INTRODUCTION TO JOURNALISM FOR CAREER IN JOURNALISM

Introduction to journalism

1. TRAINING AGENDA JOURNALIM DEFINITIONS JOURNALISTIC GENRES ROLE OF JOURNALISM TO THE SOCIETY TYPES OF JOURNALISM WHAT A GOOD JOURNALISM SHOULD INCLUDE AND NOT SOME TECHNICAL WORDS USED IN JOURNALISM HISTORY OF JOURNALISM

2. I.CONFLICTS SENSITIVE JOURNALISM(CSJ) DEFINITIONS J.ROOT CAUSES OF CONFLICTS K.VIOLENCE R.TOOLS AND FOCUS IN CSJ M.ELEMENTS THAT CSJ SHOUL DELIVER N.A CHECKLIST FOR CONFLICT SENSITIVE JOURNALIST O.REACHING THE OTHER SIDE

3. INTRODUCTION TO JOURNALISM and CONFLICT SENSITIVE JOURNALISM

4. What is journalism? Journalism is an art of gathering, organizing(analyzing) and distributing information through a wide variety of outlets . Journalism is a profession that involves collecting information about a particular subject, then reporting findings and conclusions to a wider audience through print, digital or broadcast media. The purpose of journalism is to research and report events that impact people’s lives and society in different ways.

5. Media is the umbrella term for the industries of TV, film, newspapers, magazines, Internet, video games. Eg . TV is a medium of communication. The media forms mentioned above are mass media because they are intended to communicate with great numbers of people . Their focus is on Mass production, wide audiences, technologically driven and information driven.

6. Journalistic genres Report :The journalist who covers this story must be on the live on the scene where the action is taking place or arrive on the field where the action took place and gives the description(image) that helps reader to read the story and understands it as he or she is watching it on the televisions . This kind of kind story should have all details including witnesses from the field, interview from the officilas ,…

7. Documentation : This is a kind of story that has history on a given situation, epidemic,disease,event … Testimony :The testimony is done to the people affected by a given situation and wants to share her or his experience with the readers. Interview :A kind of story that needs a person who has experience or skills in a certain subject for giving reliable information . Voxpop (voice of the people) :This is a popular opinion as represented by informal commnets from members of the public especially when broadcast or published . Most of the times it is an open ended questions that the public has to answer.

8. Main roles of journalism to the society: To educate :Through different topics and shows journalism not only provide information to the people buy they also educate people by providing guidance on various issues through editorilas , columns and shows . Most people do not have enough time, access,time ,or training to find the answers to questions that keep the worl d going but journalists do it and provide the facts that are needed.

9. To advocate :Journalism is a voice of voiceless and it is sait it is the fourth power,and this helps it to speak for those who are not able to speak for themselves and people in charge intervene to solve those problms . To entertain :By conducting interviews with artists,celebrities attending different events or cinducting research about them, journalism gives pleasure to readers,viewers or audience . To inform :Journalism informs society with information they need to live their lives.Without journalism,the world would be ignorant because it gives current and relevant information and news to the public.

10. TYPES OF JOURNALISM

11. 1. Investigative journalism Investigative journalism deals with objectively working towards uncovering the hidden truth or facts on a given matter, person, topic of interest or an event . An investigative journalist finds the facts by studying cases that require a lot of efforts . She/ he exposes scandals for propaganda by making headlines. Due to the complex procedure, a single case can sometimes take months to years to finish. So , to become an investigative journalist, one is required to possess knowledge, patience and persistence.

12. 2. Watchdog journalism Watchdog journalism is a genre intended to guard society against illegal activity or inefficiency from societal powers, such as corporations and politicians . It is similar to investigative journalism in that the intent is to uncover and expose wrongdoing . Watchdog journalists monitor the activities of large companies and influential figures and report activities that may have negative impacts on society. This type of journalism helps ensure societal powers remain accountable for their actions. 

13. 3.Opinion journalism Opinion journalism reports on a topic using subjective ideas rather than objective facts . Opinion journalists report stories from their own perspective, including their own thoughts and biases. Opinion journalism is unique from other types because the writer can include their viewpoint . It can be important to recognize the difference between opinions and facts. Opinion journalism is useful in helping people understand their own opinions and values as well as to develop a fuller picture of reality when consuming reports from multiple perspectives. 

14. While some opinion journalists may align with your personal viewpoints, balancing those opinions with opposing perspectives is necessary to gain a deeper understanding and develop empathy and respect for diversity . An example of opinion journalism includes political journalists who report on political activity from their own perspective.

15. 4.Sport journalism Sports journalism focuses on the subject of athletic news. Sports journalists report scores, standings and rankings for different teams or athletes in different sporting events. Sports journalism can take the form of a specific genre such as investigative or opinion styles. It can be both print and broadcast media. Sports commentating is a form of sports journalism in broadcast and online journalism.

16. 5.Trade journalism Trade journalism reports on a particular industry or field. Trade journalists detail movements and developments in business that impact people involved in that field . It includes industry-specific news for products such as oil, metals and agriculture as well as business sectors, such as travel, finance and healthcare. Trade journalists process and report on substantial amounts of information regarding market conditions of the trades they cover.

17. 6.Entertainment journalism Entertainment journalism relates to the current events of popular figures and trends . Entertainment journalists report on the entertainment business, including celebrities, movies, television, books and events. Entertainment journalists may cover movie premiers and awards ceremonies as well as news about the entertainment industry.

18. 7.Political journalism Political journalism focuses on government, politics and political candidates. It covers different segments of political activity, such as local, national or international news. Political journalists often report on the activities of elected officials, political processes and the results of political work . It includes reporting political news and conducting investigative and watchdog reporting to ensure that the public has access to information about political activity . Political journalists may also report news in the form of the opinion journalism genre.

19. 8.Conflicts sensitive journalism:

20. Types of Journalism Based on the Medium of Delivery Based on the medium of news delivery, journalism can be divided into three types: TV and Radio Journalism/ Broadcast Journalism, Print Journalism, and Online Journalism.

21. 1Cyber / Online/ Digital Journalism Cyber journalism or online journalism or digital journalism is the latest type of journalism. As the name suggests, this deals with delivering the on different internet platforms. The whole world has become a virtual global village after the introduction of the world wide web (WWW) and the internet. With a number of easily accessible platforms, cyber or online journalism has risen to popularity. A number of channels dedicated to journalism are followed on Youtube . Even various TV and Print media houses have started going digital through blogs, websites, youtube and different social media applications.

22. 2.Print Journalism This type of journalism deals with delivering news through newspapers, magazines,etc.Whether print journalism is dying or not, that only time will tell . But this topic has been in conflict for a long time now . The higher costs of material, lower subscription numbers and the increment in other easily accessible media platforms have had a huge impact on print journalism.

23. 3.Broadcast / TV/ Radio Journalism This kind of journalism deals with broadcasting news through television or radio . Both of these mediums are widely used and possess unique characteristics . A reason why TV journalism is more popular than print journalism is that it does not only deliver news for the eyes but for the ears as well. Audio-visual experience provided to the audience through TV journalism engages them. This journalism has large budgets and resources that help journalists create high-quality content.

24. Unlike TV, radio includes a large amount of interaction with the target audience. But, it usually gathers a limited number of participants as the broadcasting is done live . Radio channels usually have smaller budgets than TV channels causing limitation to covering fewer stories . Every type of journalism has its own way of functioning and challenges. For some, one needs to be extremely focused and conscious whereas, some types are more relaxed.

25. Good journalism should not do these : • Defamatory : Good journalism does not tell lies and twist the truth about people. • Derivative : Good journalism does not simply repeat what has been reported somewhere else. Copying others’ news may repeat false information. • Malicious : Journalism is powerful. News reports can ruin reputations, put people in danger, or cause public panic. Good journalism is not used to intentionally harm other persons. • Corrupt : Good journalism does not accept bribes. It does no special favours for anyone. Good journalism is not for sale.

26. What good journalism should include: 1.Accuracy : Getting the correct information is most important of all. Everything which is reported must be described accurately,the spelling of names, the facts as they happened, and the real meaning of what was said . Before they report it, good journalists seek the evidence and accurate facts. A good journalist will rush to get the news first. But first, the journalist must get it right. People will not talk to journalists if they fear journalists will not repeat their words accurately, or will not describe things as they really are.

27. 2. Impartiality (balance ): Almost every code of good journalism puts importance on impartiality, on not taking sides . To do this, a good journalist will seek to produce a report which is balanced. To be balanced is to include both sides. There are always two sides in any story involving conflict. Citizens need to know what the other side says, and how it will affect them . Balance is as important in every story as accuracy. People will not talk to a journalist who only reports one side of the story . mpartial journalism is an important defence for reporters in a time of conflict. Journalists should be respected because they take no sides.

28. 3.Responsibility : Journalists have obligations to the people they report about, and to the society to whom they report the news . Journalists have a responsibility to protect their sources. Many people will not tell journalists important news if they fear they will be revealed. Good journalists also use only honest methods to obtain the news, which means they do not break the law . Accuracy + Impartiality + Responsibility = Reliability

29. Some of the technical (career) words used in journalism A  newsroom  serves as a  central  location or space in a  media  house that makes for the effective, production, publication and broadcasting of  news , stories and reports as given by journalists.   Editorial line Editorial is the sense of  editorial   guidances , that  is  the recommended in official way of dealing with the news. Eg:Politics,sport,business … Editorial or leading article, is an article written by the senior,editorial people or publisher of a newspaper, magazine, or any other written document, often unsigned.

30. Editorial room(conference room) the room where editorial meeting takes place Editorial meeting  is a part of the time-tested process that journalists use to discuss stories. In television news, there are typically two  editorial meetings  each day — one in the morning and another in the afternoon. The sole purpose of these  meetings  is to generate story ideas for the newscasts that day and evening

31. A  sub - editor , sometimes referred to as a  copy - editor , is the gatekeeper of grammar or sorcerer of spelling . An  editor -in- chief is  the manager of any print or digital publication, from physical newspapers to online magazines. The  editor -in- chief  determines the look and feel of the publication, has the final say in what is published and what isn't, and leads the publication's team of  editors , copyeditors, and writers Byline is the name of the journalist who has written a story Freelancer is ajournalist who works for themselves, rather than for a company but is paid for each piece of work they do by the organization they do it for

32. Camera person ,man or woman is a professional operator of a film camera or video camera as part of a film crew. Photographer(photo journalist): is someone who photographs ,edits and displays images in order to tell a visual story . KISS: Keep it short and simple Paparazi :This term is designated to celebrity journalists who are independent and take pictures of high profile people such as actors,athlets,politician and other celebrities in a secerete way aiming to sell them to media houses. Press r elease is an official statement delivered to members of the news media for the purpose of providing information, creating an official statement, or making an announcement directed for public release. Press releases are also considered a primary source, meaning they are original informants for information

33. A  press review  is a compilation of recent articles and items from various press products, such as newspapers, magazines and, increasingly, also online publications . A press conference or news conference is a media event in which newsmakers invite journalists to hear them speak and, most often, ask questions.

34. Fake  news " is also deliberately untruthful information which  can  often spread quickly on social  media Recording studio is a specialized facility for sound recording, mixing, and audio production of instrumental or vocal musical performances, spoken words, and other sounds.  Editing  room  in which a film or television programme is prepared by selecting, rearranging, or rejecting previously filmed material.

35. Voice-over is a production technique where a voice that is not part of the narrative is used in a radio, television production, filmmaking, theatre, or other presentations. The voice-over is read from a script and may be spoken by someone who appears elsewhere in the production or by a specialist voice actor   News presenter ,also known as a newsreader, newscaster, anchorman or anchorwoman, news anchor or simply an anchor :is a person who presents news during a news program on the television or on the radio . Reporter: is a  person who reports, especially one employed to report news or conduct interviews for the press or broadcasting media.

36. The   difference between Journalist  and a  Reporter  is  reporter's  job is to relay the story to the public but the  Journalist's  job is to research new stories.Most of the times   Journalists  work for newspapers, magazines, and many more written editorials.  Reporters  report the news on television, radio, or any other mass media . A  front - page  article or picture appears on the  front page  of a newspaper because it is very important or interesting . The major story of the day will be placed in the most prominent position on the  front page  and will contain a large, bold-faced headline.

37. History of Journalism

38. In 1556, the government of  Venice first published the monthly  Notizie scritte  ("Written notices") which cost one  gazzetta , a Venetian coin of the time, the name of which eventually came to mean "newspaper ". These   avvisi  were handwritten newsletters and used to convey political, military, and economic news quickly and efficiently throughout Europe, more specifically Italy, during the early modern era ( 1500-1800)sharing some characteristics of newspapers though usually not considered true newspapers.

39. However, none of these publications fully met the modern criteria for proper newspapers, as they were typically not intended for the general public and restricted to a certain range of topics. Early publications played into the development of what would today be recognized as the newspaper, which came about around 1601 . Around the 15th and 16th centuries, in England and France, long news accounts called "relations" were published; in Spain, they were called " Relaciones ".

40. Single event news publications were printed in the broadsheet format, which was often posted. These publications also appeared as pamphlets and small booklets (for longer narratives, often written in a letter format), often containing woodcut illustrations. Literacy rates were low in comparison to today, and these news publications were often read aloud (literacy and oral culture were, in a sense, existing side by side in this scenario).

41. Title page of Carolus’Relation from 1609,the earliest newspaper . By 1400, businessmen in Italian and German cities were compiling handwritten chronicles of important news events, and circulating them to their business connections. The idea of using a printing press for this material first appeared in Germany around 1600. Early precursors were the so-called  Messrelationen (" trade fair reports") which were semi-annual news compilations for the large book fairs at Frankfurt and Leipzig, starting in the 1580s .

42. The first true newspaper was the weekly  Relation aller Fuernemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien  ("Collection of all distinguished and memorable news"), started in Strasbourg in 1605. The  Avisa Relation oder Zeitung  was published in  Wolfenbüttel  from 1609, and gazettes soon were established. After 1600 the national governments in France and England began printing official newsletters. In 1622 the first English-language weekly magazine, "A current of General News" was published and distributed in  England  in an 8- to 24-page quarto format .

43. Newspapers in all major countries became much more important in the 19th century because of a series of technical, business, political, and cultural changes. High-speed presses and cheap wood-based newsprint made large circulations possible. The rapid expansion of elementary education meant a vast increase in the number of potential readers. Political parties sponsored newspapers at the local and national levels. Toward the end of the century, advertising became well-established and became the main source of revenue for newspaper owners . The first newspaper in France, the  Gazette de France , was established in 1632 by the king's physician Theophrastus Renaudot (1586-1653), with the patronage of Louis XIII.

44. 20th century The press was handicapped during the war by shortages of newsprint and young journalists, and by an abundance of censorship designed to maintain home front morale by minimizing bad war news . The Parisian newspapers were largely stagnant after the war; circulation inched up to 6 million a day from 5 million in 1910.

45. John Gunther wrote in 1940 t hat of the more than 100 daily newspapers in Paris, two ( L'Humanité  and  Action Française 's publication) were honest; "Most of the others, from top to bottom, have news columns for sale". He reported that  Bec et Ongles  was simultaneously subsidized by the French government, German government, and Alexandre Stavisky , and that Italy allegedly paid 65 million francs to French newspapers in 1935

46. Radio and television The history of radio broadcasting begins in the 1920 s and reached its apogee in the 1930s and 1940s . Experimental television was being studied before the 2nd world war, became operational in the late 1940s, and became widespread in the 1950s and 1960s, largely but not entirely displacing radio.  

47. Internet journalism The rapidly growing impact of the Internet, especially after 2000, brought "free" news and classified advertising to audiences that no longer cared for paid subscriptions. The Internet undercut the business model of many daily newspapers The rapidly growing impact of the Internet, especially after 2000, brought "free" news and classified advertising to audiences that no longer cared for paid subscriptions.The Internet undercut the business model  of many daily newspapers.

48. History of journalism in Rwanda Journalism in Rwanda begun in 1933 when the 1st newspaper ( K inyamateka ) was founded; ! Up until independence in 1963, there were 4 newspapers in Rwanda including: Hobe, « Temps nouveaux d’Afrique » and Imvaho ! From independence until 1985, only 3 newspapers were founded . Urumuri rwa Demokarasi , Le Cooperateur-Umunyamuryango and «Rwanda Carrefour d’Afrique ». They were either govt papers or for political parties. ! Radio Rwanda was founded in 1961 and was the only radio station and mouthpiece of government.

49. Professional Organs in Rwanda! The Media High Council – In charge of media development especially in the area of capacity building . ! The Rwanda Media Commission – SELF regulated Body. ! ARJ – Association of Rwandan Journalists ! Rwanda Women Broadcasters Association . AJESPORT:Rwanda Association of Sport Journalists

50. In journalism we have to keep and protect our sources of information (confidentiality) protection of sources Article 25 of Media Law in Rwanda, in its tittle II: Journalist's rights stipulates that a journalist and any other media professional have the right to refuse to disclose their sources. In no way shall they be subjected to threats owing to this stand

51. CONFLICTS SENSITIVE JOURNALISM(CSJ) Professional journalists seek to present accurate and impartial news and through good reporting t conflict is reduced. Professional news reporters, whether being aware of it or not, are specialists in conflict. For reporters, change is news. And when there is change, there often is disagreement or conflict . There is conflict among those who like the change and those who do not, or those who want more change and those who oppose change. So journalists deal with conflict very often in their work . But many journalists know little about the idea of conflict. They do not know the root causes of conflict, or how conflicts end. They do not know the different kinds of conflict.

52. Most journalists merely report on the conflict as it happens. By comparison, medical reporters do not just report on a person’s illness. They also report on what caused the illness and what may cure it. News reporters can have the same skill when it comes to reporting conflict . Having the skills to analyze conflict will enable a reporter to be a more effective professional journalist and a more aware individual. This is called Conflict Sensitive Journalism . Few journalists have any training in the theory of conflict. Having the skills to analyze conflict will enable a reporter to be a more effective professional journalist

53. Conflict: is the situation where two individuals, groups,tribes , clans,countries …try to pursue goals or a,bitions which they believe they cannot share . Conflict-Sensitive Journalism is a body of knowledge borne from the study of journalism as a discipline, an understanding of conflict science,and effectively covering it .

54. Conflict-sensitive journalism makes sure people have access to all the information necessary for building their own opinion . There are often lots of rumors circulating in war regions and crisis areas and in countries emerging from a conflict. It is up to the journalists to verify them before conveying to their audience which ones are true and which ones cannot be confirmed The intention of CSJ is not the resolution of the conflicts its practitioners cover from the war fronts, where armed interventions seek to political questions; to the halls of the legislature, where political discussion aims to resolve social questions; and to the disaster areas where resources are scarce and the needs are great though it is often through good reporting that conflict is reduced.

55. Not all conflict is violent . Conflict is normal when there is change. Some people want change, but others disagree. If their disagreement or their conflict is managed peacefully, it can be a positive process. But when conflict is not managed properly, it becomes violent. In violent conflict, people fear for their safety and survival. When we say conflict, we are usually referring to violent conflict.

56. Root causes of conflicts. Resources are scarce and not shared fairly, as in food, housing, jobs or land. • There is little or no communication between the two groups. • The groups have incorrect ideas and beliefs about each other . • Unresolved grievances exist from the past • Power is unevenly distributed.

57. Sometimes conflicts can results to violence . Violence is the act of using force aiming to resolve conflicts . Violent physical conflict is easily identified and described by journalists. Individuals or groups in conflict try to hurt or kill each other and there are victims. But there can be other kinds of violence which do great harm in a society and these are more difficult for reporters to see and to explain.

58. Types of violence Cultural violence: can be the way a group has been thinking about another group for many years. It can include talk, images or beliefs which glorify physical violence. Like gender discrimination,hate speech and religious justifications for war Structural violence:I s harm which is built into the laws Like Genocide against Tusti,colonialism and structural segregation Direct Violence: Violenting publically not fearing any thing \Like coming in the road and begins to kill whoever you meet.

59. There are 4 main tools in CSJ Time line CSJ triangle The actors map The onion

60.   CSJ FOCUSES ON 4 MAIN POINTS Truth seeking: It is a commitment not only to produce stories but to seek and make known what is previously unknown so that people are aware of matters that actually impact their lives. Active accuracy :This involves the pursuit of truths and, beyond the ubiquitous quote and attribution, the actual evidence of these truths . A focus on relevance: A lways put the needs of the audience first. Here, a reporter’s choice of what to write and how to write it favours relevance to the reader over values like prominence, currency, or oddity. Good writings: In a Comprehensive and chronological way

61. ELEMENTS OF CONFLICTS RESOLUTION THAT A GOOD JOURNALISM CAN DELIVER AS PART OF ITS DAILY WORK:

62. Channeling communication : The news media is often the most important channel of communication that exists between sides in a conflict. Sometimes the media is used by one side to broadcast intimidating messages. But other times, the parties speak to each other through the media or through specific journalists . 2. Educating : Each side needs to know about the other side’s difficulty in moving towards reconciliation. Journalism which explores each side’s particular difficulties, such as its politics or powerful interests can help educate the other side to avoid demands for simplistic and immediate solutions.

63. 3.Confidence-building : Lack of trust is a major factor contributing to conflict. The media can reduce suspicion by digging into hot issues and revealing them so there are no secrets to fear. Good journalism can also present news that shows resolution is possible by giving examples from other places and by explaining local efforts at reconciliation. 4. Correcting misperceptions : By examining and reporting on the two sides’ misperceptions of each other, the media encourages disputing sides to revise their views and move closer to reducing conflict. 5 . Making them human : Getting to know the other side, giving them names and faces, is an essential step. This is why negotiators put the two sides in the same room. Good journalism also does this by putting real people in the story and describing how the issue affects them.

64. 6. Identifying underlying interests : In a conflict both sides need to understand the bottom-line interests of the other. Good reporting does this by asking tough questions and seeking out the real meaning of what leaders say. Good reporting also looks beyond the leaders’ interests and seeks the larger groups’ interest . 7. Emotional outlet: In conflict resolution, there must be outlets for each side to express their grievances or anger or they will explode in frustration and make things worse. The media can provide important outlets by allowing both sides to speak. Many disputes can be fought out in the media, instead of in the streets, and the conflict can be addressed before it turns violent.

65. 8.Framing the conflict : In a conflict, describing the problem in a different way can reduce tension and launch negotiations. In good journalism, editors and reporters are always looking for a different angle, an alternative view, a new insight which will still attract an audience to the same story. Good journalism can help reframe conflicts for the two sides. 9. Face-saving, consensus-building : When two parties try to resolve a conflict they must calm the fears of their supporters. By reporting what they say, the media allows leaders in a conflict to conduct face-saving and consensus-building, even reaching to refugees and exiles in far-away places.

66. 10. Solution-building : In a conflict, both sides must eventually present specific proposals to respond to grievances. On a daily basis, good reporting does this by asking for their solutions instead of just repeating their rhetoric of grievances. Good journalism is a constant process of seeking solutions . 11 . Encouraging a balance of power : Conflicting groups, regardless of inequalities, have to believe they will be given attention if they meet the other side in negotiations. Good journalism encourages negotiation because the reporting is impartial and balanced. It gives attention to all sides. It encourages a balance of power for the purpose.

67.   A checklist for conflict sensitive journalist Avoid reporting a conflict as consisting of two opposing sides. Find other affected interests and include their stories, opinions and goals . • Avoid defining the conflict by always quoting the leaders who make familiar demands. Go beyond the elites. Report the words of ordinary people who may voice the opinions shared by many. • Avoid only reporting what divides the sides in conflict. Ask the opposing sides questions which may reveal common ground. Report on interests or goals which they may share.

68. Avoid always focusing on the suffering and fear of only one side. Treat all sides’ suffering as equally newsworthy. • Avoid words like devastated, tragedy and terrorized to describe what has been done to one group. These kinds of words put the reporter on one side. Do not use them yourself. Only quote someone else who uses these words. • Avoid emotional and imprecise words. Assassination is the murder of a head of state and no-one else. Massacre is the deliberate killing of innocent, unarmed civilians. Soldiers and policemen are not massacred. Genocide means killing an entire people. Do not minimize suffering, but use strong language carefully.

69. Avoid words like terrorist, extremist or fanatic. These words take sides, make the other side seem impossible to negotiate with. Call people what they call themselves . • Avoid making an opinion into a fact. If someone claims something, state their name, so it is their opinion and not your fact. • Avoid waiting for leaders on one side to offer solutions. Explore peace ideas wherever they come from. Put these ideas to the leaders and report their response.

70. Reaching the other side One way professional journalists can help bridge the barriers between the opposing sides is to search for stories about what is common to both sides. For example, it can be news about common environmental concerns, business prospects, health concerns or new farming techniques. And the stories report solutions that can be shared by both sides. Another way of breaking the barriers is to write stories about trans-ethnic identities, or people who are national heroes

71. . These are people who rise from one group or region to represent the whole country, in business, or international politics or education. The most important way is to remove stereotypes and assumptions from our news. Stereotypes always report what is different about the other side, such as race or religion or caste, as if it is important. Such reports give the assumption that the other side always acts in certain ways and never changes. Stereotypes blame the other side’s religion, caste or culture for whatever happens. Such reports are often wrong and create prejudice and conflict. Always ask yourself: is race or religion or caste important in my report? If not, remove it

72. More alternatives ,more solutions ! Peace begins from me ! Thank you !