introduction to Pathology ..ppt

introduction to Pathology

1. INTRODUCTION TO PATHOLOGY SUNILKUMAR.P Haematology & Transfusion Medicine St.John’s Medical College Hospital Bangalore

2. Overview of pathology.. What is pathology (Definition).. Branches of pathology.. Evolution of pathology… Histopathology..? Clinical Pathology…? Haematology ….?

3. “Pathos” = suffering or disease “logos” = study Study of diseases Study of the structural and functional disease.

4. Definition The word “ Pathology” is derived from two Greek words – Pathos means “Suffering” and logos meaning “ study”. Pathology is thus , scientific study of structure and function of the body in disease

5. SUBDIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY Human pathology is the largest branch of pathology. It is conventionally divided in to A. General pathology = dealing with general principles of disease B. systemic pathology = deals with study of diseases pertaining to specific organs and body systems. .

6. Subspecialties in Pathology 1. Histopathology- a. Surgical pathology B. Forensic pathology & autopsy work C. Cytopathology 2. Haematology 3. Chemical pathology 4. Immunology 5. Experimental pathology 6.Geographic pathology 7.Medical Genetics 8.Molecular Pathology .

7. Histopathology Definition it is a branch of pathology which deals with the study of disease in a tissue section.

8. The tissue undergoes a series of steps before it reaches the examiners desk to be thoroughly examined microscopically to arrive at a particular diagnosis. To achieve this it is important that the tissue must be prepared in such a manner that it is sufficiently thick or thin to be examined microscopically and all the structures in a tissue may be differentiated.

9. What is Clinical pathology…? The branch of pathology dealing with the study of disease and disease processes by means of chemical, microscopic, and serologic examinations.

10. Haematology …?? the branch of medicine involving study and treatment of the blood.

11. INTRODUCTION TO DEPARTMENT OF HISTOPATHOLOGY Histopathology is the department of clinical lab which deals with the study of diff types of tissues The department is based on following benches: Processing Gross Tissue processing Embedding,cutting,H&E Immunohistochemistry Special stains Cytology Cytogenetics

12. WHAT IS HISTOPATHOLOGY? Greek word Histo- tissue Pathos- disease suffering refers to the microscopic examination of tissue in order to study the manifestations of disease. histopathology refers to the examination of a biopsy or surgical specimen by a pathologist , after the specimen has been processed and histological sections have been placed onto glass slides

13. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY 1.PROCESSING Specimen categories Tissues (with history) Bone (with x- ray) Autopsy (consent form) Body fluids CSF

14. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY contd ..

15. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY contd .. 2.GROSS SECTION (grossing) specimens are inspected with the bare eye   diagnostic  information further  microscopic   examination. Tissues are saved in different cassettes having different color Yellow (liver, renal) Green (routine) White(bones) Grey(skin) Pink(lymph nodes)

16. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY contd..

17. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY contd .. 3.TISSUE PROCESSING fixing tissue into paraffin dehydration and clearing tissue is infiltrated with the embedding agent, (paraffin) Tissue processing is always automated for the large volumes of tissues. Automation consists of an instrument that moves the tissues around through the various agents on a preset time scale.

18. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY contd ..

19. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY contd.. 4.EMBEDDING Orientation of tissue in melted parafin which provide a firm medium for keeping all parts of tissue intact Temp of parafin (58-60 C) Instrument used (embedding station) CUTTING Microtome used for cutting about 3-5 micron H&E Hematoxlyin (water based dye) Eosin(counter stain) They stains nucleus & cytoplasm

20. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY contd..

21. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY contd..

22. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY contd.. 5.IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY Ag- Ab specific reaction Clinical diagnosis and distinguishing diagnosis of tumor histogenesis Can be used to locate particular cells and proteins Can be used to identify cellular events – e.g.apoptosis

23. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY contd..

24. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY contd.. 6.SPECIAL STAINS Required when diagnosis is not identified with H&E staining Some of the stains used are Connective tissue ( rapid trichome ) Nucleic acid ( methylene green pyronin ) Carbohydrates(PAS & PASD)

25. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY contd..

26. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY contd.. 7.CYTOGENETICS Study of chromosomes and its abnormalities chromosome number structure function behavior in relation to gene inheritance, organization and expression Types of disorders: Deletions Inversions Translocation Addition(insertion)

27. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY contd.. Types of specimen Blood Bone marrow Amniotic fluid Procedures done Karyo typing G-banding FISH

28. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY contd..

29. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY contd.. 8.CYTOLOGY Study of cells to know the infection,pre malignant and malignanent changes 2 types of samples Gyane (pap smears) Non Gyane (bodyfluids,CSF,urine,pericardial,pleural.asitic.synovial)

30. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY contd .. Procedures done in cytology FNAC FNAB Staining in cytology H&E Pap Dry ( rapi ) Gimesa

31. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY contd..

32. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY contd.. 9.SEMEN DR Fresh sample of seminal fluid is examined for : Liquefaction Motility Number Morphology Elements of analysis Quantity Color Liquefaction pH

33. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY contd.. Tests done are Detailed report IUI (intra uterine insemination) Anti sperm antibody

34. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY contd..

35. THANKS