Introduction to nursing unit ii nursing foundation.pptx

Introduction to nursing unit ii nursing foundation.pptx

1. INTRODUCTION TO NURSING What is nursing(concept) Nursing is an art and a science. Nursing as an art has been practised ever since the human world began .Modern nursing involves many kinds of concept and skills related to health and social sciences and with basic science on contemporary issues .Nursing as a profession is unique because it addresses humanistic ally and holistically the response of client and families to actual and potential health problems.

2. Nursing is a helping profession and as such it provides services which contribute to the health and wellbeing of the people .Nursing is a vital consequence to the individual receiving services .it fulfils needs which cannot be met by the family ,other individuals in the community or the person himself.

3. In 1959 DE Johnsons wrote about the science of nursing with several existing definition .he believed that nursing should be a body of knowledge with the these goals 1 preventing illness 2.promoting and maintaining health. 3. providing comprehensive care

4. CONCEPT OF NURSING The art of nursing Competence Attributes of practice Personal commitment

5. OBJECTIVES OF NURSING To prepare nurses who will give expert bedside nursing care in the hospital and community To provide integration of health and social aspect of theory and practice in generalized public health nursing. To provide a adequate sound scientific foundation to understand the functioning of body and mind in health and diseases.

6. Continue.. To prepare nurses who will be able to work completely with team members. To provide opportunities through curricular and extra curricular activities for full development of personality of each individual student. To ensure opportunities for initiative and resourceful and sense of responsibility for oneself.

7. Principles of nursing The Basic Nursing principles are 1.Safety 2.Comfort 3.Resourcefulness 4.Therapeutic effectiveness 5.Good workmanship 6.Individuality

8. PRINCIPLES OF NURSING PRACTICE Nurse and the nursing staff treat everyone in their care with dignity and humanity . Nurse and the nursing staff take responsibility for the care they provide and answer for their own judgments and actions. Nurse and nursing staff manage risk ,are vigilant about risk and help to keep everyone safe in the places they receive health care.

9. Continue.. Nurses and nursing staff provide and promote care that puts people at the centre , involves patients, service users their families and help them make informed choices about their treatment and care. Nurses and nursing staff are the heart of the communication process. Nurse and the nursing staff have up to date knowledge and skills.

10. Continue.. Nurses and nursing staff work closely with their own team and with other professionals Nurse and the nursing staff lead by example ,develop themselves and other staff and influence the way care is given in a manner that is open and responds to individual needs.

11. Definition of Nursing Definition of Nursing attributed to Nightingale is “The goal of nursing is to put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him, primarily by altering the environment”. In 1966, Virginia Henderson Wrote a definition of Nursing , stating that “the unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery , that he would perform unaided, if he had necessary strength, will or knowledge and to do this in such a way as to help him independence as rapidly as possible”

12. According to American Nurses Association definition “Nursing is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems”(1980) According to WHO “Nursing as an integral part of the health care system, encompasses the promotion of health, prevention of illness, and care of physically ill, and disabled people of all ages, in all health care and community settings .within the broad spectrum of health care ,the phenomena of particular concern to nurse are individual , family and group responses to actual or potential health problems” According to American Nurses Association defined nursing as the protection, and promotion and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of injury, allivation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities and populations.(ANA 2003)

13. Scope of nursing Scope means the breadth of opportunity to function or range of activity The scope of nursing can be characterized by 1.Education opportunity 2.Service opportunity can be divided in to A .opportunities in clinical areas. B .opportunities in educational institutes 1.Educational opportunities at present A .Auxiliary Nurse Midwives/Multipurpose health workers,1 ½ yr training program B .Diploma in General Nursing and Midwives 3 year and 6Months program. C . Bsc Nursing Basic 4 Years program D .Post certificate Diploma in clinical specialities like Nursing Education E .Post graduate education F. M Phil program G .PhD program

14. 2.Service opportunities(In both Govt and private sectors) A.ANM B. Staff Nurse C .Senior Staff nurse in promotion D .Nursing superintendent Grade 1, on promotion E.Nursing Superintendent in grade 2 on promotion F.District Health Nurse Supervisor, on promotion G.Assistant joint Director of Health and family welfare services , on promotion

15. Continue.. Staff nurse Ward sister or nursing supervisor Assistant nursing supervisor Deputy nursing superintendent Nursing superintendent Director of nursing Community health nurse

16. Teaching in nursing Industrial nurses Military nurse Nursing service abroad Nursing service administrative positions

17. CATEGORIES OF NURSING PERSONNEL Service side Nursing director Nursing superintendent Deputy nursing superintendent Departmental in charge Head nurse Charge nurse Senior staff nurse

18. Continue.. Auxiliary nurse midwife Nursing aid Nursing personnel in community DPHNO: District public health nursing officer BPHN : Block public health nurse PHN: Public health nurse ANM: Auxiliary nurse midwife/Female health worker

19. Cont.. Nursing personnel in nursing education The dean Principal Vice principal Reader Professor Associate professor Lecturer Assistant lecturer Clinical Instructor

20. Continue.. To prepare nurses who will be able to work completely with team members. To provide opportunities through curricular and extra curricular activities for full development of personality of each individual student. To ensure opportunities for initiative and resourceful and sense of responsibility for oneself.

21. Philosophy Phi losophy has been derived from two Greek words, ”philos” means love , sophy means wisdom. It is the love and searching for wisdom and truth. It is a living force, a way of life, an attitude towards life and a search for truth and reality.

22. Philosophy of Nursing A philosophy of nursing includes basic premises about the nature of nursing, about the goals of nursing, about to right to health and includes obligation for maintaining health and about the role of nurses in health care system in society .Nurses offer guidance to help individuals maintain health. Nurses are partners with physicians in promoting health in preventing disease and in managing patient care .care is considered as one of the important values expressed in philosophy of nursing. Nurses are to synthesis the knowledge from natural and behavioural science and from nursing science and to use knowledge in making decisions to meet basic needs of individuals that are immediate in nursing situations. The basis for the practice of professional nursing is knowledge, the activity is guided by the intellect and its intellectual activity is applied in practical realm. Nurses are expected to possess intellectual skills, interpersonal skills and technical skills.

23. Goals of Nursing These are – 1. Maintenance of health 2.promotion of wellness/health 3.Restoration of health 4.prevention of health 5.Facilitate coping 6. care of dying

24. Core Values of nursing Values essential to the practice of professional nursing are- 1.Esthetics(qualities of objects, events and person that provide satisfaction) 2.Altruism(regard for the welfare of others) 3.Equality(having the same right of privilege) 4.Freedom(the ability to exercise choice or action) 5.Human dignity(inhere tent worth of an individual) 6.Justice(fair treatment through the upholding of moral and legal principles) 7.Truth(faithfulness to factor reality)

25. Definition of a nurse A nurse is a person who has completed a programme on basic nursing education and is qualified and authorize in his/her country to render the most responsible service of a nursing nature, for the promotion and maintenance of the health and for the prevention of illness and the care of the sick. The professional nurse is a health worker ,a graduate from a recognized school/college who is identified by law as a registered nurse whether graduate from baccalaureate program A professional nurse is a graduate who has met the requirements for a registered nurse in a state in which she is licensed to practice. The liberal meaning of nurse N-Nobility U-Usefulness, understanding R- Righteousness,Responsibility S-Simplicity, sympathy E-Efficient, equanimity

26. Characteristics and Qualities of a Professional nurse The professional nurse must have certain qualities and characteristics in order to be considered a good professional. These are- 1Nurse must be mature physically and emotionally. 2.Nurse must have an up to date knowledge(general and special) 3.Nurse must keep herself clean, tidy and well groomed. 4. Nurse must be dependably clever, gentle sympathetic, cheerful alert , tactful, kind and honest 5.Nurse must be inspire confidence in others and in herself 6. Nurse must be intelligent 7.Nurse must be open minded, cooperative, responsible, able to develop good interpersonal relations. 8. Nurse must be a good leader

27. 9.Nurse must have positive attitude towards caring 10.Nurse must be truthful efficient in technical competence 11.Nurse should be responsible to family. society and not particularly devoted to the patient 12.Nurse should have self belief towards human care and cure 13.Nurse should convey cooperative attitudes towards co-workers , in turn they will develop greater respect for the nurse.

28. Qualities Honesty Loyalty Discipline and obedience Courtesy Dignity Personal appearance Tact, sympathy, sense of humor and patience Optimistic outlook

29. Continue.. Observation and adaptability Gentleness and quietness Economy Sense of responsibility Adaptability

30. Function of Nurse Nurse are responsible for obtaining and maintaining specific knowledge and skills for a variety of professional roles and responsibilities. A Role is a pattern of behaviour expected from an individual in specific social situations .Role of professional nurse perform in her day to day practice , in practice several roles often concides .these are- 1 care giver 2.communicator 3.Teacher 4.Counsellor 5.Client advocate 6.Change agent 7.Leader 8.Manager 9.Researcher 10. Autonomy and accountability

31. Profession What is profession Profession is defined as ‘a vocation requiring advanced training and usually involving mental rather than manual work, as teaching ,engineering ,etc . especially Medicine ,law ,or theology’ Occupation is often used interchangeably with profession, but their definition differ. Occupation as what occupies, or engage ,one time, business and employment” Professional preparation takes place in a college or university setting. Preparation is prolonged in order to includes instruction in the specialized body of knowledge and techniques of the profession .it includes more than knowledge and skills ,it also includes orientation to the beliefs values attitudes expected of the members of the profession. A Profession is an occupation with ethical components that is devoted to the promotion of human and social welfare .

32. CRITERIA OF PROFESSION According to Abraham Flexner it is basically intellectual -Is based on a body of knowledge that can be learned -Practical rather than theoretical -Can be taught through a process of profession education. -Has strong internal organization of members. -Has practitioners who are motivated by altruism

33. According to William shepherd listed criteria of profession 1.A profession must satisfy an indispensible social need and be based upon well established and socially accepted scientific principles. 2.A Profession must demand adequate pre –professional and cultural training. 3.A profession must demand the profession of a body of specialized and systemized knowledge. . According to bixler and bixler criteria of a profession include – 1.A profession constantly enlarges the body of knowledge it uses and improves its techniques of education and service by the use of scientific method. 2.A profession entrusts the education of its practioners to institutions of

34. 3.A profession applies its body of knowledge in practical services which are vital to human and social welfare According to kellys criteria of profession are- 1.The services provided are vital to humanity and welfare of society. 2.There is a special body of knowledge which is continually enlarged through research.

35. 3.Practitioners are educated, in institutions of higher learning. 4.Practitioners are relatively independent and control their own policies and activities. 5.There is a code of ethics to guide the decisions and conduct of practioners. Nursing is gaining recognition based on criteria That a profession must have :A well defined body of knowledge

36. According to William shepherd listed criteria of profession 1.A profession must satisfy an indispensible social need and be based upon well established and socially accepted scientific principles. 2.A Profession must demand adequate pre –professional and cultural training. 3.A profession must demand the profession of a body of specialized and systemized knowledge. . According to bixler and bixl er criteria of a profession include – 1.A profession constantly enlarges the body of knowledge it uses and improves its techniques of education and service by the use of scientific method. 2.A profession entrusts the education of its practioners to institutions of higher education.

37. Characteristics of a Nursing Profession Specialized Education Body of Knowledge Service Autonomy Code of Ethics Research orientation Service orientation Professional organization

38. Nursing is not simply a collection of specific skills , not simply a person trained to perform specific tasks .Nursing is a Profession.No one factor absolutely differentiates a job from a profession. The professional nursing services meet the physical , psychologica l,spiritual and social needs of human beings

39. HISTORY OF NURSING IN INDIA Introduction Military nursing Mission hospitals Dufferin fund Civilian hospitals Nursing education Auxiliary nursing Registration of nurses

40. Trained nurses association of india Indian nursing council International council of nurses The governing body International relationship The changing pattern of nursing Nursing services Nursing education

41. Values A Value is a belief about the worth of something, about what matters , that act as a standard to guides ones behaviour. The amount of time, passion and money we devote to relationship, work ,study fitness activities ,leisure, and other experiences reveals something about the importance attach to these endeavors . A value system is an organization of values in which each is ranked along a continuum of importance often leading to a personal code of conduct .A person values influence beliefs about human needs ,health , and illness; the practice of health behaviour and human response to illness.

42. Development of value An individual is not born with values ,rather values are formed during a life time from information from the environment ,family ,and culture. Common modes of value transmission include: Modelling Moralizing Laissez-faire Rewarding and punishing Responsible choice

43. Values of Professional Nurse Confidentiality and autonomy Protection from harm Professional Development Dedication Systems Thinking Caring Ethnic and religious sensitivity

44. VALUES ESSENTIAL TO THE PROFESSIONAL NURSE Professional values: a. Altruism b .Autonomy c. Human dignity d. Integrity e .Social justice Additional professional Values frequently cited for nursing include- -Equality - Esthetics -Freedom -Truth -Service -Education -Competence - Loyality

45. Values Clarification include- a.choosing b.prizing c.acting ADVOCACY It refers to the support of a cause.as a nurse we advocate for the health,safety , and rights of the client.we safeguard the clients right to physical and auditory privacy . Advocacy-make appropriate referrals to optimize independence;older adult clients often need with medication administration,home maintainance , dental careand transportation. Help clients interpret medical bills and apply for free or reduced cost medication programs.

46. Ethics Ethics is the study of conduct and character .it is concerned with determining what is good or valuable for individuals ,for group of individuals , and for society at large. Elements of ethical agency: Ethical sensibility Ethical responsiveness Ethical reasoning and discernment Ethical accountability Ethical valuing Transformative ethical leadership

47. Ethical principle There are 4 major principle in ethics which include- 1. The principle of justice 2. The principle of autonomy 3 The principle of beneficence 4.The principle of veracity

48. Application of Ethical principles in nursing a. Respect for persons b. Respect for autonomy c. Respect for freedom d. Respect for beneficence e .Respect for non malfeasance f. Respect for veracity g. Respect for justice e. Respect for rights f. Respect for fidelity g Confidentiality .

49. CODE OF ETHICS It is a set of guiding principles that all members of a profession accept .it is a collective statement about the groups expectations and standard of behaviour .codes serve as guidelines to assist professional groups when questions arise about correct practice. The American nurses association established the 1 st code of nursing ethics a decade ago.(2001) A. The code of ethics for nurses serve the following purposes :a. it is a succinct statement of the ethical obligations and duties of every individual who enters the nursing profession.

50. b. It is the professions nonnegotiable ethical standard C. it is an expression of nursing own understanding of its commitment to society. Professional nursing code of ethics- A .Advocacy B Responsibility C . Accountability D .confidentiality

51. 1.The international council of nurses code of ethics. -Nurses and people -Nurses and practice -Nurses and society -Nurses and co workers -Nurses and profession

52. Nurses and practice- The nurse carries personal responsibility and accountability for nursing practice and for maintaining competence by continual learning. T he nurse maintains a standard of personal health so that the ability to provide care is not compromised. The nurse uses judgment regarding individual competence when accepting and delegating responsibility. The nurse at all times maintains standards of personal conduct which reflect well on the profession and enhance public confidence.

53. Nurse and the profession T he nurse assumes the major role in determining and implementing acceptable standards of critical nursing practice ,management, research, and education. The nurse is active in developing a core of research-based professional knowledge. T he nurse, acting through the professional organization, participates in creating and maintaining equitable social and social and economic working conditions in nursing.

54. Nurse and co –workers The nurse sustains a cooperative relationship with co workers in nursing and other fields The nurse takes appropriate action to safeguard individuals when their care is endangered by a co worker or any other person.

55. 3.American Nurses Association code of ethics T he nurse in all professional relationships ,practices with compassion and respect for the inherent dignity ,worth and uniqueness of every individual ,unrestricted by considerations of social and economic status, personal attributes or the nature of health problems. T he nurses primary commitment is to the patient, whether an individual ,family group or community

56. The nurse promotes, advocates for ,and strives to protect the health, safety, and rights of the patient The nurse is responsible and accountable for individual nursing practice and determine the appropriate delegation of tasks consistent with the nurses obligation to provide optimum patient care

57. The nurse owes the same duties to self as to others ,including the responsibility to preserve integrity and safety ,to maintain competence and to continue personal and professional growth. The nurse participates in establishing , maintaining and improving health care environments and conditions of employment conducive to the provision of quality health care and consistent with the values of the profession through individual and collective action.

58. The nurse participates in the advancement of the profession through contributions to practice ,education ,administration and knowledge development. The nurse collaborates with other health professionals and the public in promoting community, national and international efforts to meet health needs. The profession of nursing as represented by associations and their members, is responsible for articulating nursing values, for maintaining the integrity of the profession and its practice, and for shaping social policy.

59. Canadian nurses association code of ethics for registered nurse Nurses provide safe, compassionate, competent and ethical care. N urse s recognize, respect and promote a persons right to be informed and make decisions. Nurses recognize the importance of privacy and confidentiality and safeguard personal, family and community information obtained in the context of a professional relationship.

60. D. Nurses uphold principles of justice by safeguarding human rights, equity, and fairness and by promoting the public good. E .Nurses recognize and respect the intrinsic worth of each person. f. Nurse work with people to enable them to attain their highest possible level of health and well-being’. g. Nurses are accountable for their –actions and answerable for their practice

61. Ethical responsibility in caring Types of ethical experiences and situations Ethical problems involve situations where there are conflicts between one or more values and uncertainty about the correct course of action. Ethical problems involve questions about what is right or good to do at individual ,interpersonal , organizational and even societal levels

62. Ethical uncertainty occurs when a nurse feels Indecision or a lack of clarity ,or is unable to know what the moral problem is, while at the same time feeling uneasy or uncomfortable. Ethical questions arise when there are equally compelling reasons for and against two or more possible course of action and where choosing one course of action means that something else is relinquished or let go .true dilemmas are infrequent in health care.More often there are complex ethical problems with multiple courses of actions from which to choose.

63. Ethical distress arises when nurses know or believe they know the right thing to do, but for various reasons do not or cannot take the right action or prevent a particular harm . When values and commitments are compromised in this way, nurses identity and integrity as moral agents are affected and they feel moral distress. Ethical residue is what nurses experience when they seriously compromised themselves or allow themselves to be compromised.The moral residue that nurses carry forward from these kinds of situations can help them reflect on what they would do differently in similar situations in future.

64. Ethical violations are actions or failures to act that breach fundamental duties to the persons receiving care or to colleagues and other health care providers. Ethical courage is exercised when a nurse stands firm on a point of moral principles about something in the face of fear or threat to himself or herself

65. Using the nursing process to make ethical decisions E very nurse needs to be confident in using a process of ethical decision making .one process with which nurses a familiar and thus can use to make ethical decision is the nursing process. using the nursing process to make ethical decisions involve this steps- Assess the situation- Recognize and then describe the situation and contextual factors that give rise to the ethical problem . This involves that main people involved , the patient overall nursing , medical and social situation and legal, administrative and staff considerations. Diagnose the ethical problem -clarify that the

66. Plan Implement your decision Evaluate decision