INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING.pptx

An introduction to medical surgical nursing and it's concepts

1. INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING DICKSON LUNGU

2. Concepts and Terms used in Medical-Surgical Nursing Medicine : Medicine is the study of diseases. It looks at the causes of diseases, how they present, their management, and prevention. It is also defined as the art and science of the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health .   Surgery : This is a branch of medicine concerned with diagnosis and treatment of injury, deformity and disease through manual and instrumental means.

3. CONCEPTS AND TERMS CONT Medical Nursing : Medical nursing is a branch of nursing which deals with the care of patients/clients with medical disorders. It can also be defined as the art and science applied to the care of patients with medical conditions. It is a scientific approach to the care of patients with medical conditions.   Surgical Nursing : A branch of nursing concerned with the care of patient/clients before, during and after surgical procedures.

4. CONCEPTS AND TERMS CONT Aetiology : This term refers to the cause of disease . Pathophysiology : This refers to an alteration in body function as a result of disease. It clearly outlines how signs and symptoms come about . Infection : The process of infecting or the state of being infected.

5. CONCEPTS AND TERMS CONT Disease : This is an abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism, and that is not immediately due to any external injury Symptom : A symptom is what the patient is complaining of . Sign : A sign is a physical observation that a clinician makes on the patient upon examination.

6. CONCEPTS AND TERMS CONT Investigation : A process of identifying a disease using laboratory and imaging tests .   Prognosis : This is the likely outcome or cause of a disease and the prospects of recovery. It can also mean the art of telling the course, duration and termination of any disease .   Diagnosis : Diagnosis is the process of identifying a disease or injury from the symptoms, physical signs and any test which may have been performed

7. General Principles of Medical-Surgical Nursing A principle is an established rule of action to follow in a given situation. It acts as a guide.

8. General Principles Autonomy: each person has individual rights to privacy and choice. Confidentiality: this principle relates to the concept of privacy. Information which is obtained from an individual should not be disclosed to another person without the patient’s consent. Fidelity: this is an ethical principle that is concerned with remaining faithful to one’s promise .

9. General Principles Justice: treating all patients alike. Respect for persons: having respect for clients regardless of their gender or status in society. Sanctity of life: life should take precedence in all practice. Veracity: the obligation to tell the truth and not lie or deceive others.

10. General Principles Beneficence: the term refers to actions that promote the well-being of others. In the medical context, this means taking actions that serve the best interests of patients. Informed Consent: in ethics, it usually refers to the idea that a person must be fully informed about the potential benefits and risks of their choice of treatment. An uninformed person is at risk of making the wrong choice or a choice that does not reflective his or her values or wishes.

11. General Principles Cultural concerns: cultural differences can create difficult ethical problems in medicine. Some cultures have spiritual or magical theories about the origins of disease and reconciling these beliefs with the tenets of western medicine can be difficult.

12. Types of Surgery Surgery may be classified and performed in different ways and for different reasons

13. Types of Surgery Emergency Surgery : This is a type of surgery done without delay in the interest of the patient’s survival. The patient requires immediate attention as the disorder may be life threatening. Examples include: severe bleeding (haemorrhage), intestinal or urinary bladder obstruction, fractured skull, gun shot or stab wounds, extensive burns, etc

14. Types of Surgery Urgent Surgery : This is the type of surgery done within 24-30 hours. The patient requires prompt attention because any delay may cause the condition to worsen (complications) and thus may require more complicated procedures. Examples include: acute gallbladder infection, kidney or ureteral stones. Required Surgery : This is the type of surgery done within a few weeks or months. The patient surgery may be planned at any stage because there is no immediate threat to life and complications are not eminent. Examples include: prostatic hyperplasia without urinary bladder obstruction, thyroid disorders, cataracts, etc.

15. Types of Surgery Elective Surgery : This is a type of surgery which is usually planned and whereby failure to do it has no immediate catastrophic consequences. The patient can choose whether or not to have the surgery, for example, repair of scars, simple hernia, vaginal repair, etc . Diagnostic Surgery : This is a type of surgery done for diagnostic purposes, e.g., biopsy, exploratory laparotomy, etc. Curative Surgery : This is a type of surgery done for curative purposes, e.g., tumour excision, removal of an inflamed appendix (appendectomy) etc.

16. Types of Surgery Reparative Surgery : This is a type of surgery where repair is done to damage on a normal structure, e.g. repair of multiple wounds, ruptured uterus or urinary bladder, etc .   Palliative Surgery : This is a type of surgery that is done to relieve the symptoms or effects of a surgical problem without necessarily removing the causative factors. For example, relief of pain, insertion of a nasogastric tube to facilitate swallowing, gastric distension, etc.

17. Types of Surgery

18. Types of Surgery