introduction to mycobacterium tuberculosis.pptx

Introduction to tb

1. TUBERCULOSIS (History , Incidence and Prevalence )

2. THE HISTORY OF TUBERCULOSIS IS AS ATLEAST AS OLD AS THE MANKIND. IT IS ONE OF THE OLDEST HUMAN DISEASES. AS A DESTROYER OF MANKIND, TUBERCULOSIS HAS NO EQUAL.

3. Different names,One disease. In Ancient times , Vedas : Rajayakshma Hippocrates : Pthisis ( Greek word : to waste away/ to spit / to consume) In Latin : Consumption In Hebrew : Schachepheth ( To waste away ) Oliver Wendell Holmes : White plague ( pallor) In Sanskrit : Kshma , Ksayah , Sosa.

4. Fracastorius ( 1443 - 1553) : origin of GERM THEORY Benjamin Martin in 1720: “Certain species of animalcula or wonderfully minute living creatures” could be the cause. Jean Antoine Villemin (1827 – 1892) : “TB was a specific infection caused by an inoculable agent”

5. Diagnosis of TB in early days. In Charaka Samhita : 11 symptoms of TB ( Heaviness of head, cough, sputum, dyspnoea, hoarseness of voice, pain in the sides of the chest, grinding pain in the shoulder, fever, diarrhoea, anorexia and spitting of blood) Aretaeus : Fever, sweating, fatigue, lassitude. Testing of sputum with fire or water is of diagnostic importance.

6. Galen: Cough,sputum,wasting,chest pain, and fever Haemoptysis was considered as pathognomonic. Sylvius(1614-1672) : Discovered small hard nodules in autopsy of consumption patients.

7. The physical examination Leopold Aeunbrugger and Jean Nicholas Covisart : Described the technique of percussion. Rene Theophile Laennec (1781-1826): Invention of Stethoscope. Robert Koch : Discovered tubercle bacillus in 24 th march 1882.

8. Treatment during old times IN ANCIENT TIMES Yagnas Royal touch, charms, invocations Chemicals: Arsenic, sulphur, calcium. Vegetables and Animal products including excreta of humans and animals.

9. IN 19 th CENTURY Bed rest and change of environment emerged as important forms of TB treatment. Hermann Brehmer built sanitorium with balconies for fresh air in the midst of fir trees . Introduction of BCG vaccine by Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin Discovery of STREPTOMYCIN : Selman Waksman and others. PAS: Jorgen Lehman With the discovery of other anti TB drugs like ISONIAZID , RIFAMPACIN and other drugs 6 months short course chemotherapy was started.

10. History of TB drugs Streptomycin : 1944 ( Discovered in 1943) PAS : 1946 Isoniazid : 1952 Pyrazinamide : 1954 Ethambutol : 1960s Rifampicin : 1970s( Discovered in 1965)

11. Events in INDIA First TB sanatorium : 1906 , Tilounia , Rajasthan. First Government sanatorium : King Edward sanatorium, Uttaranchal. In 1959 the GOI with WHO established National TB Institute in Bangalore to develop a National TB control programme ( NTP)

12. Worldwide, tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top 10 causes of death, and the leading cause from a single infectious agent. In 2017, TB caused an estimated 1.3 million deaths among HIV-negative people. An additional 300 000 deaths among HIV-positive people. There were an estimated 10 million new cases of TB , equivalent to 133 cases per 100 000 population. Globally in 2017, 5,58,000 new cases of RR-TB. Of which India contributes to 24 percent of cases

13. TB affects all countries and all age groups, estimates for 2017 90% of cases were adults (aged ≥15 years), 64% were male, 9% were people living with HIV (72% in Africa) two thirds were in eight countries: India (27%), China (9%), Indonesia (8%), the Philippines (6%), Pakistan (5%), Nigeria (4%), Bangladesh (4%) and South Africa (3%). Only 6% of cases were in the WHO European and American regions.

14. References Global TB report, 2018. Sudrendra k sharma , 2 nd edition ,Tuberculosis . India TB report , 2018.

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