: improvements in speech,
attitude, intelligence.

3. ASPECTS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Physicaldevelopment–changesinbodystructure
andacquisitionofmotorskills.
Perceptualdevelopment–changesinsensory
capacities.
Intellectualdevelopment–changesinthought
processes.
Personalityandsocialdevelopment–changesin
self-concept,interpersonalrelations,andgender
identity.

4. GROWTH DEVELOPMENT
Takes place during the
first 20 years of life
Happens after 20 years of
life
Physicalchange and
increase in size
Increase in complexity of
function and skill
progression
MeasuredquantitativelyMeasuredqualitatively
Varies during different
stages
Capacity and skill of a
personto adapt to the
environment
Rapid during prenatal,
neonatal, infancy and
adolescence and slows
down during childhood
Behavioral aspectof
growth
Minimalduring
adulthood

5. THREE QUESTIONS ACROSS THEORIES
ABOUT DEVELOPMENT
What is the source of development?
Nature (heredity) vs. Nurture (environment)
What is the shape of development?
Continuity vs. Discontinuity
Timing: Is it too late?
Critical and Earlier Periods vs. Later
Experiences

6. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT
Developmentislifelong.
Developmentismultidimensional.
Developmentismultidirectional.
Relativeinfluenceofbiologyandcultureshift
overthelifespan.
Developmentinvolveschangingresource
allocation.
Developmentshowsplasticity.
Developmentisinfluencedbyhistoricaland
culturalcontext.

7. THE BEGINNING OF LIFE
MEIOSIS--acelldivisionwhichproduces
gametes(sexcells)
SEXCELLS–Sperm(male)
Ovum/Ova(female)

8. THE BEGINNING OF LIFE
SEXCELLS–Sperm(male)
Ovum/Ova(female)

9. THE BEGINNING OF LIFE
CHROMOSOMES
--Xchromosomes(dominant)
--ychromosomes(recessive)
GENES–trueunitsofheredity
DNA(DeoxyribonucleicAcid)–codeforgenetic
information

10. FERTILIZATION–unionofspermandovum
THE BEGINNING OF LIFE

11. FERTILIZATION–unionofspermandovum
THE BEGINNING OF LIFE

12. FERTILIZATION–unionofspermandovum
ZYGOTE–fertilizedegg.
THE BEGINNING OF LIFE

13. MITOSIS–cellmultiplication;zygotereproduces
itself.
XX–female
Xy--male
THE BEGINNING OF LIFE

14. GENETIC ABNORMALITIES
Mutation–processwheregenesbecomealtered
ordamagedresultingtodefectivecharacteristics.
InheritedDiseases
MaternalDiseases
Teratogens–harmfulexternalsubstanceslike
drugs,alcohol,etc.,thatmayinvadethewomband
mayresultindefectsorseveredamageatbirth.

15. GENETIC ABNORMALITIES
DownSyndromeorTrisomy21–distinctive
physicalappearanceandretardedintellectual
growth.

16. DOWN SYNDROME OR TRISOMY 21

17. MULTIPLE BIRTHS
IdenticalTwins–monozygotictwins

18. FraternalTwins–dizygotictwins
MULTIPLE BIRTHS

19. SiameseTwins–incompleteseparationof
twomassesofcells.
MULTIPLE BIRTHS

20. Traitsthatarecontrolledbythegenesfoundin
thechromosomes.
GenesintheXchromosomecontrolvirtuallyall
thesesex-linkedtraitssincetheychromosomeis
smallandcarriesfewgenes.
SEX-LINKEDTRAITS

21. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES
1.PRENATAL
GerminalStage
EmbryonicStage
FetalStage
2.InfancyandToddlerhood(0-3years)
3.EarlyChildhood(3-6years)
4.MiddleChildhood(6-11years)
5.Adolescence(11-20years)
6.YoungAdulthood(20-40Years)
7.MiddleAdulthood(40-65years)
8.LateAdulthood(65yearsabove)

22. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES -PRENATAL

23. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES -PRENATAL

24. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES -PRENATAL
Periodofdevelopmentbeforebirthorgestation.
Dividedintothreesubstages:germinal,embryonic,
andfetalstages.
GerminalStage(fertilization-2weeks)–cell
divisioncontinuesthenthecellsaredevelopedinto
ablastocyst,whichismadeupofthreelayers:
ectoderm,endoderm,andmesoderm.
Ectoderm–skinandnervoussystem
Endoderm–digestiveandrespiratorysystem.
Mesoderm–muscleandskeletalsystem.

25. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES -PRENATAL
Dividedintothreesubstages:germinal,embryonic,
andfetalstages.
EmbryonicStage(2-12weeks)–placentaand
umbilicalcorddevelops;basicoutlinesofthe
organ,body,andnervoussystemareestablished;
beginningsoffeaturessuchasfingers,eyes,mouth,
andearsbecomevisible;pregnancyiscritical.
FetalStage(12weeks-birth)–neuraltube
developsintobrainandspinalcordandneurons
form;sexorganbeginstoappear.

26. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES -INFANCY,
BABYHOOD, TODDLERHOOD (0 -3 YEARS)
PhysicalDevelopment:complexdevelopmentofthe
brain;rapiddevelopmentofphysicalfeaturesand
bodymass
PerceptualDevelopment:preferanythingsweetand
candiscriminatescent.
Intellectual:theygainknowledgeusingtheirsenses
Psychosocial:attachmenttoparents

27. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES -EARLY
CHILDHOOD 3-6 YEARS OLD)
PhysicalDevelopment:Handednessappears;
appearancebecomesslender
PerceptualDevelopment:preferanythingsweetand
candiscriminatescent.
Intellectual:egocentricthinkingdevelopsthenlater
onbegintoacknowledgeother’sopinion;memory
andlanguageimproves
Psychosocial:theybecomeindependent;helping,
aggression,andfearfulnessbecomescommon.

28. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES -MIDDLE
CHILDHOOD 6-11 YEARS OLD)
PhysicalDevelopment:Growthgaptakesplacebut
strengthincreases
PerceptualDevelopment:preferencedevelops
Intellectual:overcomesegocentricismandthinks
logicallyandconcretely;developedlearningskillsbut
needstobeimprovedforsome
Psychosocial:developedsenseofself;peersbecomes
thecenteroftheirinterest.

29. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES -ADOLESCENCE11-
20 YEARS OLD)
PhysicalDevelopment:developmentofsecondarysex
characteristics
PerceptualDevelopment:preferencedevelops
Intellectual:thinksabstractlyandscientifically
Psychosocial:searchforidentity;peerinfluence
becomesanissue

30. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES -YOUNG
ADULTHOOD20-40 YEARS OLD)
PhysicalDevelopment:growthspurtstopsbut
physicalprowessisatitspeak;however,itwill
graduallydecline;becomesmorehealthconscious
PerceptualDevelopment:preferencedevelops
Intellectual:mentalabilitiesareatitspeak
Psychosocial:formationofintimaterelationship;
occupationalchoicesaremadeandtaken

31. HUMAN DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES
CognitiveTheoryofDevelopment(JeanPiaget)–
explainshowweacquireknowledge.
MoralReasoningStagesofDevelopment
(LawrenceKohlberg)–explainshowwelearntoform
andusemoraljudgment.
PsychosexualTheoryofDevelopment(Sigmund
Freud)–explainshowpersonalitydevelops.
PsychosocialTheoryofDevelopment(Erik
Erikson)–explainshowwelearntoadapttoour
environmentaswerelatetopeopleandasour
environmentmeetouremotionalneeds.

32. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES -LATE
ADULTHOOD65 YEARS OLD & ABOVE)
PhysicalDevelopment:physicalprowessandhealth
declines
PerceptualDevelopment:sensoryabilitiesdeclines
Intellectual:mentalabilitiesaregraduallydeclining
forsome
Psychosocial:searchforlegacy,life’smeaniing,
importanceoffamilyandsupport,copingwithdeath
becomesthefocus.

33. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES -LATE
ADULTHOOD65 YEARS OLD & ABOVE)
PhysicalDevelopment:physicalprowessandhealth
declines
PerceptualDevelopment:sensoryabilitiesdeclines
Intellectual:mentalabilitiesaregraduallydeclining
forsome
Psychosocial:searchforlegacy,life’smeaniing,
importanceoffamilyandsupport,copingwithdeath
becomesthefocus.